Behaviors related to joint attention have been described by behavior analysts and developmental psychologists alike as having a distinctly social function. Children with autism often do not emit these behaviors. Research on the collateral effects of teaching joint attention suggests far reaching consequences. Given the reported benefits of using these behaviors, and the theoretical descriptions of their function, we assessed joint attention as a collateral effect of a naturalistic parent training program. Data suggest that although these behaviors were not directly targeted, they increased in all 3 children. Implications of parent training goals and child intervention targets are discussed in terms of a behavior analysis of joint attention and child development.

This thesis explores methods of financing real estate. It illustrates the fundamental means of financing as well as various alternate combinations. It primarily focuses on a comparison of methods in an effort to find the optimal choice for a given situation. This thesis will ultimately provide a thorough overview of the real estate market for anyone with an interest in financing residential developments.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Stephanie Jerstad, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Criminology and Criminal Justice, presented on January 11, 2022, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale.TITLE: CARE FOR THE AGING: LONG-TERM CARE FACILITIES WILLINGNESS TO ACCEPT PERSONS CONVICTED OF SEXUAL OFFENDING MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Breanne Pleggenkuhle The present study is a multi-pronged approach to examine the willingness of long-term care facilities (LTCF) to accept persons on the sex offender registry or with a sexual offense conviction. First, this dissertation utilizes a statutory analysis to examine all 50 states policies for admitting and managing such individuals in long-term care. Second, the study aims to explain why some states may enact a LTC/SO policy by examining state characteristics, policy and political affiliation. Third, the study sets out to better understand if facility-level characteristics matter to the acceptance of persons on the sex offender registry. And will discuss findings from semi-structured interviews of LTCF administrators of their decision-making processes, and their attitudes towards company policy. The findings of all three levels of analyses are presented and future research is discussed. Keywords: Sex offender, long-term care facility, SORN and residency restriction laws, statutory review, collateral consequences of sex offender policy

Unintended killing and harming to civilians is a common problem in war. The Just of War theory uses the doctrine of double effect (DDE) to morally defend this actions. As long as the agent fulfill the principle of proportionality and doesn´t intend to harm civilians DDE allows these actions. DDE is too permissive and Michael Walzer has presented the doctrine of double effect and double intention (DDE+). DDE+ tells us that the agent should take due care of civilians and also increase risk to themselves. Objections to DDE+ mainly focuses on morally challenges of soldiers and officers. This theses presents the idea of moral challenges on an organizational level connected to DDE+. What does it mean, on an organizational level, to follow the premise of increasing risk? This is a organizational moral challenge that does more harm than good with the result of problems with the use of DDE+ in a few number of situations. / I krig är det ett vanligt problem att civila skadas och dödas oavsiktligt. I teorin om rättfärdigt krig används ofta doktrinen om dubbel effekt (DDE) för att moraliskt försvara att detta sker under förutsättning att agenten uppfyller kraven för proportionalitetsprincipen och inte har för avsikt att skada civila. Michael Walzer anser att DDE är för tillåtande och har därför presenterat doktrinen om dubbel effekt med dubbel intention (DDE+). DDE+ innebär att en kombattant ska göra vad hen kan för att undvika negativa sidoeffekter samt även acceptera en egen ökad kostnad, det vill säga en ökad risk för att själv bli skadad. Invändningar mot DDE+ har i huvudsak fokuserat på de moraliska utmaningar enskilda soldater och officerare ställs inför. I den här uppsatsen utvecklar jag en invändning mot DDE+ som fokuserar på den organisatoriska nivån. Vad innebär det för en militär organisation som exempelvis ett lands försvarsmakt att följa DDE+ premiss avseende att öka risken för egen personal? Jag argumenterar för att detta i vissa fall kan innebära en moralisk utmaning för den militära organisationen och därmed gör DDE+ svår att använda i vissa situationer.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / There is no consensus on which vascular segment or what size of vessels is most important in the process of collateral growth, the degree to which these vessels can enlarge, or the mechanisms that mediate collateral vessel expansion and its impairment. Chapter I identifies the major collateral vessels that develop in response to femoral arterial occlusion in the pig, rat, and mouse hindlimbs for comparison to humans. Pre-existent small named arteries enlarged ~2-3-fold to become the major collateral vessels in each species, these major collaterals displayed characteristics similar to large arteries experiencing flow-mediated outward remodeling, and important differences in vascular wall thickness were observed between rodents and pigs. Chapter II utilized Rac2-/- and Nox2-/- mice to investigate the hypothesis that Nox2-NAD(P)H oxidase is required for major collateral growth subsequent to femoral arterial occlusion. Previous studies suggest bone marrow cell (BMC)-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by the Nox2 subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase plays an important role in neovascularization and recovery of hindlimb perfusion subsequent to femoral arterial occlusion; but did not investigate collateral growth. The hematopoietic cell restricted protein Rac2 has been shown to bind to and activate Nox2-NAD(P)H oxidase and Rac2-/- and Nox2-/- leukocytes display impaired ROS related functions. The data demonstrated that Rac2 and Nox2 are not essential for major collateral growth, but both are important for the recovery of hindlimb perfusion and preservation of distal tissue morphology. Chapter III investigated BMC and antioxidant therapy in the age-related impairment of collateral growth. Aging, like all cardiovascular disease risk factors is associated with elevated ROS and impaired collateral growth. Studies also suggest BMCs promote collateral growth by secreting paracrine factors but elevated ROS may affect the efficacy of BMCs. The data revealed that neither BMC injection nor antioxidant therapy via apocynin enhanced the process of major collateral artery growth in aged mice.

