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Kinematics and Optimal Control of a Mobile Parallel Robot for Inspection of Pipe-like EnvironmentsSarfraz, Hassan 24 January 2014 (has links)
The objective of this thesis is to analyze the kinematics of a mobile parallel robot with contribution that pertain to the singularity analysis, the optimization of geometric parameters and the optimal control to avoid singularities when navigating across singular
geometric configurations. The analysis of the workspace and singularities is performed in a prescribed reference workspace regions using discretization method. Serial and parallel singularities are analytically analyzed and all possible singular configurations are presented. Kinematic conditioning index is used to determine the robot’s proximity to a singular configuration. A method for the determination of a continuous and singularity-free workspace is detailed.
The geometric parameters of the system are optimized in various types of pipe-like
structures with respect to a suitable singularity index, in order to avoid singularities during the navigation across elbows. The optimization problem is formulated with an objective to maximize the reachable workspace and minimize the singularities. The objective function is also subjected to constraints such as collision avoidance, singularity avoidance, workspace continuity and contact constraints imposed between the boundaries and the wheels of the robot. A parametric variation method is used as a technique to optimize the design parameters. The optimal design parameters found are normalized
with respect to the width of the pipe-like structures and therefore the results are
generalized to be used in the development phase of the robot.
An optimal control to generate singularity-free trajectories when the robotic device has to cross a geometric singularity in a sharp 90◦ elbow is proposed. Such geometric singularity inherently leads to singularities in the Jacobian of the system, and therefore a modified device with augmented number of degrees of freedom is introduced to be able to generate non-singular trajectories.
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[de] ENTWICKLUNG EINES KOLLISIONSVERMEIDUNGSSYSTEM BASIEREND AUF EINER FUZZY REGELUNG / [en] DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTONOMOUS COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM BASED ON FUZZY CONTROL / [pt] DESENVOLVIMENTO DE UM SISTEMA AUTÔNOMO DE EVASÃO DE COLISÕES BASEADO EM CONTROLE FUZZYRAFAEL BASILIO CHAVES 09 February 2018 (has links)
[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta um conceito para um sistema de evasão de colisões, simulado usando modelos 3D de três veículos diferentes implementados em MATLAB. Dois destes veículos foram parametrizados com dados genéricos, caracterizando automóveis de médio e grande porte. Em seguida, utilizados para realização de simulações iniciais e demonstração de conceitos. O terceiro conjunto de dados foi construído com informações do Apollo N, um veículo super esportivo. Estes diferentes conjuntos de dados foram utilizados para avaliar a capacidade do controlador de trabalhar com veículos de diferentes portes e dinâmicas de direção. A abordagem para acionar o sistema baseia-se no cálculo do tempo para a colisão (TTC; timeto- collision). O conceito foi adotado para detectar situações onde o motorista
não é capaz de evitar um acidente. Depois de ser acionado, o sistema deve decidir qual manobra é a mais apropriada, dadas as condições de aderência da pista e o risco associado. O primeiro objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver um sistema autônomo de frenagem que deve ser capaz de avaliar o risco de uma possível colisão e decidir se o condutor é capaz de evitá-la. Uma vez que o motorista não tenha tempo suficiente para reagir, o sistema deve acionar os freios automaticamente a fim de evitar um possível acidente. Além disso, o veículo possui um sistema anti-travamento (ABS), desenvolvido usando
controle Fuzzy. O desempenho do controlador ABS foi avaliado em simulações usando os conjuntos de dados e testado em um veículo em escala. Em casos mais críticos, quando há baixa aderência, o veículo não é capaz de frear em uma distância razoável. Levando-se em consideração tal situação, um controle autônomo de esterçamento também foi desenvolvido, visando a possibilidade de uma manobra alternativa de evasão. Este segundo sistema foi avaliado em simulações utilizando veículos com características subesterçantes e sobreesterçantes. Os resultados mostraram que o controle de esterçamento foi capaz de realizar manobras evasivas produzindo valores razoáveis de acelerações laterais, em veículos com diferentes dinâmicas de direção. / [en] This work presents a concept for a collision avoidance system simulated using 3D-models of three different vehicles implemented in MATLAB. Two of the vehicle data sets were built with generic information, used to
