Au milieu du XIXe siècle les pharmaciens français ont le sentiment que leur monopole sur la vente et la fabrication de médicaments est de plus en plus menacé. Ils sont en effet de plus en plus dépendants, sur le marché, d’autres professions qui délivrent des produits en gros. C’est dans ce contexte de crise que la Pharmacie centrale de France, une coopérative d’achat et de production entre pharmaciens, est fondée en octobre 1852 par François-Louis-Marie Dorvault, lui-même pharmacien. L’étude de cette coopérative nous permet de mieux comprendre les liens entre l’industrie pharmaceutique et l’officine. Les historiens de la santé ont déjà très largement montré que l’industrie pharmaceutique contemporaine plongeait ses racines dans l’officine du XIXe siècle. Trop souvent cependant on réduit cette transition à celle d’acteurs individuels. Les historiens sociaux quant à eux ont souvent opposé la grande entreprise au petit commerce, l’émergence de l’un signifiant la disparition de l’autre. Le cas de la Pharmacie centrale de France est, de ce point de vue, original, qui offre à étudier une entreprise industrielle collective portée par des pharmaciens d’officine. Ce passage à l’industrie est perçu de façon positive et nécessaire par ces coopérateurs. Aux yeux de Dorvault, la naissance de la Pharmacie centrale va consolider l’officine dans ses fonctions commerciales et scientifiques. Elle n’a pas vocation à supplanter le pharmacien mais à le soutenir en lui permettant de mieux préparer et de vendre des produits de qualité achetés à moindre coût. Le capital de l’entreprise ne cesse de croître au cours de la période, passant de un million en 1852 à 5 millions en 1878. La Pharmacie centrale est également un succès commercial. Le chiffre d’affaires se situe à 400 000 francs en 1853 et 8 millions en 1878. La puissance de l’entreprise s’incarne à travers des bâtiments (usines de Paris et de Saint-Denis) et un réseau de succursales. La complexification du marché, la croissance de l’entreprise et les exigences de rentabilité, la concurrence féroce que se livrent les grossistes répartiteurs poussent cependant la PCF à rompre progressivement avec cette ligne. L’officine, tout en consolidant son monopole sur la vente au détail, voit disparaître les fondements de ce monopole, notamment l’élection (le choix des éléments naturels entrant dans la composition du médicament) et la préparation des produits. Les procédures de contrôle, la fabrication des produits, leur diffusion sont désormais centralisées par de grandes entreprises comme la Pharmacie centrale. La PCF accélère ainsi le passage de l’officine-laboratoire vers l’officine-comptoir. Par conséquent, la PCF a joué un rôle dans la redéfinition de l'identité professionnelle du pharmacien : une activité commerciale articulée autour d'un diplôme. La PCF a renforcé l'industrialisation de la pharmacie en amont et le monopole du pharmacien en aval. / In the middle of the nineteenth century the French pharmacists have the feeling their drug’s monopoly is threatened. They are more and more dependent towards other professions as druggists, herbalists. The Pharmacie centrale de France is a purchase co-operative between pharmacists founded by a Parisian pharmacist François-Louis-Marie Dorvault in october 1852. The PCF tries to achieve corporatist and industrial’s goals and allows us to understand the links between industry and the drugstore sector. Historians have already widely shown that the contemporary pharmaceutical industry derived from the pharmacy of the XIXth century. Too often however, we reduce this transition to individual actors. The social historians have often set the big company over against shopkeepers, the emergence of the first meaning the decline of the second. The case of the Pharmacie centrale de France is original on that account, which allows us to study an industrial co-operative between pharmacists. This transition to industry is perceived in a positive and necessary way by these co-operators. For someone like Dorvault, the Pharmacie centrale de France will strengthen the pharmacy in its commercial and scientific functions. The purpose of the co-operative is not to supplant the pharmacist but to sustain him, allowing him to prepare and to sell better medications bought at a lower cost. PCF’s capital never stops increasing during the period. From one million in 1852 the capital reaches 8 millions in 1878. The PCF is also a commercial success. Sales are estimated around 400 000 F in 1853 and 8 millions in 1878. The power of the company becomes incarnated through buildings (factories of Paris and Saint-Denis) and branches network. The PCF unfolds professional, social and scientific projects like the creation of a newspaper, the Union Pharmaceutique, in 1860; the scheme of a pharmacist’s pension fund between 1854 and 1859; the scheme of a drugstore’s insurance in 1863 and 1864; or the organization of scientific concourses. The market’s complexity, the growth of big company, the profitability’s imperatives, the fierce competition between wholesalers induce however the Pharmacie centrale to break gradually with this line. The pharmacy, while strengthening its sale’s monopoly, sees the foundations of this monopoly disappear, particularly the election (the choice of the natural elements entering the composition of the medicine) and the preparation of products. Control procedures, manufacturing, distribution are henceforth centralized by big companies as the Pharmacie centrale de France. The PCF accelerate the transformation of pharmacist’s work and the transition from preparation to sale only. In consequence, the PCF played a part in the redefinition of pharmacist’s professional identity: a commercial activity articulated around a degree. The PCF strengthened pharmacy’s industrialisation above and pharmacist’s monopoly below.

