Cette thèse porte sur la littérature mauricienne (contes et nouvelles) d'expression française dès son début jusqu’à l'indépendance. L'île Maurice a connu une double colonisation importante : la colonisation française de 1715 à 1810 et la colonisation britannique de 1810 à 1968. Ces bouleversements politiques, en particulier, la reprise de l'île par les Anglais, ont donné un essor à la littérature mauricienne. Cependant, de nos jours, cette littérature est souvent oubliée ou perçue comme une suite d'imitation. En effet, à l'époque, les écrivains puisaient souvent leurs idées des oeuvres et des mouvements littéraires européens. Toutefois, vers les années 1940, une innovation est notée dans l'écriture et la thématique des oeuvres mauriciennes. Notre étude examine ainsi l'évolution dans les nouvelles et contes mauriciens, car l'invention y est. / This thesis analyses short stories of Mauritius in the French language during the colonial period. In fact, Mauritius has been colonised by the French from 1715 till 1810, and by the British from 1810 till 1968, in which year it gained its independence. These political upheavals had an impact on the literary works of that time, works which are nowadays forgotten and have often been accused of being a literature of imitation. However, in the 1940s, innovative ideas started to crop up and changes in the writings and themes are observed. This study therefore illustrates the evolution and invention in Mauritian writings especially in its short stories.

Neste estudo coloca-se como temática central a abordagem do processo histórico de construção das fronteiras de Goiás e Mato Grosso entre o final do século XVIII e início do XIX, com o que se busca avançar um pouco mais no entendimento das influências que a espacialidade da colonização portuguesa teve na formação do território brasileiro através. Agradecemos à FAPESP pelo auxílio concedido para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa / This work focuses the historical formation of the western Brazilian frontier in Goiás and Mato Grosso during the eighteen and early nineteen centuries as an instance of how space and space relations, as Geography conceives them, can influence and even shape a wide gamut of historical phenomena. By so doing, we hope to give a little contribution to Brazilian territory-formation Geography

Este trabalho investiga as formas de organização do poder local durante os 24 anos em que os neerlandeses dominaram as capitanias do Norte do Estado do Brasil (1630-1654). Como ao longo de tal período não se verifica uma continuidade na administração local, a investigação teve em vista a compreensão da estrutura e da dinâmica política das Câmaras Municipais da legislação portuguesa, que perduraram até o ano de 1637, assim como das Câmaras de Escabinos (Kamers van Schepenen), que foram criadas conforme previam as instruções da República das Províncias Unidas, contribuindo, assim, para o estudo das diferentes formas de administração local no Brasil Colônia. Nosso objetivo mais além, ao abordar como tal transformação no poder local foi sentida pela elite açucareira e pelos moradores das capitanias conquistadas, relacionando esse contexto ao da reação luso-brasileira contra os invasores a partir de 1645, destacando, então, o papel que as Câmaras Municipais exerceram nesse período de guerra de Restauração (1645-1654). Para tanto, nossa pesquisa insere-se em discussões mais amplas e críticas sobre, por um lado, administração e poder no Império Português, sobretudo no que se refere às relações entre os poderes locais coloniais e o poder central da metrópole, e, por outro, a expansão comercial e territorial dos Países Baixos por meio de suas companhias de comércio no século XVII. Partindo da análise do poder local no Brasil Holandês entendemos ser possível pensar os diferentes sistemas de dominação colonial, o português e o neerlandês, que se confrontaram nesse período e território. / This work researches the organizational forms of local government in the 24 years of Dutch domination over the northern Estado do Brasil (1630-1654). As on the course of that period there was no stability in local government, this investigation has in sight an understanding of the structure and political dynamics both of the Portuguese Municipal Councils (Câmaras Municipais), which lasted until the year 1637, and of the Councils of Schepens (Kamers van Schepenen or Câmaras de Escabinos), created according to the instructions established by the Dutch Republic, and thus contributing to the study of the different forms of local government in colonial Brazil. Our aim is to go further by treating how that transformation in local government was felt by sugar aristocracy and by the inhabitants of the dominated captaincies, relating this context to the one of a luso-brazilian reaction against the invaders after 1645, and then attending to the role played by the Municipal Councils in the war of Restoration period (1645-1654). In that, our research falls in a larger and more critical debate about, in one hand, both government and rule in the Portuguese Empire, especially in which refers to the relationship between colonial local government and the central metropolitan government, and in the other, commercial and territorial expansion of the Lower Countries through their commercial companies in the seventh century. From the analyses of local government in Dutch Brazil it is possible to question the differing systems of colonial domination, both Portuguese and Dutch, which confronted each other in this time and period.