characterize mid-size and full-size vehicles. These standard vehicles were used in initial simulations and for demonstration of some concepts. The third data set was built with information from the Apollo N, a super sportive car. These different data sets were used to evaluate the controller s capacity to work with a range of vehicles, with different sizes and driving characteristics. The approach for triggering the system is based on the time-to-colision (TTC) estimation. This concept was adopted to recognize when the driver is not able to avoid an accident. After being triggered, the system must decide which maneuver is the most appropriate for the given friction and risk conditions. The first goal of this work is to develop an autonomous braking system which evaluates the risk of a possible collision and decides if the driver is able to avoid it. Once the driver has not enough time to react, the system must trigger the brakes automatically in order to avoid the accident. The vehicle is equipped with an embedded Anti-lock Brake System (ABS)
developed using Fuzzy control. The ABS controller s performance was evaluated in simulations using the data sets and tested in a scaled vehicle. In more critical cases, when there is low friction, the vehicle is not able to brake in a reasonable distance. Considering this situation, an autonomous steering control was implemented in order to make an alternative avoidance maneuver. This second system was evaluated in simulations using vehicles with understeering and oversteering characteristics. The results pointed out that the autonomous steering control was able to perform avoidance maneuvers in a reasonable range of lateral accelerations, in vehicles with different driving tendencies. / [de] Die vorliegende Arbeit prasentiert ein Konzept fur ein Kollisionsvermeidungssystem. Dieses wird anhand von drei verschiedenen 3DFahrzeugmodellen mit Hilfe von MATLAB simuliert. Zwei der FahrzeugDatensatze
basieren auf generischen Informationen, die jeweils ein Automobil der Mittelklasse und der Oberklasse reprasentieren. Diese Standardfahrzeuge wurden fur anfangliche Simulationen und zur Demonstration einiger Konzepte verwendet. Das dritte Fahrzeugmodell wurde mit Hilfe der Daten des Sportwagens
Apollo N aufgebaut. Durch die Verwendung der verschiedenen Datensatze soll die Funktionsfahigkeit der Regelung auch bei verschiedenen Fahrzeugtypen mit unterschiedlichen Dimensionen und Fahreigenschaften uberpruft werden.Die Grundlage zum Auslosen des Systems ist die Abschatzung der Zeit bis zur Kollision (TTC; time-to-collision). Dieses Konzept wurde aufgegriffen, um zu entscheiden, wann der Fahrer nicht mehr in der Lage ist einen Unfall zu vermeiden. Nachdem das System ausgelost wird muss dieses anhand der Traktionsverhaltnisse und Gefahrensituation entscheiden, welches Manover am besten geeignet ist. Das erste Teilziel ist die Entwicklung eines autonomen Bremssystems, welches eine bevorstehende Kollision erkennen muss und entscheidet ob der Fahrer die Kollision eigenstandig vermeiden kann. Sobald
der Fahrer nicht mehr genug Zeit hat selbst zu reagieren, muss das System die Bremsen automatisch betatigen um den Unfall zu vermeiden. Hierzu ist das Fahrzeug mit einem Antiblockiersystem (ABS) ausgestattet. Dieses wurde mit Hilfe eines Fuzzy-Kontrollers realisiert. Die Funktionstuchtigkeit der
ABS-Regelung wurde mit Simulationen und anhand eines realen, skalierten Fahrzeugmodells getestet. In kritischen Situationen, kann es aufgrund der Traktionsverhaltnisse vorkommen, dass das Fahrzeug nicht mehr in der Lage ist innerhalb einer ausreichenden Strecke zum Stehen zu kommen. Um fur solche Situationen ein alternatives Ausweichmanöver anwenden zu konnen, wurde ein automatischer Lenkeingriff implementiert. Dieses System wurde anhand von Simulationen an Fahrzeugmodellen mit Ubersteuernden und Untersteuernden Eigenschaften uberprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die automatische Lenkeingriff-Regelung in der Lage war auch bei Fahrzeugen mit unterschiedlichen Fahreigenschaften Ausweichmanöver unter Einhaltung angemessener Querbeschleunigungen durchzufuhren.
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Kinematics and Optimal Control of a Mobile Parallel Robot for Inspection of Pipe-like EnvironmentsSarfraz, Hassan January 2014 (has links)
The objective of this thesis is to analyze the kinematics of a mobile parallel robot with contribution that pertain to the singularity analysis, the optimization of geometric parameters and the optimal control to avoid singularities when navigating across singular
geometric configurations. The analysis of the workspace and singularities is performed in a prescribed reference workspace regions using discretization method. Serial and parallel singularities are analytically analyzed and all possible singular configurations are presented. Kinematic conditioning index is used to determine the robot’s proximity to a singular configuration. A method for the determination of a continuous and singularity-free workspace is detailed.
