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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Recorte volumétrico usando técnicas de interação 2D e 3D / Volume Sculpting with 2D and 3D Interaction Techniques

Huff, Rafael January 2006 (has links)
A visualização de conjuntos de dados volumétricos é comum em diversas áreas de aplicação e há já alguns anos os diversos aspectos envolvidos nessas técnicas vêm sendo pesquisados. No entanto, apesar dos avanços das técnicas de visualização de volumes, a interação com grandes volumes de dados ainda apresenta desafios devido a questões de percepção (ou isolamento) de estruturas internas e desempenho computacional. O suporte do hardware gráfico para visualização baseada em texturas permite o desenvolvimento de técnicas eficientes de rendering que podem ser combinadas com ferramentas de recorte interativas para possibilitar a inspeção de conjuntos de dados tridimensionais. Muitos estudos abordam a otimização do desempenho de ferramentas de recorte, mas muito poucos tratam das metáforas de interação utilizadas por essas ferramentas. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver ferramentas interativas, intuitivas e fáceis de usar para o recorte de imagens volumétricas. Inicialmente, é apresentado um estudo sobre as principais técnicas de visualização direta de volumes e como é feita a exploração desses volumes utilizando-se recorte volumétrico. Nesse estudo é identificada a solução que melhor se enquadra no presente trabalho para garantir a interatividade necessária. Após, são apresentadas diversas técnicas de interação existentes, suas metáforas e taxonomias, para determinar as possíveis técnicas de interação mais fáceis de serem utilizadas por ferramentas de recorte. A partir desse embasamento, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de três ferramentas de recorte genéricas implementadas usando-se duas metáforas de interação distintas que são freqüentemente utilizadas por usuários de aplicativos 3D: apontador virtual e mão virtual. A taxa de interação dessas ferramentas é obtida através de programas de fragmentos especiais executados diretamente no hardware gráfico. Estes programas especificam regiões dentro do volume a serem descartadas durante o rendering, com base em predicados geométricos. Primeiramente, o desempenho, precisão e preferência (por parte dos usuários) das ferramentas de recorte volumétrico são avaliados para comparar as metáforas de interação empregadas. Após, é avaliada a interação utilizando-se diferentes dispositivos de entrada para a manipulação do volume e ferramentas. A utilização das duas mãos ao mesmo tempo para essa manipulação também é testada. Os resultados destes experimentos de avaliação são apresentados e discutidos. / Visualization of volumetric datasets is common in many fields and has been an active area of research in the past two decades. In spite of developments in volume visualization techniques, interacting with large datasets still demands research efforts due to perceptual and performance issues. The support of graphics hardware for texture-based visualization allows efficient implementation of rendering techniques that can be combined with interactive sculpting tools to enable interactive inspection of 3D datasets. Many studies regarding performance optimization of sculpting tools have been reported, but very few are concerned with the interaction techniques employed. The purpose of this work is the development of interactive, intuitive, and easy-to-use sculpting tools. Initially, a review of the main techniques for direct volume visualization and sculpting is presented. The best solution that guarantees the required interaction is highlighted. Afterwards, in order to identify the most user-friendly interaction technique for volume sculpting, several interaction techniques, metaphors and taxonomies are presented. Based on that, this work presents the development of three generic sculpting tools implemented using two different interaction metaphors, which are often used by users of 3D applications: virtual pointer and virtual hand. Interactive rates for these sculpting tools are obtained by running special fragment programs on the graphics hardware which specify regions within the volume to be discarded from rendering based on geometric predicates. After development, the performance, precision and user preference of the sculpting tools were evaluated to compare the interaction metaphors. Afterward, the tools were evaluated by comparing the use of a 3D mouse against a conventional wheel mouse for guiding volume and tools manipulation. Two-handed input was also tested with both types of mouse. The results from the evaluation experiments are presented and discussed.
52

Recorte volumétrico usando técnicas de interação 2D e 3D / Volume Sculpting with 2D and 3D Interaction Techniques