69 Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to describe the legal regulation of ownership of cooperative flat. The thesis is composed of four chapters, each of them dealing with different aspects of legislation of ownership of cooperative flat. Chapter one is composed of four main subchapters, and contains brief descriptions of basic institutes of each cooperative. The first chapter also contains an explanation what the cooperative is, who are the members of cooperative, what is an organization and regulations of cooperative, and how the cooperative expires. Second chapter is aimed on the flat cooperative. Its first part contains short historical overview of legal regulation of flat cooperative since their creation, till the second half of the twentieth century. Second subchapter explains the concept of the flat cooperative. Inside the following two subchapters of this chapter are described kinds of a typical flat cooperatives, and detailed described the concept of cooperative flat. Third chapter of the thesis analyzes the transfers of the flats cooperatives to the ownership of their members. In the first subchapter is an explanation of the legal regulation, which offers the change between the owner of the flat from the cooperative to its member- man. In this part are also described the theoretical...

<p>Bakgrund:  Bostadsrätten  utgör  en  alltmer  attraktiv  boendeform  och  dess  främsta  syfte  är  att tillgodose dess medlemmar med ett prisvärt boende. Månadsavgifterna från bostadsrättsförenings medlemmar bidrar  till att alla kostnader  täcks upp och därmed är boendekostnaden beroende av hur bostadsrättsföreningens kostnader hanteras. Denna studie undersöker hur verksamheten  i en bostadsrättsförening är förenlig med att verka för medlemmarnas bästa ekonomiska intresse.  </p><p>Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur en bostadsrättsförenings medlemmars ekonomiska intresse uppfylls, med fokus på de faktorer som inverkar på medlemmens boendekostnad.  </p><p>Metod:  Uppsatsen  är  skriven  med  en  kvalitativ  ansats.  Befintliga  teorier  har  använts  för  att analysera det empiriska material som samlats  in. Det empiriska materialet är insamlat utifrån en bostadsrättsförenings interna dokument samt finansiella rapporter.  </p><p>Resultat: Studien har kommit  fram  till att medlemmarnas ekonomiska  intresse  i  den  studerade bostadsrättsföreningen inte tillmötesgås i den utsträckning som hos andra jämförbara föreningar. Ytterligare  ett  resultat  är  att  ersättning  som  en  bostadsrättsförening  betalar  till  ett förvaltningsbolag inte har något generellt samband med boendekostnaden</p> / <p>Background:  The  co-operative  building  society  is  getting  more  attractive  on  the  market;  its purpose  is  to provide  its members a  living worth  its price. The monthly  fees  from  the building society contributes  to cover all  the expenses for  the co-operative building society, which means that  a members  living  expenses depends on how  these  costs  are handled. This  thesis  examines how the co-operative building is managed to fulfill its member’s economic interest.  </p><p>Purpose:  The  purpose  of  this  thesis  is  to  examine  how  the  members’  economic  interest  is fulfilled in a co-operative building society, with focus on the revenues and costs which influence the fee to the members.  </p><p>Methodology: The thesis is written with a qualitative approach, existing theories have been used to  examine  the  collected  empirical  material.  The  empirical  material  is  collected  from  a  co-operative building society, where internal documents and financial reports have been used.  </p><p>Results:  The  result  of  the  thesis  is  that  the members’  economic  interest  in  the  examined  co-operative  building  society  is  not  as  well  fulfilled  as  in  other  compared  co-operative  building societies.  Another  result  is  that  there  is  generally  no  connection  between  the  price  for management and the operating costs.</p>