The geometric parameters of the system are optimized in various types of pipe-like
structures with respect to a suitable singularity index, in order to avoid singularities during the navigation across elbows. The optimization problem is formulated with an objective to maximize the reachable workspace and minimize the singularities. The objective function is also subjected to constraints such as collision avoidance, singularity avoidance, workspace continuity and contact constraints imposed between the boundaries and the wheels of the robot. A parametric variation method is used as a technique to optimize the design parameters. The optimal design parameters found are normalized
with respect to the width of the pipe-like structures and therefore the results are
generalized to be used in the development phase of the robot.
An optimal control to generate singularity-free trajectories when the robotic device has to cross a geometric singularity in a sharp 90◦ elbow is proposed. Such geometric singularity inherently leads to singularities in the Jacobian of the system, and therefore a modified device with augmented number of degrees of freedom is introduced to be able to generate non-singular trajectories.
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Warning Design for Connected CarsSchwarz, Felix 03 July 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Future connected vehicles will be able to warn about hidden dangers already before they are visible for the driver. With sight obstructions as one of the most common factors of accident causation, there is a huge potential to improve traffic safety.
However, it is unclear how to design the human-machine-interface of such systems to effectively warn drivers about invisible dangers. Especially the expectation that such warnings will be comparably unreliable lead to conflicting demands on amount and coding of warning information.
Earlier work shows that warnings that contain more specific information about a hazard can improve drivers understanding of and responses to warnings but they can also raise processing costs and delay reactions or even distract drivers. Psychological theories as well as related research indicates that augmented reality (AR) has the potential to improve warning effectiveness through optimized coding of additional information. AR warnings can inherently transmit the location of a hazard and – due to the corresponding approach of the referenced display towards the driver – could increases the salience of a warning.
The general aim of this work is to understand the human factors of future communication-based collision warnings. Based on a theoretical analysis revealing the most relevant questions within that context, we conducted three driving simulator studies to understand the impact of AR warning design on the effectiveness of unreliable warnings about sight obstructed dangers. To consider not only short-term effectiveness, all studies contained several necessary as well as unnecessary warnings that were analyzed in detail.
The first study with 88 participants investigated the benefit of prototypical AR warnings over unspecific warnings of different modalities (visual vs. auditory). Visual AR warnings showed advantages over the other warning designs in gaze and brake reaction times, passing speeds, collision rates and subjective evaluation. Auditory AR warnings did not reveal comparable effects.
The second test with 80 participants examined the contribution of different design aspects of visual AR warnings. Adding specific warning symbols or scaling animations to the warnings showed some positive but rather inconsistent effects. In contrast, spatial referencing even of an unspecific warning symbol with AR consistently improved driver’s reactions and evaluations. A third experiment with 36 participants observed the differential effects of the spatial information per se and the coding of the information with AR. The warnings had either no spatial information, symbolically encrypted spatial information or AR encrypted spatial information. A higher amount of information consistently led to stronger brake reactions, higher
trust and better subjective evaluation. Additionally, with AR encryption we observed faster fixations as well as brake reactions.
The present research emphasizes the importance of specificity for warnings about hidden hazards and the potential of AR especially for in-vehicle warnings of future collision avoidance systems. The systematic analysis of psychological factors of warning design and the corresponding findings on their relative contribution to driver’s behavior might also be transferred to other domains and applications of warning and information design. / In naher Zukunft werden vernetzte Fahrzeuge bereits vor sichtverdeckten Gefahren warnen können, noch bevor diese für den Fahrer sichtbar sind. Da Sichtverdeckungen bei einem Großteil schwerer Verkehrsunfälle eine Rolle spielen, stellt dies ein großes Potenzial zur Erhöhung der Verkehrssicherheit dar. Unklar ist jedoch, wie die Mensch-Maschine- Schnittstelle solcher Systeme gestaltet werden sollte, um Autofahrer möglichst effektiv vor noch nicht sichtbaren Gefahren zu warnen. Insbesondere die Vorhersage, dass solche Systeme nur eine begrenzte Zuverlässigkeit haben werden, führt zu teilweise widersprüchlichen Anforderungen an Informationsmenge und Kodierung der Warnungen.