Huff, Rafael January 2006 (has links)
A visualização de conjuntos de dados volumétricos é comum em diversas áreas de aplicação e há já alguns anos os diversos aspectos envolvidos nessas técnicas vêm sendo pesquisados. No entanto, apesar dos avanços das técnicas de visualização de volumes, a interação com grandes volumes de dados ainda apresenta desafios devido a questões de percepção (ou isolamento) de estruturas internas e desempenho computacional. O suporte do hardware gráfico para visualização baseada em texturas permite o desenvolvimento de técnicas eficientes de rendering que podem ser combinadas com ferramentas de recorte interativas para possibilitar a inspeção de conjuntos de dados tridimensionais. Muitos estudos abordam a otimização do desempenho de ferramentas de recorte, mas muito poucos tratam das metáforas de interação utilizadas por essas ferramentas. O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver ferramentas interativas, intuitivas e fáceis de usar para o recorte de imagens volumétricas. Inicialmente, é apresentado um estudo sobre as principais técnicas de visualização direta de volumes e como é feita a exploração desses volumes utilizando-se recorte volumétrico. Nesse estudo é identificada a solução que melhor se enquadra no presente trabalho para garantir a interatividade necessária. Após, são apresentadas diversas técnicas de interação existentes, suas metáforas e taxonomias, para determinar as possíveis técnicas de interação mais fáceis de serem utilizadas por ferramentas de recorte. A partir desse embasamento, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de três ferramentas de recorte genéricas implementadas usando-se duas metáforas de interação distintas que são freqüentemente utilizadas por usuários de aplicativos 3D: apontador virtual e mão virtual. A taxa de interação dessas ferramentas é obtida através de programas de fragmentos especiais executados diretamente no hardware gráfico. Estes programas especificam regiões dentro do volume a serem descartadas durante o rendering, com base em predicados geométricos. Primeiramente, o desempenho, precisão e preferência (por parte dos usuários) das ferramentas de recorte volumétrico são avaliados para comparar as metáforas de interação empregadas. Após, é avaliada a interação utilizando-se diferentes dispositivos de entrada para a manipulação do volume e ferramentas. A utilização das duas mãos ao mesmo tempo para essa manipulação também é testada. Os resultados destes experimentos de avaliação são apresentados e discutidos. / Visualization of volumetric datasets is common in many fields and has been an active area of research in the past two decades. In spite of developments in volume visualization techniques, interacting with large datasets still demands research efforts due to perceptual and performance issues. The support of graphics hardware for texture-based visualization allows efficient implementation of rendering techniques that can be combined with interactive sculpting tools to enable interactive inspection of 3D datasets. Many studies regarding performance optimization of sculpting tools have been reported, but very few are concerned with the interaction techniques employed. The purpose of this work is the development of interactive, intuitive, and easy-to-use sculpting tools. Initially, a review of the main techniques for direct volume visualization and sculpting is presented. The best solution that guarantees the required interaction is highlighted. Afterwards, in order to identify the most user-friendly interaction technique for volume sculpting, several interaction techniques, metaphors and taxonomies are presented. Based on that, this work presents the development of three generic sculpting tools implemented using two different interaction metaphors, which are often used by users of 3D applications: virtual pointer and virtual hand. Interactive rates for these sculpting tools are obtained by running special fragment programs on the graphics hardware which specify regions within the volume to be discarded from rendering based on geometric predicates. After development, the performance, precision and user preference of the sculpting tools were evaluated to compare the interaction metaphors. Afterward, the tools were evaluated by comparing the use of a 3D mouse against a conventional wheel mouse for guiding volume and tools manipulation. Two-handed input was also tested with both types of mouse. The results from the evaluation experiments are presented and discussed.
53

Restaurace audiosignálů založená na řídkých reprezentacích / Audio restoration based on sparse signal representations

Záviška, Pavel January 2017 (has links)
This Master's Thesis deals with the issue of audio clipping and the application of sparse represenations model for the task of declipping. First, a general theory of clipping is described, followed by a brief overview of existing methods and a description of the general theory concerning sparse representations of signals and bases, respectively frames. Subsequently, two methods solving declipping problem based on sparse representations are intruduced. The first method uses the Generic proximal algorithm for convex optimization, the second one uses the Douglas-Rachford algorithm. The above mentioned methods have been programmed in the Matlab environment. The results of the declipping methods are evaluated according to SNR, PEMO-Q and also by subjective listening tests.
54