<p><em>Background </em></p><p>Apartment ownership is a popular and well established type of housing in many countries, such as Norway, Denmark and UK. During spring 2009 the Swedish Parliament passed a new legislation which made it possible for apartment ownerships also in Sweden. But apartment ownership has had a slow start, which partly can be explained by the recent recession.</p><p><em>Purpose & method</em></p><p>The purpose of this paper is to study the market of apartment ownership in Öckerö, Stockholm and Karlstad. The study is a qualitative examination where relevant companies from the submarkets have been interviewed.</p><p><em>Result</em></p><p>The result of this study shows that the interest for apartment ownership is over all high in all three submarkets. It is yet clear the knowledge about apartment ownership is generally poor among the public, and when the banks still misses proper routines for mortgages, it creates uncertainty, and slows down the market. Furthermore, the existing legislation restricts the establishment because few objects are entitled to be reorganized. The conclusion of this study is thus that the market for apartment ownership would gain on an expansion of the legislation and a more efficient marketing.</p> / <p><em>Bakgrund </em></p><p>Lägenheter med äganderätt är sedan länge en populär och väletablerad boendeform i många länder, som exempelvis i Norge, Danmark och England. Våren år 2009 antog Riksdagen en ny lag som tillåter ägarlägenheter även i Sverige. Boendeformen har dock fått en trög start som delvis kan förklaras av den rådande lågkonjunkturen.</p><p><em>Syfte & metod</em></p><p>Syftet med studien är att studera marknaden för ägarlägenheter i Öckerö, Stockholm och Karlstad. Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning där relevanta företag från respektive delmarknad har intervjuats.</p><p><em>Resultat </em></p><p>Studiens resultat visar att intresset för ägarlägenheter är övervägande stort på samtliga delmarknader. Det är dock tydligt att det finns en okunskap om ägarlägenheter hos allmänheten och då bankerna i dagsläget saknar rutiner för utlåning skapar det en tröghet på marknaden. Även den nuvarande lagstiftningen som inte tillåter att befintliga bostäder ombildas till ägarlägenheter hämmar etableringen eftersom färre objekt blir aktuella. Slutsatsen av studien är således att marknaden för ägarlägenheter skulle vinna på en utvidgning av lagstiftningen samt en effektivare marknadsföring. <strong></strong></p>

