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Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) has found application in a variety of novel products due to its spectrum of properties. Notably, the CNC-polymer systems have seen numerous applications in special materials like Pickering emulsions, foams and gels etc. CNC interacts with different polymers to a different extent. These interactions include molecular level and bulk interactions. Subsequently, they modify the interfacial properties. Though vibrant, the CNC-polymer molecular interaction is still unclear. We took this void in our understanding as our motivation to explore these interactions. In this work, we tried to understand why CNC interacts differently with different polymers and what drives the adsorption of polymer on CNC. Our work can also help us to understand the configurations and origins of CNC-polymer system properties. The broad range of length and time scales covered by this physical process requires a multiscale simulation approach. In this thesis, we start with the all-atom molecular simulation and focus on the specific energetic interactions between CNC surfaces and unrealistically short polymer chains. In future work, we will build on this model and develop a multiscale modeling approach for capturing the full scope of CNC-polymer interaction, including the configuration and dynamics of realistic long polymer chains around CNCs. We propose that there are two driving forces for adsorption based on the free energy difference values obtained via PMF (potential of mean force) calculations done on eight systems with different physical components. Overall, we conclude that the balance between polymer's ability to form hydrogen bonds with the surface and their interactions with the bulk solvent control the adsorption and desorption phenomenon. A larger coarse-grained model developed from our simulations will help to understand these systems better. This presented work deals with the specific energy interactions and information which we will need for the systematic coarse-graining of these systems. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Brodit är en producerande industri som utvecklar utrustning för mobila enheter där konstruktion, bearbetning, montering och försäljning av produkter förekommer. För att optimera bearbetningsprocessen vill Brodit införa automatiserade system som standardiserar hantering, transport och installation av CNC-verktyg. Projektets huvudmål definierades till att ta fram ett förslag på en standardiserad förvaring och transportlösning. Resultatet presenteras med hjälp av en CAD-modell som visualiserar det slutgiltiga konceptet och dess delstrukturer. Frekvens- och hållfasthetsanalyser har utförts med finita element metoden för att säkerställa kvalitet och minimera risker med konstruktionen. Diskussion om kvarvarande oklarheter gällande automatiseringsaspekter, alternativa lösningar och övriga omkringliggande faktorer fördes. Som slutsats jämförs de mål som initialt sattes för projektet med de resultat som uppnåddes. Förslag på framtida utvecklingsområden och fortsatt arbete listades. / Brodit is a manufacturing industry that develops equipment for mobile units in which the design, processing, assembly and sale of products occur. In order to optimize the processing process, Brodit wants to introduce automated systems that standardize handling, transport and installation of CNC tools. The main objective of the project was defined to produce a proposal for a standardized storage and transport solution. The results are presented using a CAD model that visualizes the final concept and its substructures. Frequency and strength analyzes have been performed with the finite element method to ensure quality and minimize risks with the design. Discussion on remaining uncertainties regarding automation aspects, alternative solutions and other surrounding factors was conducted. As a conclusion, the initial goals set for the project are compared with the results achieved. Proposals for future development areas and continued work were listed.