Schaltungen zur Frequenzumsetzung für drahtlose Übertragungssysteme im Millimeterwellenbereich

Rieß, Vincent 14 May 2021 (has links)
Diese Arbeit beschreibt den Entwurf, die Analyse und die Verifikation von integrierten Schaltungen zur Frequenzumsetzung für drahtlose Übertragungssysteme im Millimeterwellenbereich. Bei der Beschreibung der zur Verfügung stehenden Halbleitertechnologien und der Aufbau- und Verbindungstechniken wird deutlich, dass parasitäre Widerstände, Kapazitäten und Induktivitäten sämtlicher Verbindungen Verluste und Reflexionen verursachen, die mit der Signalfrequenz ansteigen. Dies motiviert die Reduktion der Signalfrequenz zur Verringerung dieser Verluste, soweit wie dies in einem Millimeterwellensystem möglich ist. Neben den in drahtlosen Übertragungssystemen ohnehin erforderlichen Mischern zur Modulation und Demodulation werden in dieser Arbeit auch Frequenzmultiplizierer vorgestellt. Mit diesen Schaltungen ist es möglich, das hochfrequente Trägersignal direkt neben den Mischern zu erzeugen und mit möglichst kurzen Leitungen anzuschließen, sodass die parasitären Verluste dieser Verbindung sowie die Reflexionen minimal werden. Mit Ausnahme der Verbindungen zu den Antennen kann dadurch die Frequenz der restlichen extern anzuschließenden Signale, nämlich des zu übertragenden Basisbandsignals und des subharmonischen LO-Signals, wesentlich verringert werden, wodurch die Verluste insgesamt reduziert werden. In dieser Arbeit werden dafür zwei Frequenzverdoppler und ein Frequenzversechsfacher vorgestellt, die jeweils mit einer Eingangsfrequenz im Bereich um 30 GHz Ausgangssignale bei 60 GHz bzw. bei 180 GHz erzeugen. Diese drei Schaltungen wurden mit einem Schwerpunkt auf der Unterdrückung unerwünschter Harmonischer und einer gleichzeitig effizienten Erzeugung der gewünschten Harmonischen entworfen. Damit konnte der Stand der Technik für BiCMOS-Frequenzmultiplizierer mit einer Ausgangsfrequenz von bis zu 210 GHz verbessert werden. Sowohl hinsichtlich der absoluten DC-Leistung des Frequenzversechsfachers von lediglich 63 mW, als auch bezüglich der Effizienz (PAE) von 0,28 %, der Verstärkung von 10 dB und der Unterdrückung unerwünschter Harmonischer von bis zu 35 dB sind die erzielten Ergebnisse außerdem besser als von einigen Schaltungen aus leistungsfähigeren III-V-Halbleiterprozessen. Passend zur Mittenfrequenz von 180 GHz am Ausgang des Frequenzversechsfachers, die auch die Mittenfrequenz des IEEE G-Bands ist, werden außerdem integrierte Aufwärts- und Abwärtsmischer entwickelt, die auf der für Kommunikationssysteme vergleichsweise wenig beachteten Sechstor-Architektur basieren. Die Vorteile der Sechstor-Architektur wurden zuvor bereits bei niedrigeren Frequenzen sowohl mit integrierten als auch mit diskret aufgebauten Schaltungen demonstriert. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die darauf aufbauende Entwicklung und Untersuchung von integrierten I-Q-Mischern mit dieser Architektur für drahtlose Kommunikationssysteme bei 180 GHz in einem 130 nm-BiCMOS-Prozess. Dafür werden geeignete Detektoren und Reflektoren präsentiert, mit denen die Implementierung in diesem Frequenzbereich möglich ist. Mit den erzielten Ergebnissen konnte jeweils der Stand der Technik für integrierte Sechstor-Aufwärts- und -Abwärtsmischer verbessert werden: Im Fall der Sechstor-Aufwärtsmischer stellen die durchgeführten Messungen die erste Verifikation dieser Architektur im Millimeterwellenbereich dar. Auch im Fall der Abwärtsmischer ist die entworfene Schaltung die erste Realisierung bei einer Mittenfrequenz von über 120 GHz. Die erzielten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Sechstor-Architektur im Millimeterwellenbereich für die Anwendung in drahtlosen Übertragungssystemen geeignet ist. Hinsichtlich der HF-Eigenschaften sind die erzielten Ergebnisse vergleichbar mit oder besser als solche, die mit technologisch aufwendigeren und oftmals energieintensiveren Schalter-Mischern, wie z.B. den Gilbert-Mischern, erreicht werden. Darüber hinaus wird anhand von mathematischen Schaltungsanalysen gezeigt, dass sich diese Mischerarchitektur ebenfalls durch ihre gute analytische Modellierbarkeit auszeichnet. Selbst mit stark idealisierten und vereinfachten Modellen kann der Mischgewinn bei 180 GHz mit einer Abweichung zur Messung und zur Simulation von lediglich rund 5 dB berechnet werden.:Kurzfassung Abstract Symbolverzeichnis Vorveröffentlichungen 1. Einleitung 2. Fertigungsprozesse für Schaltungen im Millimeterwellenbereich 2.1. Halbleitertechnologien 2.2. Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik 2.3. Reduktion von Verlusten mittels Frequenzumsetzung 3. Frequenzmultiplizierer 3.1. Frequenzverdoppler mit Polyphasenfilter 3.2. Frequenzverdoppler mit aktivem und passivem Balun 3.3. Frequenzversechsfacher 3.4. Anwendung in einem Millimeterwellensystem 4. Mischer 4.1. Sechstor-Interferometer 4.2. Sechstor-Abwärtsmischer 4.3. Sechstor-Aufwärtsmischer 5. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A. Betragsberechnungen der auslaufenden Wellen des Sechstors B. Lösung der nichtlinearen Differenzialgleichung C. Differenzen der Quadrate und Kuben harmonischer Summen Literaturverzeichnis Danksagung / In this thesis the design, analysis and verification of integrated circuits for wireless communication systems operating at millimeter waves is presented. During a review of the available manufacturing processes for integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, and interconnects, problems associated with these techniques are identified. Parasitic elements, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors introduce losses that increase with the signal frequency. This motivates the reduction of the signal frequency wherever possible, so as to reduce these frequency-dependent losses. To achieve this, millimeterwave up- and downconverting mixers, which are anyway required in wireless systems for the modulation and demodulation of an rf carrier signal, and frequency multipliers for generation of those carrier signals are presented in this thesis. With the frequency multipliers it is possible to generate the carrier signals as spatially close to the mixers as possible, reducing the required length of the connection and the losses and reflecions associated with it. Two frequency doublers and a frequency sixtupler were designed for the conversion of input signals at 30 GHz to output signals at 60 GHz and at 180 GHz, respectively. The designs are focused on an energy-efficient generation of the desired harmonic and a large suppression of other undesired harmonics. In this way, the demonstrated results for the frequency sixtupler at 180 GHz improve the state-of-the-art for both BiCMOS and III-V circuits in terms of power consumption, power added efficiency (PAE), conversion gain and harmonic suppression. With the output frequency at up to 210 GHz and with a dc power consumption of 63 mW, a conversion gain of 10 dB, a PAE of 0.28 %, and a harmonic suppression of 35 dB is reached. Matching the output frequency of the sixtupler, two quadrature mixers operating at 180 GHz are presented. They are based on the six-port technique, which offers some promising features at millimeter wave frequencies, but is still not very popular for the application in integrated communication systems. Some research has already been conducted on six-port receivers for radar and communication systems operating at lower frequencies, both as integrated circuits and on printed circuit boards. In the case of six-port downconversion mixers, competetive results with discrete III-V diodes and transistors on printed circuit boards were demonstrated, but very little research on integrated realizations has been published to date. One goal of this thesis is therefore to design integrated six-port mixers at 180 GHz and investigate this architecture for the quadrature up- and downconversion in communication systems. Suitable active detectors and reflectors are proposed to enable the implementation of the six-port technique at these frequencies. In this way, the first implementation of the six-port technique for the upconversion at millimeterwave frequencies is demonstrated. For the downconversion, the rf center frequency at 180 GHz is the highest among six-port implementations to date. The results in terms of rf performance compare well against state-of-the-art switching mixers, such as Gilbert cells. Moreover, the six-port architecture is found to be much simpler in terms of the circuit complexity and it enables the circuit analysis using only simple and idealistic models. With such models, the conversion gain at 180 GHz can be calculated with an error of only about 5 dB. In its minimal realization, a quadrature mixer with a very low dc power consumption can be designed. This makes the six-port technique increasingly attractive as the rf frequency is increased and switching mixers consume a higher dc and rf power.:Kurzfassung Abstract Symbolverzeichnis Vorveröffentlichungen 1. Einleitung 2. Fertigungsprozesse für Schaltungen im Millimeterwellenbereich 2.1. Halbleitertechnologien 2.2. Aufbau- und Verbindungstechnik 2.3. Reduktion von Verlusten mittels Frequenzumsetzung 3. Frequenzmultiplizierer 3.1. Frequenzverdoppler mit Polyphasenfilter 3.2. Frequenzverdoppler mit aktivem und passivem Balun 3.3. Frequenzversechsfacher 3.4. Anwendung in einem Millimeterwellensystem 4. Mischer 4.1. Sechstor-Interferometer 4.2. Sechstor-Abwärtsmischer 4.3. Sechstor-Aufwärtsmischer 5. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A. Betragsberechnungen der auslaufenden Wellen des Sechstors B. Lösung der nichtlinearen Differenzialgleichung C. Differenzen der Quadrate und Kuben harmonischer Summen Literaturverzeichnis Danksagung
55