Bakgrund:  Bostadsrätten  utgör  en  alltmer  attraktiv  boendeform  och  dess  främsta  syfte  är  att tillgodose dess medlemmar med ett prisvärt boende. Månadsavgifterna från bostadsrättsförenings medlemmar bidrar  till att alla kostnader  täcks upp och därmed är boendekostnaden beroende av hur bostadsrättsföreningens kostnader hanteras. Denna studie undersöker hur verksamheten  i en bostadsrättsförening är förenlig med att verka för medlemmarnas bästa ekonomiska intresse.   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur en bostadsrättsförenings medlemmars ekonomiska intresse uppfylls, med fokus på de faktorer som inverkar på medlemmens boendekostnad.   Metod:  Uppsatsen  är  skriven  med  en  kvalitativ  ansats.  Befintliga  teorier  har  använts  för  att analysera det empiriska material som samlats  in. Det empiriska materialet är insamlat utifrån en bostadsrättsförenings interna dokument samt finansiella rapporter.   Resultat: Studien har kommit  fram  till att medlemmarnas ekonomiska  intresse  i  den  studerade bostadsrättsföreningen inte tillmötesgås i den utsträckning som hos andra jämförbara föreningar. Ytterligare  ett  resultat  är  att  ersättning  som  en  bostadsrättsförening  betalar  till  ett förvaltningsbolag inte har något generellt samband med boendekostnaden / Background:  The  co-operative  building  society  is  getting  more  attractive  on  the  market;  its purpose  is  to provide  its members a  living worth  its price. The monthly  fees  from  the building society contributes  to cover all  the expenses for  the co-operative building society, which means that  a members  living  expenses depends on how  these  costs  are handled. This  thesis  examines how the co-operative building is managed to fulfill its member’s economic interest.   Purpose:  The  purpose  of  this  thesis  is  to  examine  how  the  members’  economic  interest  is fulfilled in a co-operative building society, with focus on the revenues and costs which influence the fee to the members.   Methodology: The thesis is written with a qualitative approach, existing theories have been used to  examine  the  collected  empirical  material.  The  empirical  material  is  collected  from  a  co-operative building society, where internal documents and financial reports have been used.   Results:  The  result  of  the  thesis  is  that  the members’  economic  interest  in  the  examined  co-operative  building  society  is  not  as  well  fulfilled  as  in  other  compared  co-operative  building societies.  Another  result  is  that  there  is  generally  no  connection  between  the  price  for management and the operating costs.

<p>Abstract</p><p>This paper aims to determine the validity of the hypothesis that the effective and eloquent use of language can result in shaping beliefs and altering people’s perception of certain phenomena. In order to explore this hypothesis, a speech given by George W. Bush concerning the Iraq war is examined, followed by a brief study of two corpora, the Time Magazine Corpus and the Corpus of Contemporary American English, where the collocationpatterns of the words Iraq, evil and terror are examined. The paper starts by presenting the main concepts upon which this study is based, i.e. mental frames, the co-operative principle and conversational maxims and finally, various rhetoric devices. An analysis section follows, where George Bush’s speech is examined with the help of the concepts mentioned above and the analysis continues with the corpora-study. One of the conclusions drawn in this study is that, indeed, it is possible that language can be successfully used in order to achieve political means, and that there seems to be a shift in the American public’s perception of concepts such as Iraq and terror, visible in the use of language. However, it cannot be said with certainty whether the Bush Administration has managed to dominate public discourse, through a study as minor as this one.</p>

Background Apartment ownership is a popular and well established type of housing in many countries, such as Norway, Denmark and UK. During spring 2009 the Swedish Parliament passed a new legislation which made it possible for apartment ownerships also in Sweden. But apartment ownership has had a slow start, which partly can be explained by the recent recession. Purpose &amp; method The purpose of this paper is to study the market of apartment ownership in Öckerö, Stockholm and Karlstad. The study is a qualitative examination where relevant companies from the submarkets have been interviewed. Result The result of this study shows that the interest for apartment ownership is over all high in all three submarkets. It is yet clear the knowledge about apartment ownership is generally poor among the public, and when the banks still misses proper routines for mortgages, it creates uncertainty, and slows down the market. Furthermore, the existing legislation restricts the establishment because few objects are entitled to be reorganized. The conclusion of this study is thus that the market for apartment ownership would gain on an expansion of the legislation and a more efficient marketing. / Bakgrund Lägenheter med äganderätt är sedan länge en populär och väletablerad boendeform i många länder, som exempelvis i Norge, Danmark och England. Våren år 2009 antog Riksdagen en ny lag som tillåter ägarlägenheter även i Sverige. Boendeformen har dock fått en trög start som delvis kan förklaras av den rådande lågkonjunkturen. Syfte &amp; metod Syftet med studien är att studera marknaden för ägarlägenheter i Öckerö, Stockholm och Karlstad. Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning där relevanta företag från respektive delmarknad har intervjuats. Resultat Studiens resultat visar att intresset för ägarlägenheter är övervägande stort på samtliga delmarknader. Det är dock tydligt att det finns en okunskap om ägarlägenheter hos allmänheten och då bankerna i dagsläget saknar rutiner för utlåning skapar det en tröghet på marknaden. Även den nuvarande lagstiftningen som inte tillåter att befintliga bostäder ombildas till ägarlägenheter hämmar etableringen eftersom färre objekt blir aktuella. Slutsatsen av studien är således att marknaden för ägarlägenheter skulle vinna på en utvidgning av lagstiftningen samt en effektivare marknadsföring.

