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Au cours des dernières années, le développement de matériaux composites avancés fabriqués à partir de fibres naturelles a été principalement axé sur l'obtention de matériaux à haut module et à haute résistance. Cependant, la résistance élevée n'est pas suffisante, car certains des matériaux possèdent une nature fragile (l'allongement à la rupture est faible), et l'un des critères de performance les plus importants devrait être la capacité à absorber l'énergie et à résister aux chocs. La manière dont un matériau composite se déforme et subit des endommagements dépend à la fois des propriétés chimiques et mécaniques de trois constituants de base : les fibres, la matrice et une fine région d'interphase (parfois appelée interface) chargée d'assurer le lien entre matrice et fibre. En raison de leurs propriétés uniques et de leur nature abondante, les fibres à base de cellulose émergent comme un choix privilégié pour les communautés scientifiques, techniques et commerciales qui recherchaient des matériaux durables dans diverses applications. Bien que ces fibres possèdent plusieurs avantages par rapport aux charges synthétiques, l'adhérence entre la fibre et la matrice, la sensibilité à l'humidité et les propriétés au feu restent des domaines difficiles à traiter. Dans ce contexte, une nouvelle technique basée sur la méthode par pulvérisation-séchage-durcissement a permis de fabriquer un revêtement sol-gel hydrophobe sur la surface de la fibre de coco lignocellulosique. La modification de surface des fibres de coco a été effectuée à l'aide d'un plasma oxygène à basse pression suivi d'un enduit sol-gel polymérisable à sec avec un siloxane à fonction fluoroalkyle (FAS). Le prétraitement par plasma a augmenté la concentration effective du réseau FAS sur les fibres de fibre de coco dans le but de créer la surface extrêmement hydrophobe. L'efficacité du traitement plasma et du sol gel FAS sur fibre de coco a été étudiée en utilisant différentes techniques de caractérisation telles que l'analyse de l'angle de contact, l'absorption d'eau, la microscopie électronique à balayage, la microscopie à force atomique et la spectroscopie photoélectronique. Les propriétés mécaniques, morphologiques, rhéologiques et thermiques de différentes formulations de mélanges PP/EPDM ont été étudiées pour trouver la composition optimale du mélange pour la préparation de composites. Les composites résultants à base de polypropylène, d'EPDM et de fibre de coco possèdent des propriétés de résistance aux chocs élevées et des propriétés de traction et de flexion comparables. Les propriétés mécaniques, morphologiques, rhéologiques et thermiques des composites PP/EPDM/Coir ont été étudiées en détail pour examiner la stabilité des composites. / In recent years, the development of advanced high performance composite materials made from natural fibers was mainly focussed on achieving high modulus and strength materials. However, the high strength is not sufficient, as some of the materials possess brittle nature (the overall elongation to fracture is small), and one of the more important performance criterion should be the ability to absorb energy and resist impact loadings. The manner in which a composite material deforms and subjected to fractures depends upon both the chemical and mechanical properties of three basic constituents: the fibers, the matrix and a fine interphase region (sometimes referred to as the interface) responsible for assuring the bond between the matrix and fiber. Due to its unique properties and abundant in nature, lignocellulose based fibers are emerging as a preferred choice for scientific, engineering and commercial communities who were looking for sustainable materials in various applications. Though these fibers possess several advantages over synthetic fillers, adhesion between the fiber and matrix, moisture repellence, flame retardant properties etc are still challenging areas to be addressed. In this context a novel technique based on spray-dry- cure method to establish a hydrophobic sol-gel coating on the lignocellulosic coir fiber surface. The surface modification of lignocellulosic coir fibers was done with the use of low-pressure oxygen plasma, followed by the application of a spray-dry-cure sol–gel coating with the water and oil repellent organic–inorganic hybrid precursor fluoroalkyl-functional siloxane (FAS), with the aim of creating the extremely hydrophobic coir fiber surface. The plasma pre-treatment increased the effective concentration of the FAS network on the lignocellulosic coir fibers. The effectiveness of plasma treatment and FAS sol gel coating on the coir fiber was studied using different characterisation techniques such as contact angle analysis, water absorption studies, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The mechanical, morphological, rheological and thermal properties of different PP/EPDM blend formulations were carried out to find out optimum blend composition for composite preparation. The resulting composites based on polypropylene, EPDM and coir possess high impact strength properties and comparable tensile and flexural properties. The mechanical, morphological, rheological and thermal properties of PP/EPDM/Coir composites were studied in detail to examine the stability of the composites.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / As helicÃnias sÃo plantas ornamentais que, com sua beleza e exotismo, constituem uma das maiores riquezas da nossa flora. Exuberantes, coloridas, com formas inusitadas, elas sÃo apreciadas no mercado internacional tambÃm por sua durabilidade e pela capacidade de, mesmo sozinhas, gerar composiÃÃes surpreendentes. Em decorrÃncia da alta demanda do mercado consumidor, a cultura vem sendo produzida em escala comercial por meio da micropropagaÃÃo, uma tÃcnica importante da cultura de tecidos que apresenta diversas etapas. A etapa de aclimatizaÃÃo à a fase mais crÃtica e importante, responsÃvel pelos altos Ãndices de mortalidade, baixas taxas de crescimento e desuniformidade das plantas, conseqÃente queda na produÃÃo. Essa situaÃÃo ocorre porque existem poucas informaÃÃes sobre o manejo da cultura nessa etapa. Considerando que essa tÃcnica à muito recente no Brasil, estudos estÃo sendo conduzidos para se estabelecer as melhores combinaÃÃes entre diferentes substratos, lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo e tipos de recipientes. Assim, as plantas aclimatizadas acabam nÃo sendo atendidas em todas as suas necessidades, o que leva à perdas considerÃveis e/ou a obtenÃÃo de mudas de qualidade desuniforme. Para minimizar esse problema e atender as exigÃncias do mercado consumidor, à preciso a busca de informaÃÃes tÃcnicas e cientÃficas sobre o adequado manejo da cultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de distintos tipos e volumes de substrato e de diferentes lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo na aclimatizaÃÃo de mudas micropropagadas de helicÃnia (helicÃnia lingulata Ruiz & PavÃn cv. Fan.). A pesquisa constou de trÃs experimentos, sendo conduzida em um tÃnel alto de cultivo forÃado pertencente a Embrapa AgroindÃstria Tropical, situada no municÃpio de Fortaleza, Cearà - Brasil (3Â44â S e 38Â33â W). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com 4 tratamentos e 5 repetiÃÃes para as variÃveis relacionadas com o desenvolvimento foliar e 5 tratamentos e 5 repetiÃÃes para os substratos. No primeiro experimento foram analisadas quatro lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo: 1, 2, 3 e 4 mm de Ãgua. As plantas foram acondicionadas em tubetes de 180 cm3, e cultivadas no substrato pÃ-de-coco seco + hÃmus + solo (1:1:1), receberam as diferentes lÃminas, parceladas em duas irrigaÃÃes diÃrias. No segundo experimento foram testadas cinco combinaÃÃes diferentes de substratos na proporÃÃo 1:1:1 onde S1(pÃ-de-coco seco + hÃmus + solo); S2 (pÃ-de-coco verde + vermiculita + composto de cama de frango); S3(pÃ-de-coco verde+hÃmus+solo); S4(pÃ-de-coco seco + vermiculita + composto de cama de frango) e S5 (HortimixÂ), as plantas foram acondicionadas em tubetes 180 cm3 e cultivadas nos distintos substratos sendo aplicada uma lÃmina dâÃgua de 3 mm, duas vezes ao dia. No terceiro experimento foram avaliados quatro tipos de recipientes: copo pequeno (100 cm3); tubete pequeno (180 cm3); tubete grande (300 cm3) e copo grande (400 cm3). As mudas contidas nos recipientes foram cultivadas com S1 e irrigadas com a lÃmina dâÃgua de 3 mm duas vezes ao dia. As variÃveis agronÃmicas, avaliadas nos experimentos foram: altura da planta, nÃmero de folhas e diÃmetro do caule. No primeiro experimento as variÃveis foram analisadas aos 15 e 30 dias apÃs aplicaÃÃo das devidas lÃminas (DAL). Nos demais experimentos os dados foram coletados aos 30, 60 e 75 dias apÃs o transplantio (DAT). Os resultados dos experimentos evidenciaram que o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas micropropagadas de helicÃnia ocorreu quando: cultivadas em tubete grande de 300 cm3 de volume; com substrato utilizando a combinaÃÃo PCV+H+S e o hortimix, e com lamina de irrigaÃÃo de 2,5 mm dia-1. / The helicÃnias are ornamental plants that, with its beauty and exotics, constitute one of the biggest deversity of our flora. Exuberant, colorful , with unusual forms, they are appreciated in the international market also for its durability an d the capacity of, exactly alone, to generate surprising compositions. In result of the high dema nd of the consuming market, the culture is produced in commercial scale by means of the microp ropagation, one important technique that presents diverse stages. The stage of acclimat ization is the most important and critical phase, responsible for the high rate of mortality, low rates growth taxes and low uniformity of plants, resulting in fall production. This situatio n occurs due to few information about of the culture management in this stage. Considering that this technique is very recent in Brazil, studies are being conducted to establish the best c ombinations among different substratum, irrigation depth and types of containers. Then, as result is aclimatized plants not being supplied in all its necessities, leading to a consi derable losses and/or cutting uniform less. To minimize this problem and forces the requirements o f the consuming market, is necessary looking for scientific techniques informatives abou t the culture management. The present work had as objective to evaluate the effect of dis tinct types and volumes of substratum and different irrigation depth in the acclimatization o f micropropagated cuttings of helicÃnia (Heliconia lingulata Ruiz & PavÃn cv. Fan .). The research consisted of three experiments, conducted in a high tunnel of forced culture at Emb rapa Tropical Agroindustry, located in Fortaleza, Cearà â Brazil (3Â44 ' S and 38Â33 ' W). The experimental design was a randomized blocks, with 4 treatments and 5 repetitions for the variables related to foliar development, and 5 treatments and 5 repetitions for the substratum. Four irrigation levels were analyzed in the first experiment: 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm of water. The pl ants cultivated in the substratum dust-of- coconut dry + wormcompost + soil, (1:1:1) in 180 cm 3 plastic containers, were irrigation twice a day. Five different combinations for substr atum were tested in the second experiment: 1:1:1 where S1 (dry coir dust + wormcompost + soil); S2 (green coir dust + vermiculite + compost of chicken bed); S3 (green coir dust + wormcompost + soil); S4 (dry coir dust + vermiculite + compost of chicken bed) and S 5 (HortimixÂ). The plants, cultivated in the different substrate in 180 cm 3 plastic containers, were irrigated with a 3 mm wat er level twice a day. Four plastic containers types were evaluated in the third experiment: small cup (100 cm 3 ); small (180 cm 3 ); great plastic container (300 cm 3 ) and great cup (400 cm 3 ). The cuttings were cultivated with S 1 and they were irrigated with a 3 mm water level twice a day. The agronomics variable, evaluated in the experiments w ere: height of the plant, number leaf and stem diameter. In the first experiment the variable s were analyzed in 15 and 30 days after applications of water depth (DAL). For the othes ex periments the data were collected in 30, 60 and 75 days after the transplant (DAT). The resu lts of the experiments had evidenced that the best development of the cuttings of helicÃnia o ccurred when: cultivated in great plastic container of 300 cm 3 ; with substratum using the combination PCV+H+S and hortimix, and with water depth of 2,5 mm day -1 .