Intersection Algorithms Based On Geometric Intervals

North, Nicholas Stewart 27 October 2007 (has links) (PDF)
This thesis introduces new algorithms for solving curve/curve and ray/surface intersections. These algorithms introduce the concept of a geometric interval to extend the technique of Bézier clipping. A geometric interval is used to tightly bound a curve or surface or to contain a point on a curve or surface. Our algorithms retain the desirable characteristics of the Bézier clipping technique such as ease of implementation and the guarantee that all intersections over a given interval will be found. However, these new algorithms generally exhibit cubic convergence, improving on the observed quadratic convergence rate of Bézier clipping. This is achieved without significantly increasing computational complexity at each iteration. Timing tests show that the geometric interval algorithm is generally about 40-60% faster than Bézier clipping for curve/curve intersections. Ray tracing tests suggest that the geometric interval method is faster than the Bézier clipping technique by at least 25% when finding ray/surface intersections.
56

Audibility & Preference of DA Overload Associated with True Peak : Investigation of claims made against overload prevention

Strand, Mattias January 2023 (has links)
The conversion of audio from the digital to analog domain has the potential to result in distortion due to converter overload. This occurs because some peaks in the signal cannot be defined digitally and only become problematic during the conversion into the analog domain, exceeding the level that can be represented by the converter, causing it to overload. Although True Peak limiting and metering can prevent and monitor this issue, some professional mastering engineers choose not to do so. The study tested claims made against overload prevention, including the adequacy of headroom in modern D/A converters and the inaudibility of the distortion caused by overload. Preference was also added to the audibility claim. Measurements show that there is not enough headroom in modern D/A converters to avoid overload, but the distortion created by overload is generally inaudible in an uncompressed WAVE format hard rock song. Additionally, there is no clear preference. The measurements found that overload only occurs when the device's volume is raised to its maximum output.
57

An investigation into some signal processing techniques for the development of a low-cost acoustic correlator to detect and locate leaks in buried water pipes /