Denna rapport omfattar både studier kring och konstruktion av självinstruerande läromedel för gymnasieskolan. Målsättningen har varit att slutprodukten ska vara tidsenlig och anpassad för elever på de yrkesförberedande programmen.   Tyngdpunkten för undersökningen har varit litteraturstudier men intervjuer har också genomförts som kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Konstruktionen av läromedel har skett med två olika angreppssätt och även utförandet har stora skillnader. Det ena som skapades genom en induktiv process och utgörs av instruktioner för ett helt kursmoment med CNC-programmering. För det andra läromedlet som genomfördes utifrån ett deduktivt förhållningssätt omfattar produkten mer av vägledande instruktioner för att kunna hitta rätt och uppdatera de befintliga, men omoderna och ofullständiga, läromedel för kursen Lokala datanät.   Resultatet visar att det är möjligt att göra ett tidsenligt självinstruerande läromedel och att kvalitén inte behöver skilja sig nämnvärt åt beroende på vilken metod som används vid konstruktionen. Det avgörande är snarare författarens erfarenhet och förmåga att kvalitetssäkra sin produkt.   Slutsatsen uttalas som att rapportens bilagda läromedel har karaktären av pilot-läromedel som kan användas i den ordinarie undervisningen för att utvecklas efterhand. En annan slutsats är att konstruktionen av kvalitativa läromedel i allmänhet, och självinstruerande sådana i synnerhet, kräver stor branscherfarenhet, experthjälp och en lång skapandeprocess. / This report comprises studies of self instructive textbooks and teaching aids for the upper secondary school and the construction of these teaching aids. The goal has been for the finished product to be up to date and adapted for students attending vocational programmes.   The emphasis of the investigation has been literature studies, but interviews were also conducted as a qualitative research method. The construction of these textbooks and teaching aids were done using two different angles of studying methods, and the performance differs greatly between the two. One was created through an inductive process and consists of instructions for an entire course element of CNC programming. The other teaching aid was created using a deductive process and comprises guiding instructions in order to find and update the existing but out of date and incomplete textbooks and teaching aids for the course Local Computer Network.    The result shows that it is possible to create modern self instructive textbooks and teaching aids and that the quality does not have to differ between different methods of construction. The author’s experience and ability to secure the quality of the product is decisive for the result.    The conclusion drawn is that the textbooks and teaching aids discussed in the report are of pilot character and can be used in teaching and be further developed over time. Also the construction of qualitative teaching aids in general and self instructive teaching aids in particular demands extensive experience of the trade, expert help and a long creative process.

<p>Denna rapport omfattar både studier kring och konstruktion av självinstruerande läromedel för gymnasieskolan. Målsättningen har varit att slutprodukten ska vara tidsenlig och anpassad för elever på de yrkesförberedande programmen.</p><p> </p><p>Tyngdpunkten för undersökningen har varit litteraturstudier men intervjuer har också genomförts som kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Konstruktionen av läromedel har skett med två olika angreppssätt och även utförandet har stora skillnader. Det ena som skapades genom en induktiv process och utgörs av instruktioner för ett helt kursmoment med CNC-programmering. För det andra läromedlet som genomfördes utifrån ett deduktivt förhållningssätt omfattar produkten mer av vägledande instruktioner för att kunna hitta rätt och uppdatera de befintliga, men omoderna och ofullständiga, läromedel för kursen Lokala datanät.</p><p> </p><p>Resultatet visar att det är möjligt att göra ett tidsenligt självinstruerande läromedel och att kvalitén inte behöver skilja sig nämnvärt åt beroende på vilken metod som används vid konstruktionen. Det avgörande är snarare författarens erfarenhet och förmåga att kvalitetssäkra sin produkt.</p><p> </p><p>Slutsatsen uttalas som att rapportens bilagda läromedel har karaktären av pilot-läromedel som kan användas i den ordinarie undervisningen för att utvecklas efterhand. En annan slutsats är att konstruktionen av kvalitativa läromedel i allmänhet, och självinstruerande sådana i synnerhet, kräver stor branscherfarenhet, experthjälp och en lång skapandeprocess.</p> / <p>This report comprises studies of self instructive textbooks and teaching aids for the upper secondary school and the construction of these teaching aids. The goal has been for the finished product to be up to date and adapted for students attending vocational programmes.</p><p> </p><p>The emphasis of the investigation has been literature studies, but interviews were also conducted as a qualitative research method. The construction of these textbooks and teaching aids were done using two different angles of studying methods, and the performance differs greatly between the two. One was created through an inductive process and consists of instructions for an entire course element of CNC programming. The other teaching aid was created using a deductive process and comprises guiding instructions in order to find and update the existing but out of date and incomplete textbooks and teaching aids for the course Local Computer Network. </p><p> </p><p>The result shows that it is possible to create modern self instructive textbooks and teaching aids and that the quality does not have to differ between different methods of construction. The author’s experience and ability to secure the quality of the product is decisive for the result. </p><p> </p><p>The conclusion drawn is that the textbooks and teaching aids discussed in the report are of pilot character and can be used in teaching and be further developed over time. Also the construction of qualitative teaching aids in general and self instructive teaching aids in particular demands extensive experience of the trade, expert help and a long creative process.</p>

The introduction of this thesis describes the methods for programming CNC machines and their usage in the industry. The next section compares the CNC machine control systems, general programming principles and the current use of shop-oriented programming WOP (workshop oriented programming) machining. Then the thesis describes a TMV 510CII machine and its operation, setting, practical advices and examples of the Fanuc Guide-i control system by Fanuc company. In the final part a practical demonstration of the CNC machining program for the production of the sample parts on the above machine is given.