ROCHA, Eliana Lee Jorge. Aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas de helicônia sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação, tipos e volumes de substrato. 2007. 73 f. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Curso de Pós-Graduação em agronomia, Fortaleza-CE, 2007. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-22T14:06:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_eljrocha.pdf: 1805399 bytes, checksum: 785a951d142c46b4bcaa887fc2f16869 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-22T14:07:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_eljrocha.pdf: 1805399 bytes, checksum: 785a951d142c46b4bcaa887fc2f16869 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T14:07:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_eljrocha.pdf: 1805399 bytes, checksum: 785a951d142c46b4bcaa887fc2f16869 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The helicônias are ornamental plants that, with its beauty and exotics, constitute one of the biggest deversity of our flora. Exuberant, colorful , with unusual forms, they are appreciated in the international market also for its durability an d the capacity of, exactly alone, to generate surprising compositions. In result of the high dema nd of the consuming market, the culture is produced in commercial scale by means of the microp ropagation, one important technique that presents diverse stages. The stage of acclimat ization is the most important and critical phase, responsible for the high rate of mortality, low rates growth taxes and low uniformity of plants, resulting in fall production. This situatio n occurs due to few information about of the culture management in this stage. Considering that this technique is very recent in Brazil, studies are being conducted to establish the best c ombinations among different substratum, irrigation depth and types of containers. Then, as result is aclimatized plants not being supplied in all its necessities, leading to a consi derable losses and/or cutting uniform less. To minimize this problem and forces the requirements o f the consuming market, is necessary looking for scientific techniques informatives abou t the culture management. The present work had as objective to evaluate the effect of dis tinct types and volumes of substratum and different irrigation depth in the acclimatization o f micropropagated cuttings of helicônia (Heliconia lingulata Ruiz & Pavón cv. Fan .). The research consisted of three experiments, conducted in a high tunnel of forced culture at Emb rapa Tropical Agroindustry, located in Fortaleza, Ceará – Brazil (3º44 ' S and 38º33 ' W). The experimental design was a randomized blocks, with 4 treatments and 5 repetitions for the variables related to foliar development, and 5 treatments and 5 repetitions for the substratum. Four irrigation levels were analyzed in the first experiment: 1, 2, 3 and 4 mm of water. The pl ants cultivated in the substratum dust-of- coconut dry + wormcompost + soil, (1:1:1) in 180 cm 3 plastic containers, were irrigation twice a day. Five different combinations for substr atum were tested in the second experiment: 1:1:1 where S1 (dry coir dust + wormcompost + soil); S2 (green coir dust + vermiculite + compost of chicken bed); S3 (green coir dust + wormcompost + soil); S4 (dry coir dust + vermiculite + compost of chicken bed) and S 5 (Hortimix®). The plants, cultivated in the different substrate in 180 cm 3 plastic containers, were irrigated with a 3 mm wat er level twice a day. Four plastic containers types were evaluated in the third experiment: small cup (100 cm 3 ); small (180 cm 3 ); great plastic container (300 cm 3 ) and great cup (400 cm 3 ). The cuttings were cultivated with S 1 and they were irrigated with a 3 mm water level twice a day. The agronomics variable, evaluated in the experiments w ere: height of the plant, number leaf and stem diameter. In the first experiment the variable s were analyzed in 15 and 30 days after applications of water depth (DAL). For the othes ex periments the data were collected in 30, 60 and 75 days after the transplant (DAT). The resu lts of the experiments had evidenced that the best development of the cuttings of helicônia o ccurred when: cultivated in great plastic container of 300 cm 3 ; with substratum using the combination PCV+H+S and hortimix, and with water depth of 2,5 mm day -1 . / As helicônias são plantas ornamentais que, com sua beleza e exotismo, constituem uma das maiores riquezas da nossa flora. Exuberantes, coloridas, com formas inusitadas, elas são apreciadas no mercado internacional também por sua durabilidade e pela capacidade de, mesmo sozinhas, gerar composições surpreendentes. Em decorrência da alta demanda do mercado consumidor, a cultura vem sendo produzida em escala comercial por meio da micropropagação, uma técnica importante da cultura de tecidos que apresenta diversas etapas. A etapa de aclimatização é a fase mais crítica e importante, responsável pelos altos índices de mortalidade, baixas taxas de crescimento e desuniformidade das plantas, conseqüente queda na produção. Essa situação ocorre porque existem poucas informações sobre o manejo da cultura nessa etapa. Considerando