Ayala Castillo, Pedro Christian. January 2019 (has links)
Orientador: Michael John Brennan / Resumo: O principal problema em companhias de água são os vazamentos em tubulações subterrâneas, devido a sua limitada fonte de recursos hídricos. Correlacionadores de ruídos de vazamentos são usados frequentemente para localizar vazamentos. A detecção de sinais de ruídos de vazamentos ocorre por meio da coleta de dados por sensores, aos quais estão inseridos em lugares extremos ao da localização de um suposto vazamento. Estes dados são correlacionados, obtendo o atraso do tempo entre estes sinais de vazamento. Para converter o atraso do tempo em distância, a velocidade de onda do ruído de vazamento necessita ser conhecida, frequentemente, este tempo é estimado por meio de dados históricos de velocidade ou por tabelas. Usualmente a velocidade não é medida diretamente pelo tempo, sendo uma potencial fonte de erro. Esta tese estuda os fatores que afetam a velocidade de propagação do ruído de vazamento em tubulações de água subterrâneas. Eles envolvem as caraterísticas do filtrado do sistema sensor-tubulação e a potencial faixa de frequência onde o ruído de vazamento possa estar presente, e o efeito da banda de frequência na estimação do atraso do tempo. Os efeitos de distorção na precisão da estimativa do atraso do tempo, são também estudados com foco na quantização e corte dos sinais de vazamento. O efeito de quantização é devido a um convertedor analógico digital. O corte dos sinais de vazamento acontece quando a amplitude do sinal excede os limites do intervalo dinâmico da instrumen... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor
58

從優選理論分析英文縮詞與混合詞之音韻保留形式 / Phonological Preservation of English Clips and Blends: An Optimality-Theoretic Analysis

林綠茜, Lin,Lu Chien Unknown Date (has links)
本文以優選理論的觀點分析英文縮詞與混合詞的音韻保留形式。音韻保留形式分為:來源詞之聲母保留、來源詞之單音節保留以及來源詞之雙音節保留。本研究認為英文縮詞與混合詞的音韻保留策略不只一種,應用不同的策略會產生不同類型的縮詞及混合詞,筆者透過並存音韻理論(Cophonology Theory)來說明英文縮詞與混合詞的音韻保留策略是多個次語法的運作結果。縮詞的音韻保留策略有四種,可分為左邊保留及右邊保留,其中又以左邊保留佔多數,在這兩種保留中又分別有兩種模組(template)保留策略。混合詞的音韻保留策略有三種,主要由MAXS2這條可移動制約的位置來決定,當它在層級中移動到不同的位置會形成不同的保留策略。此外,本文也提供了跨語言分析,發現西班牙混合詞與英文混合詞可由相似的制約透過不同排序來解釋,表示不同語言的混合詞,其行為相當類似。簡言之,本篇論文藉由優選理論的觀點,首度就英文縮詞與混合詞提出了一個整體分析。 / This thesis examines the nature of English clipping and blending from the perspective of Optimality Theory. Clipped and blended words may use phonological strategies to preserve part of the source such as the preservation of the onset, syllable, or foot. Different strategies of preservation form different patterns of clipped or blended words. This thesis illustrates that these phonological strategies are determined by the different cophonologies. There are four strategies in forming clipped words. Clipped words can be preserved from the left edge or the right edge of the source, each of which follows either a bimoraic template or a disyllabic template. There are three strategies in forming blended words, depending on the ranking of the unspecified constraint MAXS2. In addition, the present study offers cross-linguistic evidence from Spanish blends, showing that Spanish blending and English blending share certain similarities. To conclude, this thesis has provided a theoretical generalization of English clipping and blending, taking a constraint-based approach.
59

Técnica PWM baseada em portadora para balanceamento da tensão no capacitor em conversores monofásicos de três níveis com diodo de grampeamento