No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, estão localizadas importantes regiões de extração e processamento do material gemológico ágata. No Distrito Mineiro do Salto do Jacuí encontram-se as maiores jazidas de ágata do Brasil e do Mundo. No município de Soledade se concentram as principais empresas de beneficiamento e comércio de materiais gemológicos. Apesar da abundância de material, a maioria dos objetos produzidos apresenta baixo grau de inovação, os produtos oferecidos no mercado são muito semelhantes entre si e tem, em comum, a falta de diferencial e de utilização de processos que envolvam tecnologia. A ágata é geralmente exportada em estado bruto ou apresentando baixo grau de aproveitamento. O processamento mais comum, utilizado na maior parte das empresas, é o corte em chapas que posteriormente são lixadas, polidas e tingidas em diversas cores. Entre as empresas pesquisadas no presente estudo apenas uma já utiliza processos envolvendo novas tecnologias. Pode-se afirmar que a pesquisa e estudos que auxiliem em um melhor aproveitamento do material ágata possam representar novas oportunidades de produção de objetos e adornos pessoais (jóias) modificando um cenário onde o design inovador é pouco explorado e apresentado. A metodologia empregada para a realização deste estudo contemplou etapas de conhecimento da realidade dos locais de extração, beneficiamento e comercialização de ágata, avaliação dos processos, ensaio de usinagem convencional CNC, ensaios de usinagem não convencional por jato d’água CNC e desenvolvimento de produtos em formas complexas. Foram realizados vinte e quatro ensaios de usinagem, a análise posterior identifica larguras e espessuras ideais buscando a otimização da matéria-prima. Desta forma foi possível alcançar o objetivo principal nesta pesquisa de realizar o corte de ágata com utilização de tecnologia CNC em peças com formas complexas. / Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, has important regions of extraction and processing of agate. Salto Jacuí Mining District, in the central region of this State, is one of the largest and more importante agate’s mines region of Brazil and even of the World. In Soledade town, there are the most important gemstone processing and trade companies of this State. Despite the abundance of gem materials, most of the objects produced in the different companies are very similar and have in common that they seldom are manufactured using new technological processes. Agate is usually exported as raw material or as cut polished slabs which can be dyed in various colors. Among several companies studied in this research, only one uses industrial processes involving new technologies. So, scientifical studies to indicate a better use of agate produced in Rio Grande do Sul, can provide new opportunities for the production of objects and personal ornaments (jewelry), modifying the trade where innovative designs are little explored. The methodology used in this study had several steps: identification of the extraction, processing and trade places of agate; evaluation of the industrial benefit processes used in agate; testing of conventional CNC machining on agate slabs; and testing on agate slabs of non-conventional computer controled machining by water jet cutting (WJC), with development of complex forms agate products. Twenty-four machining tests were carried out, with further analysis identifying ideal widths and thicknesses to optimize the use of agate raw material. With these tests, it was possible to achieve the goal of this study, which is to cut agate using water jet technology, in order to produce agate objects with complex forms.