que essa técnica é muito recente no Brasil, estudos estão sendo conduzidos para se estabelecer as melhores combinações entre diferentes substratos, lâminas de irrigação e tipos de recipientes. Assim, as plantas aclimatizadas acabam não sendo atendidas em todas as suas necessidades, o que leva à perdas consideráveis e/ou a obtenção de mudas de qualidade desuniforme. Para minimizar esse problema e atender as exigências do mercado consumidor, é preciso a busca de informações técnicas e científicas sobre o adequado manejo da cultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de distintos tipos e volumes de substrato e de diferentes lâminas de irrigação na aclimatização de mudas micropropagadas de helicônia (helicônia lingulata Ruiz & Pavón cv. Fan.). A pesquisa constou de três experimentos, sendo conduzida em um túnel alto de cultivo forçado pertencente a Embrapa Agroindústria Tropical, situada no município de Fortaleza, Ceará - Brasil (3º44’ S e 38º33’ W). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com 4 tratamentos e 5 repetições para as variáveis relacionadas com o desenvolvimento foliar e 5 tratamentos e 5 repetições para os substratos. No primeiro experimento foram analisadas quatro lâminas de irrigação: 1, 2, 3 e 4 mm de água. As plantas foram acondicionadas em tubetes de 180 cm3, e cultivadas no substrato pó-de-coco seco + húmus + solo (1:1:1), receberam as diferentes lâminas, parceladas em duas irrigações diárias. No segundo experimento foram testadas cinco combinações diferentes de substratos na proporção 1:1:1 onde S1(pó-de-coco seco + húmus + solo); S2 (pó-de-coco verde + vermiculita + composto de cama de frango); S3(pó-de-coco verde+húmus+solo); S4(pó-de-coco seco + vermiculita + composto de cama de frango) e S5 (Hortimix®), as plantas foram acondicionadas em tubetes 180 cm3 e cultivadas nos distintos substratos sendo aplicada uma lâmina d’água de 3 mm, duas vezes ao dia. No terceiro experimento foram avaliados quatro tipos de recipientes: copo pequeno (100 cm3); tubete pequeno (180 cm3); tubete grande (300 cm3) e copo grande (400 cm3). As mudas contidas nos recipientes foram cultivadas com S1 e irrigadas com a lâmina d’água de 3 mm duas vezes ao dia. As variáveis agronômicas, avaliadas nos experimentos foram: altura da planta, número de folhas e diâmetro do caule. No primeiro experimento as variáveis foram analisadas aos 15 e 30 dias após aplicação das devidas lâminas (DAL). Nos demais experimentos os dados foram coletados aos 30, 60 e 75 dias após o transplantio (DAT). Os resultados dos experimentos evidenciaram que o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas micropropagadas de helicônia ocorreu quando: cultivadas em tubete grande de 300 cm3 de volume; com substrato utilizando a combinação PCV+H+S e o hortimix, e com lamina de irrigação de 2,5 mm dia-1.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-04-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 salazar_vlp_dr_botfca.pdf: 188370 bytes, checksum: aa41f8872ad9416ef8670387131fccce (MD5) / Neste trabalho são discutidos os resultados referentes aos ensaios de biodegradabilidade de fibras naturais utilizadas pela indústria auotomobilística: fibra de coco, de coco com látex e e sisal. Estes ensaios foram realizados junto ao Laboratório de Microbiologia Industrial do Agrupamento de Biotecnologia da Divisão Química do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo. Apresenta-se uma revisão de literatura sobre biodegradabilidade e sobre as fibras em estudo. Realizou-se a análise elementar de CHN, a qual é um pré-requisito para o Teste da Biodegradabilidade Imediata pela Medida do Dióxido de Carbono Desprendido em Sistema Aberto (norma IBAMA - E.1.1.2. - 1998). Utilizou-se também a norma DIN 53739 (1984) - Testing of Plastics - Influence of dungi and bacteria - visual evaluation - change in mass or physical properties, baseada na ISO 846 - 1978. Fez-se a determinação de extrativos totais, de lignina, de holocelulose e do teor de cinzas das fibras em estudo para se conhecer o teor ral de lignina, celulose e hemicelulose presentes e, compreender os resultados obtidos nos testes de biodegradação. A partir do teste de biodegradabilidade (IBAMA E.1.1.2.-1998), observou-se uma taxa de biodegradação de cerca de 10% para todos os materiais em estudo após 45 dias de ensaio, demonstrando difícil degradação. Nenhum material inibiu a degradação da glicose. No entanto, a porcentagem de degradação da fibra de sisal foi superior a da fibra de coco com látex, conseiderando-se o mesmo intervalo de tempo de cultivo. Quanto a esse teste, pode-se concluir que 45 dias de ensaio é pouco tempo para a biodegradação dessas fibras naturais levando-se em consideração os teores de lignina, celulose e hemicelulose encontrados por Young (1997) para a fibra de sisal e por Han e Rowell (1997) para a fibra de coco. E, analisando-se os teores de lignina, celulose... / Presented in this study are the testing results regarding the biodegradation of natural fibres utilized by automotive industry, in this case, coir and sisal fibers, where the coir fiber was used also as rubberized mat. These biodegradation testing where carried on at th Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology by the Biotechnology Group of the Chemistry Division of the Institute of Technological Research of São paulo State - IPT. Next is presented a literatura review on biodegradation and over the studied fibers, coir and sisal, besides all the details about the testing used evaluate biodegradation and its respectively obtained results. An elementary analysis of CHN was carried out, which is a prerequisite for the Immediate Biodegradation Test of the Mesaure of the Carbon Dioxide Released in Open System (standard IBAMA - E.1.1.2. - 1998). Alson used was the standard DIN 53739 - 1984 - Testing of Plastics - influence of fungi and bacteria - visual evaluation - change in mass or physical properties, established in the ISO 846 - 1978. Also was realized the determination of total extractives, lignin, holocellulose and ash contents of the studied fibers as well as the determination of it's true content and understand the obtained biodegradation testing results. There was hence observed from the biodegradation test (standard E.1.1.2.-1998) a biodegradation tax about 10% for all the studied material after 45 days of assay, which indicates a difficult degradation. None of the material inhibited the glucose degradation. However, the percentage of sisal degradation was greater than that of the coir fiber with latex. It can be concluded about this test, that a 456 day trial is a short lapse of time for the biodegradation of these natural fibers when the contents of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose that were found by Young (1997) for the sisal fiber and by Han and Rowell... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Alcides Lopes Leão / Banca: Claudio Angeli Sansígolo / Banca: José Claudio Caraschi / Banca: Derval dos Santos Rosa / Banca: Elisabete Frollini / Resumo: Neste trabalho são discutidos os resultados referentes aos ensaios de biodegradabilidade de fibras naturais utilizadas pela indústria auotomobilística: fibra de coco, de coco com látex e e sisal. Estes ensaios foram realizados junto ao Laboratório de Microbiologia Industrial do Agrupamento de Biotecnologia da Divisão Química do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas do Estado de São Paulo. Apresenta-se uma revisão de literatura sobre biodegradabilidade e sobre as fibras em estudo. Realizou-se a análise elementar de CHN, a qual é um pré-requisito para o Teste da Biodegradabilidade Imediata pela Medida do Dióxido de Carbono Desprendido em Sistema Aberto (norma IBAMA - E.1.1.2. - 1998). Utilizou-se também a norma DIN 53739 (1984) - Testing of Plastics - Influence of dungi and bacteria - visual evaluation - change in mass or physical properties, baseada na ISO 846 - 1978. Fez-se a determinação de extrativos totais, de lignina, de holocelulose e do teor de cinzas das fibras em estudo para se conhecer o teor ral de lignina, celulose e hemicelulose presentes e, compreender os resultados obtidos nos testes de biodegradação. A partir do teste de biodegradabilidade (IBAMA E.1.1.2.-1998), observou-se uma taxa de biodegradação de cerca de 10% para todos os materiais em estudo após 45 dias de ensaio, demonstrando difícil degradação. Nenhum material inibiu a degradação da glicose. No entanto, a porcentagem de degradação da fibra de sisal foi superior a da fibra de coco com látex, conseiderando-se o mesmo intervalo de tempo de cultivo. Quanto a esse teste, pode-se concluir que 45 dias de ensaio é pouco tempo para a biodegradação dessas fibras naturais levando-se em consideração os teores de lignina, celulose e hemicelulose encontrados por Young (1997) para a fibra de sisal e por Han e Rowell (1997) para a fibra de coco. E, analisando-se os teores de lignina, celulose... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Presented in this study are the testing results regarding the biodegradation of natural fibres utilized by automotive industry, in this case, coir and sisal fibers, where the coir fiber was used also as rubberized mat. These biodegradation testing where carried on at th Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology by the Biotechnology Group of the Chemistry Division of the Institute of Technological Research of São paulo State - IPT. Next is presented a literatura review on biodegradation and over the studied fibers, coir and sisal, besides all the details about the testing used evaluate biodegradation and its respectively obtained results. An elementary analysis of CHN was carried out, which is a prerequisite for the Immediate Biodegradation Test of the Mesaure of the Carbon Dioxide Released in Open System (standard IBAMA - E.1.1.2. - 1998). Alson used was the standard DIN 53739 - 1984 - Testing of Plastics - influence of fungi and bacteria - visual evaluation - change in mass or physical properties, established in the ISO 846 - 1978. Also was realized the determination of total extractives, lignin, holocellulose and ash contents of the studied fibers as well as the determination of it's true content and understand the obtained biodegradation testing results. There was hence observed from the biodegradation test (standard E.1.1.2.