Bandeira, Marcos Moura 13 May 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:57:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3511521 bytes, checksum: b6fc527d9dd12a95d8694d91fe94df32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper presents a technique of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) converters for single-phase three-level with diode clipping, which aims at balancing the tension in the bus capacitors. The technique consists of injecting a signal common mode voltage of the sinusoidal modulating signal width modulation conventional pulse-based Carrier, which introduces an element of DC current in the neutral bus capacitors, this voltage can be controlled, with the main objective to balance the voltage of the capacitor relative to the neutral point. The technique is presented a set of equations, in order to demonstrate how the injected voltage signal introduces a component DC current at the neutral point. To test the proposed strategy, the structure of the three-level converter with diode clipping was simulated with PSIM and mounted using a digital signal processor for generating the control signals of semiconductor devices. Simulations and experimental results that demonstrate the efficiency and quality of the PWM strategy are presented. / Este trabalho apresenta uma técnica de Modulação por Largura de Pulso (PWM) para conversores monofásicos de três níveis com diodo de grampeamento, que tem como objetivo o balanceamento da tensão no barramento de capacitores. A técnica consiste na injeção de um sinal de tensão de modo comum no sinal modulante senoidal, da modulação por largura de pulso convencional baseada em Portadora (Carrier Based Pulse Width Modulation), o qual introduz uma componente de corrente CC no ponto neutro do barramento de capacitores, podendo essa tensão ser controlada, com o objetivo principal de balancear a tensão dos capacitores em relação ao ponto neutro. A técnica é apresentada em um conjunto de equações, com a finalidade de demonstrar como o sinal de tensão injetado introduz uma componente de corrente CC no ponto neutro. Para testar a estratégia proposta, a estrutura do conversor de três níveis com diodos de grampeamento foi simulada com o PSIM e montada, utilizando um processador digital de sinais para geração dos sinais de comando dos dispositivos semicondutores. Resultados de simulações e experimentais que demonstram a eficiência e a qualidade da estratégia PWM são apresentados.
60

Modelos matematicos para estimação do desempenho de sistemas de multiplexação por divisão em frequencias ortogonais / Mathematical models for performance estimation of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems

Mendes, Luciano Leonel 26 July 2007 (has links)
Orientadores: Renato Baldini Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T08:49:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_LucianoLeonel_D.pdf: 19765188 bytes, checksum: 2fb7017335865378997ffcdbbf6a3b93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma análise detalhada do desempenho de sistemas OFDM, considerando a ação do ruído, seletividade na resposta em freqüência do canal, mobilidade do receptor, uso de esquemas de diversidade e ceifamento do sinal por parte do amplificador de potência. O procedimento de realização desta análise consiste em determinar expressões analíticas para estimar a probabilidade de erro de símbolo, comparando as expressões teóricas com resultados obtidos por simulações computacionais. O efeito do erro de estimação de canal no desempenho do sistema, considerando os diferentes cenários mencionados, também foi considerado, uma vez que empregou-se diversos algoritmos de estimação de canal nas simulações implementadas. Existe na literatura diversas expressões para estimar a probabilidade de erro de símbolo nas diferentes situações analisadas neste trabalho. No entanto, essas expressões são válidas para as modulações M QAM quadradas. Neste trabalho, expressões válidas para as modulações não quadradas são apresentadas para todos os cenários analisados. Além disso, algumas considerações utilizadas no desenvolvimento da expressão para estimar a probabilidade de erro de símbolo devido ao ceifamento são revistas, o que resulta em uma expressão mais realista. Este trabalho também apresenta uma breve descrição sobre as principais técnicas de controle de potência de pico para sinais OFDM, descrevendo detalhadamente o uso da transformada de Walsh-Hadamard para este fim. A integração desta transformada com todos os esquemas empregados ao longo do trabalho também é apresentada e o desempenho dos esquemas resultantes é comparado com o desempenho dos esquemas convencionais / Abstract: The aim of this work is to present a detailed analysis about the performance of OFDM systems considering noise, frequency selective fading, moving receiver, diversity and signal c1ipping by the high power amplifier. The approach used in the development of this analysis consists on determining analytical equations to estimate the symbol error probability and compare the theoretical results with the ones obtained by computational simulation. The effect of the channel estimation error is also considered in this analysis, once different channel estimation algorithms is employed to estimate the channel frequency response in the developed simulations. In the literature there are several expressions to estimate the symbol error probability in the different situations 'mentioned above. However, these expressions have been developed for square M QAM constellations. This work presents expressions that are also valid for nonsquare M QAM constellations. Also, the expression to estimate the symbol error probability due the c1ipping is rewritten, resulting in a new expression that is more accurate than the original one. This work also presents a short description of the main techniques used to control the peak to average power ratio in OFDM signals. The Walsh-Hadamard Transform technique is detailed described and its integration with all the schemes used in this work is presented. The performance of the resulting integration is compared with the performance of the conventional systems / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

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