A presente dissertação visa contribuir com o debate sobre a História da Urbanização no período colonial, elegendo como estudo de caso a Vila de Cunha entre os anos de 1776 a 1817. Objetivamos espacializar, na macro escala, a rede de relações inter-regionais estabelecidas entre os moradores da região de Cunha com outras áreas, descortinando um efervescente mercado interno de gêneros alimentícios entre as vilas de serra acima e os portos da marinha, especialmente Paraty e o Rio de Janeiro. Na microescala, espacializa os moradores e suas atividades produtivas no Termo, no Rocio e no \"Bairro da Vila\", demostrando a interdependência entre o periurbano, os arrabaldes e o urbano propriamente dito. Nesse sentido, lançamos mão de uma série de documentos manuscritos, tais como, Cartas de Sesmarias, Documentos Cartográficos Ofícios, Maços de População e as Décimas Urbanas para desvendar quais foram as diferentes modalidades de ocupação desse território, quais atividades eram desenvolvidas ali, quais relações esses indivíduos estabeleceram na lógica da rede urbana e como essas relações rebateram no intraurbano de Cunha, implicando na formação de uma materialidade e de teias alinhavadas entre o núcleo urbano, o Rocio e o Termo. / This present dissertation comes to contribute to the debate about the History of Urbanization in the colonial period, electing as a study the Vila de Cunha\'s case between the years 1776 and 1817. We objectify the spatialization, in its several scales of analysis, the social processes (understood in their political, economic and cultural dimensions) arising from the relations in stuck nets by the people who live in Cunha and the materiality as result of this process. This way we resorted many manuscript documents, such as \"Sesmarias\' letters\", Cartographic Documents, Packets of People and the Tenth Urbans to unravel the different modalities of occupying that territory, the activities that were developed there, the kinds of relations those people established in the urban\'s net logic, and how these relations helped contesting on the interurban of Cunha implying in the generation of a materialization and prepared wefts between the urban core, farms, and the deadline.

A presente dissertação visa contribuir com o debate sobre a História da Urbanização no período colonial, elegendo como estudo de caso a Vila de Cunha entre os anos de 1776 a 1817. Objetivamos espacializar, na macro escala, a rede de relações inter-regionais estabelecidas entre os moradores da região de Cunha com outras áreas, descortinando um efervescente mercado interno de gêneros alimentícios entre as vilas de serra acima e os portos da marinha, especialmente Paraty e o Rio de Janeiro. Na microescala, espacializa os moradores e suas atividades produtivas no Termo, no Rocio e no \"Bairro da Vila\", demostrando a interdependência entre o periurbano, os arrabaldes e o urbano propriamente dito. Nesse sentido, lançamos mão de uma série de documentos manuscritos, tais como, Cartas de Sesmarias, Documentos Cartográficos Ofícios, Maços de População e as Décimas Urbanas para desvendar quais foram as diferentes modalidades de ocupação desse território, quais atividades eram desenvolvidas ali, quais relações esses indivíduos estabeleceram na lógica da rede urbana e como essas relações rebateram no intraurbano de Cunha, implicando na formação de uma materialidade e de teias alinhavadas entre o núcleo urbano, o Rocio e o Termo. / This present dissertation comes to contribute to the debate about the History of Urbanization in the colonial period, electing as a study the Vila de Cunha\'s case between the years 1776 and 1817. We objectify the spatialization, in its several scales of analysis, the social processes (understood in their political, economic and cultural dimensions) arising from the relations in stuck nets by the people who live in Cunha and the materiality as result of this process. This way we resorted many manuscript documents, such as \"Sesmarias\' letters\", Cartographic Documents, Packets of People and the Tenth Urbans to unravel the different modalities of occupying that territory, the activities that were developed there, the kinds of relations those people established in the urban\'s net logic, and how these relations helped contesting on the interurban of Cunha implying in the generation of a materialization and prepared wefts between the urban core, farms, and the deadline.

