Au début du XIXe siècle, l’introduction du peuple sur la scène sociale et artistique marque la fin de "l’époque de l’individu". C’est désormais la question de la totalité qui s’affirme dans tous les domaines et qui impose dans le champ dramatique une relation nouvelle entre personnages individuels et personnages collectifs. Ces derniers sont pour Goethe, Baudelaire et Wagner l’occasion d’une tension dialectique susceptible de générer de nouvelles formes théâtrales. Il reviendra à l’école naturaliste (de Zola à Hauptmann) de favoriser plus ouvertement cette articulation en faisant du milieu un acteur à part entière. L ‘antithèse de premier mouvement est fomentée par le Symbolisme qui revendique une même volonté de dépassement des conventions mais par l’invention de personnages-mythes et de choralités polymorphes exilés de toute réalité historico-sociale. Si Maeterlinck et Claudel montrent les limites de ce modèle, d’autres obédiences (Mallarmé) conçoivent l’essence du théâtre comme celle d’un dialogue entre le héros et la foule sur fond d’une ritualité sociale en voie de transformation. Avec le Futurisme Italien et Apollinaire cette ritualité atteint son point d’incandescence et revendique une fusion de l’individuel et du collectif pleinement assumée. Loin de ces synthèses provocantes, Pirandello comme Ibsen et les expressionnistes, s’attacheront pourtant à éclairer le rôle désormais oppressif du collectif sur le personnage individuel. Prenant acte de ce renversement des rapports hiérarchiques et dialectiques du drame, le théâtre de Brecht n’offre-t-il pas alors l’alternative d’une collusion plus dynamique et moins mortifère entre personnage individuel et personnage collectif ? / Collective Character, Individual Character: Scenes of a Dialectical Journey (1830-1930) At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the introduction of the people into the social and artistic scene marks the end of the "era of the individual". Henceforth, it is the question of totality that is affirmed in all fields and that imposes in the dramatic field a new relation between individual and collective characters. The latter are for Goethe, Baudelaire and Wagner the occasion for a dialectic tension susceptible to generate new theatrical forms. It will be the Naturalist School (from Zola to Hauptmann) which favours more openly this articulation in making the milieu itself an actor. The antithesis of the first movement is instigated by symbolism, which claims the same desire to go past conventions, but through the invention of character-myths and of polymorphous choralités exiled from any socio-historical reality. While Maeterlinck and Claudel show the limits of this model, other persuasions (Mallarmé) conceive the essence of theatre as one of a dialogue between the hero and the crowd against the backdrop of a social ritual in the process of transformation. With Italian futurism and Apollinaire this ritualism reaches its point of incandescence and claims a fully assumed fusion of the individual and the collective. Far from the these provocative syntheses, Pirandello, Ibsen and the expressionists will devote themselves to throwing light on the now opressive role of the collective on the individual character. Taking note of this reversal of hierarchical and dialectical relations in drama, does not Brecht’s theatre offer the alternative of a more dynamique and less deadly collusion between individual and collective characters?

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:15:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Alexandre Gomes.pdf: 956469 bytes, checksum: 482e43f44da0c0f47c3fe7987c5c3397 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis aims to propose and make people consider the experiences of families, participant professionals and users of orthopedic services. All these characters are part of the Association of Support for Children with Orthopedic Disabilities. The central thesis sought to learn the process of fighting for the right of access to treatment with botulinum toxin, which resulted in the implementation of the Reference Center of Botulinum Toxin in São José dos Campos. In this trajectory I have collected information through qualitative research and documentary. In this search I found singular and collective characters and their experiences and narratives, which allowed me to meet their daily realities and meanings attributed by each character, highlighting their political dimension that contributed to the process of guaranteeing the right for treatment experienced by each character. The narratives describe and reflect primarily the care that families have with their children and this generates a concern and commitment in the fight so that their children can enjoy a life trajectory that guarantees them autonomy, which must be experienced in everyday life. We will discuss the obstacles to this population caused by prejudices and difficulties to achieve the realization of basic social rights. We will also present the contribution of professional practice in connection with the characters, establishing a process of reflection of daily life and the construction of citizenship / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo propor e trazer para reflexão as experiências de famílias, profissionais partícipes e de um usuário do serviço de