Frühere Arbeiten haben gezeigt, dass Warnungen mit spezifischen Informationen über eine Gefahr einerseits Verständnis und Reaktionen der Fahrer auf die Warnungen verbessern, andererseits aber auch kognitiven Verarbeitungsaufwand und Reaktionszeiten erhöhen und ablenken können. Sowohl kognitionspsychologische Theorien als auch Studien aus unserem Forschungsgebiet deuten darauf hin, dass die Darstellungsprinzipien der erweiterten Realität (AR, für engl. augmented reality) das Potenzial bieten, die Effizienz solcher Warnungen durch eine optimierte Kodierung von Zusatzinformationen zu steigern. AR-Warnungen können inhärent die Position einer Gefahr übermitteln, ohne dass der Fahrer dazu eine abstrakte Repräsentation der Information auf die reale Umwelt übertragen muss.
Das grundlegende Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht darin, die psychologischen Faktoren zukünftiger vernetzter Kollisionswarnungen zu verstehen. Ausgehend von der theoretischen Analyse relevanter psychologischer Theorien wurden wesentliche Implikationen und offene Fragestellungen abgeleitet. Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wurden drei Fahrsimulator- Studien durchgeführt, in denen der Einfluss von AR als Darstellungsprinzip auf die Effizienz begrenzt zuverlässiger Warnungen über sichtverdeckte Gefahren untersucht wurden. Um valide Aussagen über die längerfristige Wirksamkeit treffen zu können, wurden in den Versuchen sowohl notwendige als auch unnötige Warnungen betrachtet.
Eine erste Studie mit 88 Teilnehmern untersuchte den Mehrwert prototypischer AR-Warnungen unterschiedlicher Modalität (visuell vs. auditiv) gegenüber unspezifischen Warnungen. Visuelle AR-Warnungen zeigten klare Vorteile bezüglich Blick- und Bremsreaktionen, Geschwindigkeiten, Kollisionszahlen und subjektiven Bewertungen. Auditive AR-Warnungen hingegen führten zu einzelnen positiven, jedoch auch einigen negativen Effekten.
In der zweiten Studie mit 80 Teilnehmern wurden die Auswirkungen gestalterischer Teilaspekte visueller AR-Warnungen verglichen. Das Hinzufügen von spezifischen Warnsymbolen über Bewegungsrichtung und Typ der Gefahr oder einer Vergrößerungs-Animation mit gleicher
zeitlicher Veränderung wie bei der AR-Warnung führte zu einzelnen positiven aber nicht konsistenten Effekten. Im Gegensatz dazu führten räumlich verortete AR-Warnungen erneut sowohl zu schnelleren und stärkeren Fahrerreaktionen als auch zu besseren subjektiven Bewertungen.
In der dritten Studie mit 36 Teilnehmern wurden schließlich die individuellen Effekte der räumlichen Information an sich und der Codierung dieser Information mittels AR analysiert. Dazu wurden Warnungen ohne Information über die Position der Gefahr, mit symbolisch kodierter Information, sowie mit AR-kodierter Information verglichen. Der höhere Informationsgehalt führte zu durchgehend stärkeren Bremsungen, höherem Systemvertrauen und besseren subjektiven Bewertungen. Darüber hinaus ermöglichte die AR-Kodierung desselben Informationsgehalts der Warnungen sowohl schnellere Gefahrenentdeckung als auch kürzere Bremsreaktionszeiten.
Insgesamt bestätigen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit einen deutlichen Mehrwert von spezifischen Informationen bei Warnungen vor sichtverdeckten Gefahren sowie das hohe Potenzial von AR als Darstellungsprinzip, insbesondere für Warnungen zukünftiger Kollisionsvermeidungssysteme. Die systematische Analyse der bei der Gestaltung von Warnungen relevanten psychologischen Faktoren sowie unsere empirischen Erkenntnisse zu deren relativen Einfluss auf das Nutzerverhalten können zudem auf Warnungen anderer Anwendungen und Domänen übertragen werden, und somit einen generellen Beitrag zur Vermeidung von Unfällen in Mensch-Maschine-Systemen liefern.
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Simulátor provozu stanic s kmitočtovým skákáním a vyhýbáním se kolizí / Simulator of stations with frequency hopping and collision avoidanceAkkizová, Dinara January 2011 (has links)
The master's thesis aims to introduce and study the issue of frequency hopping with collsion avoidance (FH/CA). On this basis, design a computer program for simulating the operation of a radio systém FHCA, who works in the band used by other systems FH/CA . This simulation programm using MATLAB software to implement verify the correctness of programs. Use simulator to obtain date about the intensity of interference systems FH/CA for the chosen scenario. This work consists of five parts: the first part consists of describing the queuing system, the second part of the description of the radio frequency system with collision avoidence FH / CA, the third part of the description of the simulation model. The fourth part includes verification of the model in the fifth and last section inspects results are shown.