-1998) a biodegradation tax about 10% for all the studied material after 45 days of assay, which indicates a difficult degradation. None of the material inhibited the glucose degradation. However, the percentage of sisal degradation was greater than that of the coir fiber with latex. It can be concluded about this test, that a 456 day trial is a short lapse of time for the biodegradation of these natural fibers when the contents of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose that were found by Young (1997) for the sisal fiber and by Han and Rowell... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-07-22T13:49:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Jokderléa - Versão digital.pdf: 2657401 bytes, checksum: aa4dfc40144fb6bdb5d19dd66aa43470 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-22T13:49:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Jokderléa - Versão digital.pdf: 2657401 bytes, checksum: aa4dfc40144fb6bdb5d19dd66aa43470 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / FINEP / ANP / PRH / Neste trabalho estudou-se compósitos poliméricos obtidos a partir de um poliéster biodegradável e fibra de coco (Cocus nucifera), uma fibra abundante na região Nordeste e para a qual não existem relatos na literatura de sua utilização em compósitos com o poli(butileno-adipato-co-tereftalato)(PBAT). O uso de fibra de coco nas formulações é uma alternativa para redução de custos, pois propõe uma substituição parcial do polímero a ser utilizado. Estudou-se a influência da fibra sobre as propriedades reológicas e térmicas dos compósitos. As fibras naturais foram secas e classificadas antes de sua utilização. Foi realizado um teste preliminar por Calorimetria Diferencial Exploratória (DSC) com o PBAT onde foi definida a temperatura de fusão para o processamento no reômetro. Compósitos de PBAT e fibra de coco foram preparados com formulações de 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50% em massa de fibra em um misturador interno. Foi possível quantificar a dependência do torque com a velocidade de rotação dos rotores pelo índice de pseudoplasticidade através da lei da potência. A avaliação reológica dos compósitos obtidos mostrou a dependência do torque e da temperatura com a quantidade de fibra adicionada. Foi realizado um estudo sobre a cristalização dos compósitos com 10, 20 e 30% de fibra comparando com o polímero puro, submetido as mesmas condições de preparação. A análise dos resultados obtidos pelo DSC indicou que a adição de fibras nos compósitos alterou a temperatura de cristalização para valores mais elevados, sugerindo que as fibras podem ter um efeito nucleante. Os compósitos quando submetidos a variações nas velocidades de resfriamento, mostraram que o processo de cristalização se altera, deslocando os picos de cristalização para temperaturas menores, conforme aumentava a velocidade de arrefecimento. Foi construído o modelo cinético de Pseudo-Avrami para o compósito PBAT/10% fibra de coco, pois seus parâmetros de cristalização apresentaram desvios menores ou próximos de 10% em relação ao PBAT puro. Houve boa adequação dos modelos aos dados experimentais nas três taxas de resfriamento utilizadas. / In this work, it was studied polymer composites made from a biodegradable polyester and natural coconut fibre (Cocus nucifera). Great abundance of this fibre can be found in the northeast areas of Brazil, and there are no reports in the literature of its use in polymer composites with poly (butylene-adipate-co-terephthalate). The use of coconut fiber in the formulations is an alternative for reducing costs, because it proposes a partial replacement for the polymer to be used. The study assessed the effects of the fibre on rheological and thermal properties of the biocomposites. Natural fibres were dried and classified before its utilization. Initially, the PBAT characterization was performed by differential scanning calorimetry in which were defined the melting temperature for processing in the rheometer. Composites of PBAT and coconut fibre were prepered with formulations containing 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% in mass of fibre in the internal mixer. It was possible to quantify the dependence of torque with rotor speeds by the pseudoplasticity index through the power law. The rheological evaluation of the obtained composites showed the dependency on torque and temperature with the amount of fiber added. A study was conducted on composites crystallization of 10, 20 and 30% of fibre comparing it to the pure polymer submitted to the same conditions of preparation. Analysis of the results obtained by DSC indicated that the addition of fibres in the composite altered the crystallization temperature to higher values, suggesting that the fibres may have a nucleating effect. The composites when exposed to variations in the cooling rates, showed that the crystallization process is changed, displacing the crystallization peaks to lower temperatures as the cooling rate was increased. It was built the kinetic model of Pseudo-Avrami for the composite PBAT/10% coconut fibre, because its crystallization parameters showed lower error values or near 10% compared to pure PBAT. There was a good adjustment between models and experimental data in the three cooling rates utilized.