ortopedia. Todos estes sujeitos participantes da Associação de Apoio à Criança com Deficiência Ortopédica. O foco central da dissertação buscou conhecer o processo de luta pelo direito de acesso ao tratamento com a toxina botulínica, que resultou na implantação do Centro de Referência de Toxina Botulínica na cidade de São José dos Campos. Nessa trajetória coletei informações através de pesquisa qualitativa e documental. Nesta busca encontrei sujeito singular e coletivo, suas experiências e narrativas, o que me possibilitou conhecer suas realidades cotidianas, significados atribuídos pelos sujeitos, destacando sua dimensão política que contribuíram no processo de garantia do direito ao tratamento vivenciado pelos sujeitos. As narrativas descrevem e refletem primeiramente o cuidado que as famílias têm com seus filhos e este gerando uma preocupação e comprometimento na luta para que seus filhos possam usufruir de uma trajetória de vida que lhes garanta autonomia, a qual deve ser vivenciada no cotidiano da vida. Vamos discorrer sobre os entraves causados a essa população através de preconceitos e das dificuldades para se conseguir a efetivação de direitos sociais básicos. Também apresentaremos a contribuição da prática profissional na articulação com os sujeitos, estabelecendo um processo de reflexão da vida cotidiana e da construção da cidadania

Made available in DSpace on 2009-11-18T19:00:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nunes.pdf: 1166943 bytes, checksum: 3f4015cd91c058ffe696c3b1f3444158 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The leadership of American literature in the field of business strategy and its consequent influence on the scientific and entrepreneurial world in Brazil is a real fact. It's also true that the major theories in strategy, especially from the classic school, the oldest and most influent in this field, were originated from empirical studies in large ¿ if not giant ¿ companies, many of them currently present in Brazil. The micro, small and medium Brazilian companies, of well known social and economical importance to the country, and its strategists are certainly not inert to this knowledge, but it doesn¿t necessarily means it can be applied with success in such different context. Previous studies indicate that this strategist makes use of intuition and is not very friendly with bureaucratic controls, but, in reality, the profile of this Brazilian executive is still unknown. Naturally, we do not expect this profile to be static in time, but reactive to changes on business environment, especially with the current globalization process. This research, aiming at knowing the profile of the Brazilian strategist of micro, small and medium companies and through an intensive revision on strategy literature, has built a mathematical model by the use of factor analysis, that can be applied in future studies. A new typology to understand the strategic thinking of these leaders is proposed. The conclusion shows that, for the executives in this research, intuition is not predominant on their decisions. Although more rational than intuitive, they refuse the idea of being purely rational. Besides, in the strategy formation process, they tend to have a collective spirit rather than deciding alone and to believe in the importance of being formal, planning and registering their intentions. / É indiscutível a liderança da literatura norte americana no campo da estratégia empresarial e sua consequente influência no mundo científico e empresarial brasileiro. É também verdade que as grandes teorias, em especial as que fazem parte da escola clássica, a mais antiga e influente no campo, derivaram de estudos empíricos em grandes empresas estrangeiras, quando não corporações gigantescas multidivisionadas, muitas delas hoje presentes em território brasileiro. As micro, pequenas e médias empresas brasileiras (MPME) ¿ de sabida importância no cenário sócio-econômico do país ¿ e seus estrategistas certamente não estão inertes a este conhecimento, mas tampouco se pode garantir o sucesso de sua aplicabilidade num cenário tão específico e distinto. Estudos anteriores atestam que este estrategista é mais intuitivo e avesso a controles burocráticos, mas a grande verdade é que pouco se conhece do real perfil dos executivos das MPMEs no que se refere ao processo de formação da estratégia. Evidentemente, não se espera que este perfil seja estático, atemporal, mas reativo às alterações do tempo e do ambiente, especialmente neste atual mundo globalizado. Este estudo, objetivando conhecer o perfil do estrategista brasileiro da MPME privada nacional e através de ampla revisão das teorias em estratégia, construiu uma escala matemática por meio da aplicação de análise fatorial, propondo uma tipologia que permita compreender a natureza do pensamento estratégico destes líderes. A utilização desta escala ¿ que pode ser aplicada em futuras pesquisas ¿ indicou que, no universo de strategistas pesquisados, a intuição é arma complementar, mas não predominante. Este estrategista, embora mais racional que intuitivo, não crê que a razão pura seja suficiente para suas tomadas de decisão. Além disso, possui um caráter coletivo acentuado para formação da estratégia e valoriza o formalismo, caráter no qual demonstra acreditar na importância de planejar e registrar suas intenções.