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Conception d’un système d’alerte embarqué basé sur les communications entre véhicules / Conception of an embarked alarm system based on the communications between vehiclesSalameh, Nadeen 04 November 2011 (has links)
Récemment, dans la recherche automobile et dans le domaine des transports intelligents,plusieurs projets intéressants ont été menés afin de diminuer le nombre d’accidents. Lors du développement de ces projets, de nouveaux systèmes d’aide à la conduite ont été proposés,comme les systèmes de prévention de collision, d’aide à la vision de nuit et à la navigation.Ces études ont permis de proposer de nouvelles perspectives telles que les systèmes d’aide à la conduite coopératifs, en utilisant la communication entre les véhicules ou entre les véhicules et l’infrastructure basée sur les réseaux VANETs. Pour évaluer l’impact de systèmes ADAS sur l’amélioration de la sécurité routière et la réaction du conducteur, il est indispensable d’utiliser des outils flexibles et efficaces. Des métriques intéressantes sont ainsi proposées dans le but de tester la performance de ces systèmes. La plateforme LaRA qui est équipée de plusieurs capteurs et d’un système d’acquisition en temps réel nous a fourni une base de données réelles de position et de vitesse. Ces données sont traitées et analysées afin de calculer les métriques de performances tels que : la distance entre véhicules et le temps à collision. Nous avons proposé dans cette thèse une nouvelle méthodologie de développement pour le prototypage de systèmes ADAS. Cette méthodologie dédiée aux systèmes ADAS coopératifs, combine les données de plusieurs modules tels que : le module de vision, le module de communication V2V et le module de géo-localisation GPS. Un des problèmes majeurs des systèmes ADAS communicants concerne la qualité et la robustesse de la communication. Elle est fonction d’un grand nombre de paramètres qu’il faut modéliser pour pouvoir évaluer la fiabilité du système d’aide à la conduite.Nous proposons ainsi, un système de prototypage basé sur le principe de la réalité augmentée,dans lequel nous pouvons rejouer des données réelles et modifier des paramètres de l’environnement de communication. Nous avons mis en œuvre notre méthodologie avec la réalisation d’un système d’alerte coopératif entre les véhicules. Les données du système de géolocalisation GPS et les protocoles de routage ont été des éléments primordiaux pour la simulation du modèleV2V sous le simulateur ns-2. L’étape de la simulation du protocole avec les données réelles a été suivie par l’intégration des résultats de simulations dans le nouveau prototype développé sous RTMaps. La mise en œuvre du système d’alerte a permis d’estimer le nombre de pré-collisions détectées dans les deux situations réelle et simulée. L’écart entre ces deux dernières a été étudié et analysé pour plusieurs scénarios qui correspondent aux différentes situations routières. / During the last recent years, ADAS systems such as collision warning, tracking, night vision and navigation systems have been developed. The development of these systems has witness eda growing importance, as they are expected to help improving both road safety and traffic efficiency. More over, they have an ability to enhance the communication between the road infrastructure and the vehicle or between vehicles for safer and efficient transportation services such as : embedded advance collision, collision avoidance and automatic control. In addition,given the rapidly increasing interest in wireless communications, cooperative ADAS define anew framework of autonomous inter vehicular communication which operates on the assumption that such vehicles consist of a multitude of coordinated advanced sensory technologies.Sensors acquire real-time data about road conditions to help the driver respond effectively by sending appropriate messages between vehicles. In addition, these data help to assess the performance of ADAS in the context of improving driver behavior. It is necessary to set some main metrics such as inter-vehicle distance, driver reaction time and time to collision. The messages are transmitted to drivers using vehicular Ad-hoc networks (VANETs) which are a specific type of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks hold the promise to contribute to safe and more efficient roadways.In this thesis we proposed a new methodology of development to prototype ADAS. This methodology dedicated to cooperative ADAS drove us to implement a new simulated frameworkof prototyping system. This framework combines the data from three models : Geo-localizationGPS, vision and V2V communication towards an application of anti-collision warning system. A major problem in communicating ADAS systems is the quality and robustness of the communication.It depends on a large number of parameters that must be modeled to assess there liability of these systems. We developed a new prototyping system based on the principle ofaugmenting the reality in which we can replay actual data and change settings of communication environment. The GPS data and routing protocols were crucial elements for V2V model simulation into ns-2 simulator. We have performed real tests on the experimental prototyping platform LaRA. Multiple results are presented to show up the constancy of the method and the performance efficiency of real-time multi sensors in an integrated framework for collision avoidance applications. Results of this research have shown that IVCs simulations system provides enhanced data for the verification of features of new ADAS. The results of routing protocols simulation with real-time location data are integrated in the new developed prototype. The implementation of the system warning was used to estimate the number of pre-collisions detected in both real and simulated situations. The difference between these two situations was studied and analyzed for several scenarios corresponding to different road situations.