Le but de cette thèse est de contribuer au domaine des matériaux de construction pour l'industrie de la construction, en développant la recherche sur les matériaux de construction renouvelables qui sont respectueux de l'environnement. Matériaux fabriqués avec un peu de ciment et en utilisant des matériaux locaux tels que l'argile et des déchets de fibres naturelles. Formation dans le processus de la technologie d'extrusion. Objectif à long terme de trouver de nouveaux matériaux de construction respectueux de l'environnement à partir de matériaux locaux pour améliorer la qualité de la performance, d'accélérer le développement et de réduire les coûts de construction. La première étude a examiné la structure de microphysique, mécanique, thermique et de fibres naturelles de noix de coco qui est largement disponible en Indonésie. Puis, en termes de rapport en fibres de coco et que grâce à un traitement non traités. En outre, le développement de modèles de Weibull pour obtenir des modèles d'une seule résistance à la traction de la fibre de coco. La deuxième étude, la formule conçue de coco matériaux composites de ciment renforcés de fibres et de l'argile doit être formée par un processus de technologie de l'extrusion en spirale. Après cela, le test rhéologique rhéomètre utilisé pour examiner l'incidence sur le comportement de la pâte de ciment de fibres stabilisé avec de l'argile. Ensuite, analysé pour obtenir des modèles prédictifs de la limite d'élasticité des matériaux composites. La troisième étude, inspecter les performances du produit d'extrusion mécanique, en utilisant destructrice système de test mécanique (MTS) et en utilisant des méthodes d'essais non destructifs avec corrélation d'image numérique (DIC). Ensuite, développé des modèles micromécaniques des fibres mécaniques et composites. Pour obtenir la caractérisation des tests micro composants par microscope électronique à balayage (MEB). L'évolution de l'échec et de dommages matériels observé microfissures. Les résultats obtenus de cette étude, la performance de la fibre peut être améliorée par un traitement et ont obtenu un seul des modèles de résistance à la traction de la fibre. En outre, les produits d'extrusion de la formule mortier obtenu des matériaux composites de fibres peuvent être extrudés sans défauts sur la surface. Aussi obtenu modèles rhéologiques pour prédire le rendement des composites de fibre de contrainte. Ajout de la fibre de coco augmente la résistance à la compression et à la traction que sans fibres. L‘évolution de défaillance et de la destruction du matériel de fibre composite est plus résistant que le matériau normal. De même dérivé des effets de modèles et des modèles de micromécanique robinet de fibres et traînée de composites de fibres mécaniques. Le modèle résultant est comparé avec les résultats des données expérimentales MTS et DIC, donnant les résultats de leur pertinence. Le matériau de construction qui en résulte est des matériaux écologiques, ductiles et très approprié pour les bâtiments dans les zones sismiques / The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute to the field of building materials for the construction industry, by developing research on renewable building materials that are environmentally friendly. Materials are made with low cement and using local materials such as clay and waste natural fiber, formation through the process of extrusion technology. The long-term goal is finding new materials environmentally friendly building made from local materials to improve the quality of performance, speed up the building and reduce construction costs. The first study examined the physical, mechanical, thermal and microstructure of natural fibers of coir fiber that is widely available in Indonesia. Then, in terms of coir fiber ratio treated and untreated. Furthermore, it is developing Weibull models to get models tensile strength of the single coir fiber. The second study, designed the formulation of coir fiber reinforced cement and clay of composite materials to formed through a process of the extrusion technology spiral. After that, rheological testing rheometer used to examine the impact on the behavior of fiber cement paste stabilized with clay. Then, it analyzed to derive predictive models of the yield stress of composite materials. The third study, inspect mechanical extrusion product performance, using destructive mechanical testing system (MTS) and using non-destructive testing methods with digital image correlation (DIC). Then, develop mechanical models and micromechanical models of fiber composites. To get the characterization of micro-components are testing by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The evolution of failure and damage observed micro cracks. The results obtained from this study, the performance of coir fiber can be improved through treatment and obtained a single fiber tensile strength models. Furthermore, the formula obtained extrusion products fiber composite materials can extrude without defects on the surface. Also, it obtained rheological models to predict the yield stress fiber composites. The addition of coir fiber increases the compressive strength and tensile strength than plain mortar. Failure and damage evolution of fiber composite is more resilient than the plain mortar. Similarly, it obtained mechanical models of the fiber effects and micromechanical models of compressive strength and tensile strength of the fiber composite. The resulting model compared with experimental data results of MTS and DIC, are giving significant results. The resulting building material is environmentally friendly materials, ductile and highly suitable for buildings in earthquake areas.