Using a Collaborative Action Research (CAR) approach, ten youth were involved as co-researchers in the development and implementation of a Community Youth Mapping (CYM) project in the city of Surrey, British Columbia. Youth were trained to be co-researchers, involved in: Research design, recruiting interview respondents, collecting, transcribing, and analysing data as well as developing a knowledge-transfer strategy. The research questions guiding this study were: 1. What is the experience of conducting a Collaborative Action Research (CAR) approach in the development and implementation of a Community Youth Mapping (CYM) project in order to gain an understanding of the opportunities and supports (through people, places and activities) for young people to build elements that facilitate positive youth development (PYD)? 2. What types of data are Youth Mappers able to collect using a variety of methods and technology? 3. What are the benefits to the youth participating in this study? Youth Mappers collected data from 174 of their peers through key informant interviews and focus group sessions, mapping resources in the form of people, places and activities where youth found opportunities and support to build elements that facilitate PYD and examining potential explanatory themes underlying the qualitative data. Global Positioning System (GPS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) technology were used to map locations of people, places and activities (PPA) in the different neighbourhoods within the City of Surrey. Youth Mappers reported gaining a broad array of benefits including: research, technological and communication skills, knowledge about positive youth development and changes in the way they perceived themselves as supporting youth in their community. Some additional training and organizational support may have assisted the Youth Mappers in recruitment of respondents and in data collection. The study found that youth’s primary resources for building elements that facilitate PYD were found in informal settings such as malls, restaurants, friend’s and their own homes, within the company of friends and family. Formal settings included work, schools and sport and recreation facilities with co-workers, teachers, coaches and team members. Fewer resources were reported for formal organizations. Youth are in need of more places to socialize together that are run similarly to church organizations but with non-religious affiliation, making membership more open to a diverse youth. Young people also want more opportunities to collaborate with adults within their communities on a formal and informal basis. The Surrey Community Youth Mapping project was instrumental in providing the initial foundation for a broader Community Youth Development Initiative and immediately garnered the interest of schools and organizations within the community and provincially. Recommendations were made for modifying this kind of study for different audiences.

This study explored the discourse of the University of Victoria Social Sciences Co-op Program. It reviewed literature that illustrates how neoliberal ideologies due to globalization lead to the marketization of post-secondary education. It provided an overview of the neoliberal discursive context in which the Co-op Program is situated and a semiotic analysis of the discourse of three documents. Particular focus was paid to metaphoric representations. A co-op practitioner conducted the study, which included a reflective discussion of the findings related to the role of the Co-op Program staff, students and employers. The study highlighted neoliberal discourses that may impact a student’s educational experience by limiting student agency, reinforcing power structures, and focusing on career training with little emphasis on learning. As a way forward, the study presented different discourses and metaphoric representations that could be drawn upon to emancipate the students and harness the potential of an experiential education program.

Using a qualitative case study approach, a study looking at what student co-researchers value while they are part of a research team was conducted. The three questions guiding this study included: What personal changes did student co-researchers experience? How does a Co-operative Inquiry approach contribute to youth engagement and positive youth development? And, What adult skills are evident in building a strong youth led research project? Data was collected from a Co-operative Inquiry research project entitled 62 Ways to Change the World. The multiple sources of data included: key informative interviews and a focus group with student co-researchers from 62 Ways to Change the World and all documents pertaining to the research project. By understanding what young people value while they are on a project team strategies that contribute to sustainable student-led research can be developed and shared with organizations, educational institutions and governments that are currently or are interested in conducting research with young students.