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Warning Design for Connected Cars: A Psychological Analysis of the Potential of Augmented RealitySchwarz, Felix 11 May 2017 (has links)
Future connected vehicles will be able to warn about hidden dangers already before they are visible for the driver. With sight obstructions as one of the most common factors of accident causation, there is a huge potential to improve traffic safety.
However, it is unclear how to design the human-machine-interface of such systems to effectively warn drivers about invisible dangers. Especially the expectation that such warnings will be comparably unreliable lead to conflicting demands on amount and coding of warning information.
Earlier work shows that warnings that contain more specific information about a hazard can improve drivers understanding of and responses to warnings but they can also raise processing costs and delay reactions or even distract drivers. Psychological theories as well as related research indicates that augmented reality (AR) has the potential to improve warning effectiveness through optimized coding of additional information. AR warnings can inherently transmit the location of a hazard and – due to the corresponding approach of the referenced display towards the driver – could increases the salience of a warning.
The general aim of this work is to understand the human factors of future communication-based collision warnings. Based on a theoretical analysis revealing the most relevant questions within that context, we conducted three driving simulator studies to understand the impact of AR warning design on the effectiveness of unreliable warnings about sight obstructed dangers. To consider not only short-term effectiveness, all studies contained several necessary as well as unnecessary warnings that were analyzed in detail.
The first study with 88 participants investigated the benefit of prototypical AR warnings over unspecific warnings of different modalities (visual vs. auditory). Visual AR warnings showed advantages over the other warning designs in gaze and brake reaction times, passing speeds, collision rates and subjective evaluation. Auditory AR warnings did not reveal comparable effects.
The second test with 80 participants examined the contribution of different design aspects of visual AR warnings. Adding specific warning symbols or scaling animations to the warnings showed some positive but rather inconsistent effects. In contrast, spatial referencing even of an unspecific warning symbol with AR consistently improved driver’s reactions and evaluations. A third experiment with 36 participants observed the differential effects of the spatial information per se and the coding of the information with AR. The warnings had either no spatial information, symbolically encrypted spatial information or AR encrypted spatial information. A higher amount of information consistently led to stronger brake reactions, higher
trust and better subjective evaluation. Additionally, with AR encryption we observed faster fixations as well as brake reactions.
The present research emphasizes the importance of specificity for warnings about hidden hazards and the potential of AR especially for in-vehicle warnings of future collision avoidance systems. The systematic analysis of psychological factors of warning design and the corresponding findings on their relative contribution to driver’s behavior might also be transferred to other domains and applications of warning and information design. / In naher Zukunft werden vernetzte Fahrzeuge bereits vor sichtverdeckten Gefahren warnen können, noch bevor diese für den Fahrer sichtbar sind. Da Sichtverdeckungen bei einem Großteil schwerer Verkehrsunfälle eine Rolle spielen, stellt dies ein großes Potenzial zur Erhöhung der Verkehrssicherheit dar. Unklar ist jedoch, wie die Mensch-Maschine- Schnittstelle solcher Systeme gestaltet werden sollte, um Autofahrer möglichst effektiv vor noch nicht sichtbaren Gefahren zu warnen. Insbesondere die Vorhersage, dass solche Systeme nur eine begrenzte Zuverlässigkeit haben werden, führt zu teilweise widersprüchlichen Anforderungen an Informationsmenge und Kodierung der Warnungen.