<p>    Collateral connections in the brain, also known as Leptomeningeal Anastomoses, are connections between blood vessels originating from different arteries. Despite limited knowledge, they are suggested as an important contributor to cerebral stroke recovery that allows additional blood flow through the affected area. However, few databases and algorithms exist for this specific task of locating them. </p> <p>    In this paper, a MATLAB program is developed to find these connections and detect strokes to replace manual labeling by professionals.  The limited data available for this study are 23 2D microscopy images of mice cerebral vascular structures highlighted by dyes. In the images, strokes are shown to diminish the pixel count of vessels below 80\% compared to the healthy brain. Stroke classification error is greatly reduced by narrowing the scope from comparing the entire hemisphere to one smaller region.</p> <p>    A novel way of finding collateral connections is utilizing connected components. Connected components organize all adjacent pixels into a group. All collateral connections can be found on the border of two neighboring arterial flow regions, and belong to the same group of connected components with the arterial source from each side. </p> <p>    Along with finding collateral connections, a newly created coordinate system allows regions to be defined relative to the brain landmarks, based on the brain's center, orientation, and scale.</p> <p>    The method newly proposed in this paper combines stroke detection, brain coordinate system extraction, and collateral connection detection in stroke-affected mouse brains using only image processing techniques.  This allows a simpler, more explainable result on limited data than other techniques such as supervised machine learning.  In addition, the new method does not require ground truth and high image count for training. This automated process was successfully interpreted by medical experts, which allows for further research into automating collateral connection detection in 3D.</p>

No description available.

Within the last decade, scholars and practitioners alike have noted a surge in the use of legal financial obligations (LFOs) in criminal justice processing. These include fines, fees, and costs that are applied to defendants’ cases from “upstream” agencies such as police departments to “downstream” agencies including jails, prisons, probation and parole agencies, and treatment centers. Legal financial obligations can be large, and the result is that outstanding balances often accumulate into unwieldy amounts of criminal justice debt. Recently, a small handful of qualitative studies have shown that these LFOs and debts can have adverse impacts on returning prisoners and their families, including increased stress, strained family relationships, worsened depression, and longer periods spent under criminal justice surveillance for those too poor to pay off outstanding balances. In addition, some of this work suggests that these financial obligations can increase the likelihood of returning to crime. This dissertation expands on the major contributions of these recent qualitative works by addressing the lack of quantitative research in this area. Toward this end, longitudinal data from the Returning Home Study (n=740) and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques are used to test whether LFOs and debt indeed have adverse impacts on key outcomes of interest in reentry research, including family relationships, depression, justice involvement/entanglement, and recidivism. Findings reveal partial support for past research and theory. Legal financial obligations do not appear to have impacts on depression, family conflict, and several measures of recidivism on average. However, outstanding debt owed to community supervision agencies (i.e., probation/parole/mandatory community supervision) significantly increases the likelihood of remaining under supervision, which, in turn, increases the likelihood of returning to prison. Implications for decision-making bodies from state legislatures to corrections agencies are discussed. / Criminal Justice

This thesis provides an ethical analysis of imprisonment as a mode of punishment. Consisting in an introduction and four papers the thesis addresses several important questions concerning imprisonment from a number of different perspectives and theoretical starting points. One overall conclusion of this thesis is that imprisonment, as a mode of punishment, deserves more attention from moral and legal philosophers. It is also concluded that a more complete ethical assessment of prison conditions and prison management requires a broader focus. It must include an explicit discussion of both how imprisonment directly affects prison inmates and its negative side-effects on third parties. Another conclusion is that ethical discussions on prison conditions should not be too easily reduced to a question about how harsh or lenient is should be. Paper 1 argues that prisoners have a right to privacy. It is argued that respect for inmates’ privacy is related to respect for them as moral agents. Consequently, respect for inmates’ privacy is called for by different established philosophical theories about the justification of legal punishment. Practical implications of this argument are discussed and it is argued that invasion of privacy should be minimized to the greatest extent possible, without compromising other important values or the rights to safety and security. It is also proposed that respect for privacy should be part of the objective of creating and upholding a secure environment. Paper 2 discusses whether the collateral harm of imprisonment to the children and other close family members of prison inmates may give rise to special moral obligations towards them. Several collateral harms, including decreased psychological wellbeing, financial costs, loss of economic opportunities, and intrusion and control over their private lives, are identified. Two perspectives in moral philosophy, consequentialism and deontology, are then applied in order to assess whether these harms are permissible. It is argued that from either perspective it is hard to defend the claim that allowing for these harms are morally permissible. Consequently, imprisonment should be used only as a last resort. Where it is deemed necessary, it gives rise to special moral obligations. Using the notion of residual obligation, these obligations are then categorized and clarified.                 Paper 3 focuses on an argument that has figured in the philosophical debate on felon disenfranchisement. This argument states that as a matter of democratic self-determination, a legitimate democratic collective has the collective right to decide whether to disenfranchise felons as a way of defining their political identity. Yet, such a collective’s right to self-determination is limited, since the choice to disenfranchise anyone must be connected to normative considerations of political significance. This paper defends this argument against three charges that has been raised to it. In doing so it also explores under what circumstances felon disenfranchisement can be permissible. Paper 4 explores the question of whether prison inmates suffering from ADHD should be administered psychopharmacological intervention (methylphenidate) for their condition. The theoretical starting point for the discussion is the communicative theory of punishment, which understands criminal punishment   as a form of secular penance. Viewed through the lens of the communicative theory it is argued that the provision of pharmacological treatment to offenders with ADHD need not necessarily be conceived of as an alternative to punishment, but as an aid to achieving the penological ends of secular penance. Thus, in this view offenders diagnosed with ADHD should have the option to undergo pharmacological treatment. / <p>QC 20170110</p>