Soilless substrates, such as peat, pine bark, and coir, are widely used as growing media in containerized crops for their favorable characteristics, including low bulk density, balanced air exchange and water retention, disease resistance, and low pH and salinity. However, improper irrigation of these media can have negative outcomes such as root asphyxia, pathogen development, and reduced plant growth. Understanding pore size distributions, water dynamics, and gas diffusivity of these substrates is essential to promote plant growth. The effects of different particle sizes of soilless media on processes such as infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, and gas diffusivity are also not well understood. The characterization of these effects is important for the overall improvement of container crop production. This thesis presents three studies that aimed to characterize the physical and hydraulic properties of pine bark substrates, both unamended and amended with peat or coir. The first study looked at three substrate types: unamended, unscreened pine bark, peat-amended pine bark, and coir amended pine bark. Three methods were employed to quantify pore distributions: non-equilibrium infiltration measurements, equilibrium water retention characterization, and scanning electron microscopy. We characterized pore distributions during wetting and drainage for the three substrates. Coir-amended bark had the largest water-conducting porosity, highest hydraulic conductivity, and most water retention. Unamended pine bark had the highest microporosity, and the addition of peat and coir lowered macroporosity, with peat having the greater effect. The total porosity inferred from the infiltration method was significantly smaller than that inferred from drainage experiments due to assumptions related to pore shape. The second study focused on defining hydraulic conductivity and water retention for pine bark substrates of five different particle sizes, <1 mm, 1-2 mm, 2-4 mm, 4-6 mm, and an unscreened fraction. We utilized the same methods from the first study. The resulting data showed that the smallest particle sizes (i.e., <1 mm and 1-2 mm) had the highest hydraulic conductivity and greatest water retention. The three larger sizes had lower hydraulic conductivity and poor water retention, including the unscreened fraction, which more closely followed the results of the 2-4 mm size. The final study examined gas diffusivity of the five pine bark particle sizes at different moisture levels: 60% moisture content (initial conditions), saturated at the bottom of the sample, near-saturated at the sample bottom, and drained from saturation to container capacity. We used a one-chamber gas diffusion setup to find gas diffusion coefficients (Ds). The results displayed an inverse relationship between Ds values and substrate water content. In addition, the larger particle sizes were less sensitive to changes in water content due to their well-draining large pores. Proper balance of aeration and water retention is necessary for the success of soilless growing media. Overall, the smaller particle size fractions had the best water retention and hydraulic conductivity rates while the larger fractions had the largest Ds coefficients. This work contributes valuable knowledge on the physical and hydraulic properties of different size fractions of pine bark substrates, which can assist nursery growers in optimizing water usage for sustainable container crop production. / Master of Science / Since the 1950's soilless substrates have been an important resource for growing a variety of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants. Soilless growing media have become more popular choices for containerized plant production compared to natural soils due to improved air exchange, increased disease resistance, and more plants per acre. They are also favored because they help conserve resources, reduce agricultural waste, and minimize transportation requirements as compared to traditional cropping methods. The most popular types of soilless media include peat, coir, compost, and pine bark. In the U.S., pine bark is the main substrate used, as it is renewable and widely available. Growers still face many issues when using containerized crop production. For example, pine bark is susceptible to water runoff which can cause environmental problems and increase costs from this loss of water and fertilizer. Further characterizing of water and gas dynamics in of pine bark growing media is important for conserving water and fertilizer resources while optimizing plant growth in this container cropping industry. Pore characteristics, aeration, and water movement are key factors of substrates to be described to solve these challenges. This project aimed to apply soil physics strategies to soilless media, focusing on describing pore sizes, water movement, water holding capacity, and air movement in pine bark substrates. We utilized three methods throughout this study. For the first method, we took infiltration measurements to examine how water moved into the media, while the second utilized controlled drainage experiments to observe how water moved out of the media. The final method was characterizing gas movement through the substrates at different water contents and particle sizes. The results found showed that the smaller particle sizes and pine bark mixed with peat and coir had increased ability to retain water and allow water movement as compared to the larger particle sizes and unamended pine bark. In contrast, the larger particles had less water retention but improved gas movement. These results could be applied by stacking different particle sizes or mixes over one another could optimize water retention in the top of the container and drainage and gas movement in the bottom of the container. Overall, the application of this work is to create best management practices for growers to be able to balance water retention and gas movement in order to optimize plant growth.

Cyclamens are deemed an essential cold season crop for supplementing the income of commercial growers during winter. However, cyclamens have the reputation of being a demanding commercial crop mainly due to difficulty in successful crop cultivation, lengthy production time and production costs. The economic and environmental landscape in South Africa dictates that careful consideration be given to reducing production time and costs, but still improving the quality of the commercial crop for market readiness. Growth medium are considered an important factor contributing significantly to the quality of commercially grown container cyclamens in a controlled environment. The focus of this study was on establishing the most suitable growth medium for commercially grown cyclamens in a South African environment in order to improve the quality of the commercial crop. Only one F1 variety of cyclamen was used as the sample population with a sample size of five plants per growth medium mixture planted according to a randomised block design in a specified area within a greenhouse. Seven commercially available growth medium mixtures, five locally available and two imported, were subjected to a typical production cycle of commercial cyclamens in a controlled greenhouse. The growth medium mixtures for comparison were Cyclamen Mix; 45 Mix; 50% Cyclamen Mix - 50% 45 Mix; 49 Mix; 7 Mix; coarse coir; Klasmann base 4 Substrate mix . The measuring instrument used in the study was adapted from existing instruments used in the comparison of cyclamens and growth medium. It included various measurements and observations: Plant height, plant diameter, plant weight, number of leaves, leaf width, foliage fresh weight, number of flowers, diameter of tuber and root fresh weight. The results obtained in the comparison determine the most suitable growth medium for container cyclamens for South African circumstances. The physical properties of peat retain water for a longer time which is beneficial for the production of container cyclamen. The results of this study therefore indicate that growth mediums containing peat performed better than mediums containing no peat. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / M.Sc. (Ornamental Horticulture)