Frühere Arbeiten haben gezeigt, dass Warnungen mit spezifischen Informationen über eine Gefahr einerseits Verständnis und Reaktionen der Fahrer auf die Warnungen verbessern, andererseits aber auch kognitiven Verarbeitungsaufwand und Reaktionszeiten erhöhen und ablenken können. Sowohl kognitionspsychologische Theorien als auch Studien aus unserem Forschungsgebiet deuten darauf hin, dass die Darstellungsprinzipien der erweiterten Realität (AR, für engl. augmented reality) das Potenzial bieten, die Effizienz solcher Warnungen durch eine optimierte Kodierung von Zusatzinformationen zu steigern. AR-Warnungen können inhärent die Position einer Gefahr übermitteln, ohne dass der Fahrer dazu eine abstrakte Repräsentation der Information auf die reale Umwelt übertragen muss.
Das grundlegende Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht darin, die psychologischen Faktoren zukünftiger vernetzter Kollisionswarnungen zu verstehen. Ausgehend von der theoretischen Analyse relevanter psychologischer Theorien wurden wesentliche Implikationen und offene Fragestellungen abgeleitet. Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wurden drei Fahrsimulator- Studien durchgeführt, in denen der Einfluss von AR als Darstellungsprinzip auf die Effizienz begrenzt zuverlässiger Warnungen über sichtverdeckte Gefahren untersucht wurden. Um valide Aussagen über die längerfristige Wirksamkeit treffen zu können, wurden in den Versuchen sowohl notwendige als auch unnötige Warnungen betrachtet.
Eine erste Studie mit 88 Teilnehmern untersuchte den Mehrwert prototypischer AR-Warnungen unterschiedlicher Modalität (visuell vs. auditiv) gegenüber unspezifischen Warnungen. Visuelle AR-Warnungen zeigten klare Vorteile bezüglich Blick- und Bremsreaktionen, Geschwindigkeiten, Kollisionszahlen und subjektiven Bewertungen. Auditive AR-Warnungen hingegen führten zu einzelnen positiven, jedoch auch einigen negativen Effekten.
In der zweiten Studie mit 80 Teilnehmern wurden die Auswirkungen gestalterischer Teilaspekte visueller AR-Warnungen verglichen. Das Hinzufügen von spezifischen Warnsymbolen über Bewegungsrichtung und Typ der Gefahr oder einer Vergrößerungs-Animation mit gleicher
zeitlicher Veränderung wie bei der AR-Warnung führte zu einzelnen positiven aber nicht konsistenten Effekten. Im Gegensatz dazu führten räumlich verortete AR-Warnungen erneut sowohl zu schnelleren und stärkeren Fahrerreaktionen als auch zu besseren subjektiven Bewertungen.
In der dritten Studie mit 36 Teilnehmern wurden schließlich die individuellen Effekte der räumlichen Information an sich und der Codierung dieser Information mittels AR analysiert. Dazu wurden Warnungen ohne Information über die Position der Gefahr, mit symbolisch kodierter Information, sowie mit AR-kodierter Information verglichen. Der höhere Informationsgehalt führte zu durchgehend stärkeren Bremsungen, höherem Systemvertrauen und besseren subjektiven Bewertungen. Darüber hinaus ermöglichte die AR-Kodierung desselben Informationsgehalts der Warnungen sowohl schnellere Gefahrenentdeckung als auch kürzere Bremsreaktionszeiten.
Insgesamt bestätigen die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit einen deutlichen Mehrwert von spezifischen Informationen bei Warnungen vor sichtverdeckten Gefahren sowie das hohe Potenzial von AR als Darstellungsprinzip, insbesondere für Warnungen zukünftiger Kollisionsvermeidungssysteme. Die systematische Analyse der bei der Gestaltung von Warnungen relevanten psychologischen Faktoren sowie unsere empirischen Erkenntnisse zu deren relativen Einfluss auf das Nutzerverhalten können zudem auf Warnungen anderer Anwendungen und Domänen übertragen werden, und somit einen generellen Beitrag zur Vermeidung von Unfällen in Mensch-Maschine-Systemen liefern.
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Robust and distributed model predictive control with application to cooperative marine vehiclesWei, Henglai 29 April 2022 (has links)
Distributed coordination of multi-agent systems (MASs) has been widely studied in various emerging engineering applications, including connected vehicles, wireless networks, smart grids, and cyber-physical systems. In these contexts, agents make the decision locally, relying on the interaction with their immediate neighbors over the connected communication networks. The study of distributed coordination for the multi-agent system (MAS) with constraints is significant yet challenging, especially in terms of ubiquitous uncertainties, the heavy communication burden, and communication delays, to name a few. Hence, it is desirable to develop distributed algorithms for the constrained MAS with these practical issues. In this dissertation, we develop the theoretical results on robust distributed model predictive control (DMPC) algorithms for two types of control problems (i.e., formation stabilization problem and consensus problem) of the constrained and uncertain MAS and apply robust DMPC algorithms in applications of cooperative marine vehicles.