No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, estão localizadas importantes regiões de extração e processamento do material gemológico ágata. No Distrito Mineiro do Salto do Jacuí encontram-se as maiores jazidas de ágata do Brasil e do Mundo. No município de Soledade se concentram as principais empresas de beneficiamento e comércio de materiais gemológicos. Apesar da abundância de material, a maioria dos objetos produzidos apresenta baixo grau de inovação, os produtos oferecidos no mercado são muito semelhantes entre si e tem, em comum, a falta de diferencial e de utilização de processos que envolvam tecnologia. A ágata é geralmente exportada em estado bruto ou apresentando baixo grau de aproveitamento. O processamento mais comum, utilizado na maior parte das empresas, é o corte em chapas que posteriormente são lixadas, polidas e tingidas em diversas cores. Entre as empresas pesquisadas no presente estudo apenas uma já utiliza processos envolvendo novas tecnologias. Pode-se afirmar que a pesquisa e estudos que auxiliem em um melhor aproveitamento do material ágata possam representar novas oportunidades de produção de objetos e adornos pessoais (jóias) modificando um cenário onde o design inovador é pouco explorado e apresentado. A metodologia empregada para a realização deste estudo contemplou etapas de conhecimento da realidade dos locais de extração, beneficiamento e comercialização de ágata, avaliação dos processos, ensaio de usinagem convencional CNC, ensaios de usinagem não convencional por jato d’água CNC e desenvolvimento de produtos em formas complexas. Foram realizados vinte e quatro ensaios de usinagem, a análise posterior identifica larguras e espessuras ideais buscando a otimização da matéria-prima. Desta forma foi possível alcançar o objetivo principal nesta pesquisa de realizar o corte de ágata com utilização de tecnologia CNC em peças com formas complexas. / Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, has important regions of extraction and processing of agate. Salto Jacuí Mining District, in the central region of this State, is one of the largest and more importante agate’s mines region of Brazil and even of the World. In Soledade town, there are the most important gemstone processing and trade companies of this State. Despite the abundance of gem materials, most of the objects produced in the different companies are very similar and have in common that they seldom are manufactured using new technological processes. Agate is usually exported as raw material or as cut polished slabs which can be dyed in various colors. Among several companies studied in this research, only one uses industrial processes involving new technologies. So, scientifical studies to indicate a better use of agate produced in Rio Grande do Sul, can provide new opportunities for the production of objects and personal ornaments (jewelry), modifying the trade where innovative designs are little explored. The methodology used in this study had several steps: identification of the extraction, processing and trade places of agate; evaluation of the industrial benefit processes used in agate; testing of conventional CNC machining on agate slabs; and testing on agate slabs of non-conventional computer controled machining by water jet cutting (WJC), with development of complex forms agate products. Twenty-four machining tests were carried out, with further analysis identifying ideal widths and thicknesses to optimize the use of agate raw material. With these tests, it was possible to achieve the goal of this study, which is to cut agate using water jet technology, in order to produce agate objects with complex forms.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of computer resources for machinery programming with Computer Numeric Control (CNC) has become increasingly more necessary in manufacturing companies. The objective is to reduce unproductive time, to optimize programming process, to decrease possibility of error caused by manual programming and to decrease the time that the machine is not being used. Softwares employed for the programming of CNC machines, known as CAM, are programs that, among other functions, enable the automatic generation of CNC programs, through the calculus of the tool path, from the geometric representation of the available part in computer systems presented virtually. When their integration occurs, we obtain CAD/CAM systems that currently, due to the great advance of technologies, help the creation of shapes and the handling of dimensions, thus enabling the programming of several kinds of numerically-driven equipment. Due to a great array of resources offered by these programs, its cost is high. Therefore, the purchase of these programs by companies is impracticable. In addition, these companies do not need all the great array of resources to deal with low complexity geometry. By considering these aspects, the objective of this study is to develop a low-cost CAD/CAM integrated methodology to apply in fixed cycles for milling and drilling, existing in the numeric comand of machine tools. In order to analyze the technique, a system using a CAD software was designed. Through its optimization resources, routines for programming fixed cycles of a machine tool (milling) with three-axle programmable CNC were created. The results demonstrated viability of this proposal as it was possible to obtain a CAD/CAM system for specific application. / A utilização de recursos computacionais para a programação de máquinas com Comando Numérico Computadorizado (CNC) tem se tornado cada vez mais necessária nas empresas de manufatura. Esses recursos permitem a redução dos tempos improdutivos, a otimização do processo de programação, a diminuição da possibilidade de erro causado pela programação manual e do tempo de máquina parada. Os softwares utilizados para a programação de máquinas CNCs, conhecidos pela sigla CAM (Manufatura assistida por computador), são programas que, entre outras funções, possibilitam a geração automática de programas CNC através do cálculo do caminho da ferramenta, a partir da representação geométrica da peça disponível na forma virtual em sistemas computacionais de auxilio ao projeto CAD (desenho assistido por computador). Da integração desses sistemas, têm-se os sistemas CAD/CAM, que hoje, devido ao avançado grau de desenvolvimento das tecnologias, auxiliam na criação de formas e manipulação de dimensões possibilitando a programação de diversos tipos de equipamentos comandados numericamente. Devido à gama de recursos oferecida por esses programas, seu custo é elevado, o que torna sua aquisição inviável para pequenas empresas, que, muitas vezes, não necessitam de todos esses recursos por trabalharem com geometria de pouca complexidade. Levando em consideração esses aspectos, o objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver uma metodologia de integração CAD/CAM de baixo custo para aplicação de ciclos fixos para usinagem em fresamento e furação, existentes no comando numérico de máquinas-ferramenta. Para analisar a técnica, foi desenvolvido um sistema utilizando um software de CAD, a partir do qual, através de seus recursos de otimização e automatização, foram criadas rotinas para programação dos ciclos fixos de uma fresadora CNC de 3 eixos programáveis. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade dessa proposta, pois foi possível obter um sistema CAD/CAM para aplicação específica.