Les efforts récents portés sur l’archéologie des périodes historiques dans la Caraïbe permettent de se pencher sur la vie quotidienne des colons européens et des populations serviles dans les Petites Antilles françaises. Les vestiges fauniques apportent un éclairage complémentaire aux données textuelles pour documenter l’adaptation de ces nouveaux arrivants à un environnement insulaire qui leur était inconnu. L’étude archéozoologique a porté sur un ensemble de 27 sites de Guadeloupe, Martinique et Saint-Martin, couvrant la période de la colonisation européenne (première moitié du XVIIe siècle) aux temps qui ont suivi l’abolition de l’esclavage. Treize habitations, douze sites urbains, un atelier production de chaux et une épave de goélette ont livré un corpus de 18 101 restes identifiés, qui témoignent de l’exploitation de 176 espèces de vertébrés et d’invertébrés. Les espèces importées, en particulier le boeuf, les caprinés (mouton et chèvre) et le cochon, indiquent que les colons ont apporté avec eux les pratiques européennes. Néanmoins, la présence de 53 espèces de poissons et de 90 espèces d’invertébrés marins indiquent que les populations coloniales ont rapidement su exploiter la richesse de leur nouvel environnement. La faible présence de la morue dans les assembles a été remarqué, contrastant avec l’importance de ce taxon suggérée par les sources historiques. / Recent efforts in the archeology of historical periods in the Caribbean allow investigating the daily life of European settlers and servile populations in the French Lesser Antilles. Faunal remains provide an additional insight to textual data to document the adaptation of these newcomers to an insular environment that was unknown to them. The archaeozoological study focused on a set of 27 sites in Guadeloupe, Martinique and Saint-Martin, covering the period of European colonization (first half of the 17th century) to the times that followed the abolition of slavery. Thirteen habitations, twelve urban sites, a lime production workshop and a schooner wreckage yielded a corpus of 18,101 identified remains, which testify to the exploitation of 176 species of vertebrates and invertebrates. Imported species, especially beef, caprines (sheep and goat) and pig, indicate that settlers brought with them European practices. Nevertheless, the presence of 53 species of fish and 90 species of marine invertebrates indicates that colonial populations have been able to exploit the richness of their new environment. The low presence of cod in the assemblages was noted, contrasting with the importance of this taxon suggested by historical sources.

O presente trabalho discute a formação dos aparatos institucionais à pobreza na América portuguesa, especialmente no Rio de Janeiro e Vila Rica, entre 1700 e 1822. Eleitas como os dois pilares de continuidade do império português durante a época moderna, as Câmaras e as irmandades da Misericórdia eram também as duas principais bases de sustentação sobre as quais se ergueu o sistema de caridade voltado de forma mais ampla para a população. No entanto, a América portuguesa presenciou uma parca e fragmentária rede de Misericórdias durante o período colonial. Partido de discursos que pregavam o amor ao próximo, essas instituições selecionaram seu público beneficiário, hierarquizando e, por vezes, interditando serviços a determinados grupos, marcadamente os mestiços e os escravos. Diante de uma rede assistencial absolutamente frágil e da considerável redução do escopo de atendíveis pelas Misericórdias, os pobres do Brasil se valeram antes das redes de auxílio informal, do que dos estabelecimentos que se apropriavam das noções cristãs de caridade. / This thesis discusses the formation of the institutional apparatuses dealing with poverty in Portuguese America, especially in Rio de Janeiro and Vila Rica, between 1700 and 1822. Acknowledged as the two pillars of continuity of the Portuguese empire during modern age, the Concils and the brotherhoods of Misericórdias (Santa Casa de Misericórdia) were also the main sources of supports of the charity system which aimed more broadly at the population. However, Portuguese America witnessed a rather limited and fragmented network of Misericórdias during the colonial period. Based on discourses preaching love of neighbour, these institutions selected their beneficiary public; they ranked services, and sometimes sealed off certain groups, notably the mestizos and the slaves. Faced with a definitely fragile care network and with the considerable reduction of scope of who were eligible to benefit from the Misericórdias, Brazil\'s poor shave turned to informal support networks, rather than to the establishments which appropriated Christian notions of charity.

The purpose of this study is to review Pennsylvania's use of paper money through two distinct periods: the first seven years of currency issues starting in 1723 and concluding in 1730, and the second period encompassed by the French and Indian War in 1755-63. They represent two significant periods affecting Pennsylvania's paper money prior to the Revolutionary War. Specifically investigated are the deciding factors influencing Pennsylvania's currency issues during those periods and the degree of success achieved by those issues. The relationship between Pennsylvania's monetary policy and provincial politics is an important feature of the analysis. / Graduation date: 1996

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