More precisely, Chapter 1 provides a systematic literature review, where the state-of-the-art DMPC for formation stabilization and consensus, robust MPC, and MPC for motion control of marine vehicles are introduced. Chapter 2 introduces some notations, necessary definitions, and some preliminaries. In Chapter 3, we study the formation stabilization problem of the nonlinear constrained MAS with un- certainties and bounded time-varying communication delays. We develop a min-max DMPC algorithm with the self-triggered mechanism, which significantly reduces the communication burden while ensuring closed-loop stability and robustness. Chapter 4 investigates the consensus problem of the general linear MAS with input constraints and bounded time-varying delays. We design a robust DMPC-based consensus protocol that integrates a predesigned consensus protocol with online DMPC optimization techniques. Under mild technical assumptions, the estimation errors propagated over prediction due to delay-induced inaccurate neighboring information are proved bounded, based on which a robust DMPC strategy is deliberately designed to achieve robust consensus while satisfying control input constraints. Chapter 5 proposes a Lyapunov-based DMPC approach for the formation tracking control problem of co-operative autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) subject to environmental disturbances. A stability constraint leveraging the extended state observer-based auxiliary control law and the associated Lyapunov function is incorporated into the optimization problem to enforce the stability and enhance formation tracking performance. A collision-avoidance cost is designed and employed in the DMPC optimization problem to further guarantee the safety of AUVs. Chapter 6 presents a tube-based DMPC approach for the platoon control problem of a group of heterogeneous autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) with input constraints and disturbances. In particular, a coupled inter-vehicle safety constraint is added to the DMPC optimization problem; it ensures that neighboring ASVs maintain the safe distance and avoid inter-vehicle collision. Finally, we summarize the main results of this dissertation and discuss some potential directions for future research in Chapter 7. / Graduate / 2023-04-19
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Modeling of low illuminance road lighting condition using road temporal profileDong, Libo 05 October 2015 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking (PAEB) system for avoiding/mitigating
pedestrian crashes have been equipped on some passenger vehicles. At present,
there are many e orts for the development of common standard for the performance
evaluation of PAEB. The Transportation Active Safety Institute (TASI) at Indiana
University-Purdue University-Indianapolis has been studying the problems and ad-
dressing the concerns related to the establishment of such a standard with support
from Toyota Collaborative Safety Research Center (CSRC). One of the important
components in the PAEB evaluation is the development of standard testing facili-
ties at night, in which 70% pedestrian crash social costs occurs [1]. The test facility
should include representative low-illuminance environment to enable the examination
of sensing and control functions of di erent PAEB systems. This thesis work focuses
on modeling low-illuminance driving environment and describes an approach to recon-
struct the lighting conditions. The goal of this research is to characterize and model
light sources at a potential collision case at low-illuminance environment and deter-
mine possible recreation of such environment for PAEB evaluation. This research is
conducted in ve steps. The rst step is to identify lighting components that ap-
pear frequently on a low-illuminance environment that a ect the performance of the
PAEB. The identi ed lighting components include ambient light, same side/opposite
side light poles, opposite side car headlight. Next step is to collect all potential pedes-
trian collision cases at night with GPS coordinate information from TASI 110 CAR
naturalistic driving study video database. Thirdly, since ambient lighting is relatively random and lack of a certain pattern, ambient light intensity for each potential col-
lision case is de ned and processed as the average value of a region of interest on all
video frames in this case. Fourth step is to classify interested light sources from the
selected videos. The temporal pro le method, which compressing region of interest
in video data (x,y,t) to image data (x,y), is introduced to scan certain prede ned
region on the video. Due to the fact that light sources (except ambient light) impose
distinct light patterns on the road, image patterns corresponding to speci c light
sources can be recognized and classi ed. All light sources obtained are stamped with
GPS coordinates and time information which are provided in corresponding data les
along with the video. Lastly, by grouping all light source information of each repre-
sentative street category, representative light description of each street category can
be generated. Such light description can be used for lighting construction of PAEB
test facility.
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Safe Controller Design for Intelligent Transportation System Applications using Reachability AnalysisPark, Jaeyong 17 October 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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