<p>ZIEL:<br>Untersuchung des Auftretens von In-Stent-Restenosen (ISR) nach stentgeschützter perkutaner transluminaler Angioplastie intrakranieller Stenosen.</p><p> METHODEN:<br> In diese retrospektive Langzeit-Follow-up-Studie wurden konsekutiv 46 Patienten mit insgesamt 49 intrakraniellen Stenosen eingeschlossen, die im Zeitraum von August 2003 bis Juli 2010 mittels Stentangioplastie behandelt wurden. Der Nachbeobachtungszeitraum erstreckte sich bis Februar 2011. Die Quantifizierung der Stenosen erfolgte an angiografischen Bildern. Als ISR wurde eine erneute Stenose >50% innerhalb des Stents oder unmittelbar (d.h. innerhalb von 5mm) neben dem Stent und einem absoluten Lumenverlust von >20% definiert. Die Mittelwerte der Stenosegrade zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten wurden mit dem t-Test für abhängige Stichproben verglichen. Die ISR-freie Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit wurde mit der Kaplan-Meier-Kurve untersucht und Kurvenvergleiche für Untergruppen erfolgten mit dem Log-Rang-Test.</p><p> ERGEBNISSE:<br> Die mediane Follow-up-Dauer betrug sieben Monate (Spannweite: ein Tag-75 Monate, Interquartilsabstand: 20,25 Monate, Mittelwert: 17,4 Monate). Zwei Patienten verstarben an peri- bzw. post-prozeduralen Komplikationen (eine intrakranielle Blutung aufgrund einer Dissektion mit einem arteriovenösen Shunt und eine Reperfusionsblutung). Sechs Patienten mit sieben behandelten Stenosen verstarben innerhalb des Beobachtungszeitraums ohne bekannte Todesursache. Es gab für 57% der Stenosen mindestens eine Bildgebung im Verlauf. Die 1-Jahres-ISR-freie Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit für das Gesamtkollektiv lag bei 69%. Insgesamt traten acht ISR auf; sieben davon innerhalb der ersten acht Monate nach Stentplatzierung. Mittels Log-Rang-Test wurde eine signifikant niedrigere 8-Monats-ISR-freie Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit in der Gruppe der ≤55-jährigen Patienten im Vergleich zu >55-jährigen Patienten (13% versus 79%, p=0,002) ermittelt. Für Patienten ohne eine arterielle Hypertonie resultierte eine signifikant niedrigere 7-Monats-ISR-freie Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit und eine höhere für Patienten mit einer arteriellen Hypertonie (0% versus 81%, p=0,006). Nur zwei von acht Patienten zeigten zum Zeitpunkt der ISR-Diagnose Symptome. Die Zunahme einer ISR bis zum Gefäßverschluss bei einem Patienten mit einem angiografisch dokumentierten suffizienten Kollateralkreislauf verlief ohne Symptome.</p><p> SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG:<br> Gerade innerhalb der ersten Monate nach stentgeschützter perkutaner transluminaler Angioplastie sind engmaschige Verlaufskontrollen wichtig. Die Festsetzung der Zeitpunkte für Verlaufskontrollen sollte dabei nicht allein auf einer eventuell vorhandenen klinischen Symptomatik basieren. Möglicherweise bilden ≤55-jährige Patienten und Patienten ohne eine arterielle Hypertonie mit höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit eine ISR. ISR können im zeitlichen Verlauf sowohl zu- als auch abnehmen. Der Progress einer ISR bis zum vollständigen Gefäßverschluss kann im Fall einer ausreichenden intrakraniellen Kollateralgefäßversorgung asymptomatisch verlaufen. Somit könnte der zusätzlichen Evaluation des Kollateralstatus in der Verlaufsbeurteilung von ISR ein wichtiger Stellenwert zukommen.</p>