This work consists in proposing a methodology for the conversion of conventional sectioning machines in CNC equipments. The study is directed to the furniture industry and considers the possibility to outfit this kind of equipment with two programmable motion axes, through the utilization of devices as linear guides activated by engines with positioning accuracy. The system specifies one of the axes for motion and positioning of the plate to be counted, according to the dimensions of the project and other axis for the displacement of the limit sensor of the cutting tool. The technique consists in generating automatically the CNC programs for the adapted machine with data coming from systems of cutting plans generation. This work shows how to implement this technique through CAD application and considers two possibilities of obtaining the Cutting Plan data. On the first case, the sequence of cutting, defined with specialized computer programs, is converted in a drawing on CAD, that after is processed for the generation of the CNC program to the machine. The other alternative is to consider the possibility to implement techniques dedicated to the definition of the cutting arrangement, through CAD routines. In this case, a manual method was purposed with the goal to demonstrate the technique that assumes that the furniture project is virtually defined on CAD through 3D drawing resources. To demonstrate the validity of the methodology were elaborated two virtual projects a kitchen and a bedroom for which were generating the cutting plans with different techniques and their CNC programs. This study shows that the number of patterns produced for cutting planes through the proposed empirical method for a software used is the same. However, note that there is a difference in the occupied area, comparing the use of sheet parts in the software and the empirical method, it would not be feasible due to the sum of surpluses generated a longer period of production. / Este trabalho consiste em propor uma metodologia para conversão de máquinas seccionadoras convencionais em equipamentos CNC. O estudo é direcionado à indústria moveleira e considera a possibilidade de equipar esse tipo de equipamento com dois eixos de movimentação programáveis, através da utilização de dispositivos como guias lineares acionadas por motores com precisão de posicionamento. O sistema especifica um dos eixos para movimentação e posicionamento da chapa a ser cortada, conforme dimensões de projeto e outro eixo para deslocamento do sensor de fim de curso da ferramenta de corte. A técnica consiste em gerar automaticamente os programas CNC para a máquina adaptada a partir de dados provenientes de sistemas de geração de planos de corte. O trabalho mostra como implementar essa técnica através de aplicativos CAD e considera duas possibilidades de obtenção dos dados do Plano de Corte. No primeiro caso, a sequência de corte, definida em programas computacionais especializados, é convertida em um desenho do CAD, que posteriormente é processado para a geração do programa CNC para a máquina. A outra alternativa é considerar a possibilidade de implementação de técnicas dedicadas à definição do arranjo do corte, através de rotinas do CAD. Nesse caso, um método empírico foi proposto com o objetivo de demonstrar a técnica, que parte do princípio de que o projeto do móvel esteja virtualmente definido no CAD através de recursos 3D de desenho. Para demonstrar a validade da metodologia, foram elaborados dois projetos virtuais uma cozinha e um quarto para os quais foram gerados os planos de corte por diferentes técnicas e os respectivos programas CNC. O estudo realizado mostra que a quantidade de arranjos gerados para planos de corte através do método empírico proposto em relação a um software utilizado é a mesma. Além disso, nota-se que existe uma diferença de área ocupada, comparando-se o aproveitamento das peças na chapa no software e no método empírico, o mesmo não seria viável devido ao somatório de sobras geradas num período maior de produção.