The case concerning demolition of the Japanese General Government Building in Seoul, South Korea, from the Japanese colonialism has been discussed since Korea’s liberation in 1945, but the building had been used for many functions during that time frame. This building was finally demolished during the period 1995 to 1997, despite the national and international protestations. This research analysed newspaper articles to study the conflict between pro-demolition and pro-conservation groups in the newspapers to see how, and why the conflict proceeded. Korean newspaper archives were used to search four newspapers from the time period of 1991 to 1998, using the keyword ‘Japanese General Government Building’. The collected data was analysed with qualitative methodology to understand the conflicts in the newspapers. This analysis revealed three reasons put forward by the pro-conservation, Memorial and Educational Value, Art and Use Value, and Economic Value and, two reasons of pro-demolition, the Memorial Obstacle and Socio-cultural obstacle. Most reasons for both groups were classic arguments relating to other difficult heritage buildings, however, two different reasons are pertinent to this particular case: First, the government did not present any practical reasons to destroy the building. Second, Feng-Shui was presented as one of the main reasons for destroying the building. This socio-cultural element has been a fundamental and strong belief system in Korea.

Tourism has various effects on society. Not only economic but also immaterial effects on destinations as well as on tourists themselves. Especially regarding tourism between the Global North and South, it is arguable if tourism is a social force influencing societies in a positive way or if it rather reinforces stereotypes and colonial structures. Postcolonial approaches help to narrow down this topic and to complement classical tourism studies. This paper focuses on the situation of German tourists in a former German colony: Namibia. It examines how the tourists perceive themselves within the system of tourism in a postcolonial context, how they perceive the Other and colonial heritage during their trips. Interviews were conducted with eight German tourists who had travelled to Namibia during the last years on their experiences and thoughts to complement existing studies and broaden the picture. The interviews show that stereotypes and notions of white superiority still exist within tourism whilst the sensitivity for history, colonial times and postcolonial structures is rather weak amongst German tourists. At the same time, the tourists wish for more equality and encounters at eye level. It is reinforced that tourism scholarship as well as the tourism industry itself should have postcolonial issues in mind, as well as the non-economic effects of tourism which are in dire need to be considered stronger. The tourists showed that they are ready for a closer engagement with history if colonial heritage is presented and interpreted more intensively. If this interpretation is elaborated in communicative processes respecting all stakeholders, especially the local populations, tourism can not only impact economic development, it can also be a strong social force which ultimately would create a better understanding and experience for both stakeholders, the tourists, and locals respectively.

[pt] Com o intuito de explicar os contrastes entre as trajetórias de desenvolvimento no mundo, a literatura internacional tem discutido amplamente o papel das instituições nesse processo. As disparidades verificadas no Brasil representam um desafio para a literatura, uma vez que instituições consideradas cruciais não variam dentro do país e, no entanto, há desigualdades significativas de desenvolvimento. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as origens e implicações de instituições locais específicas sob um mesmo conjunto de macro-instituições. Isto é, investiga causas e conseqüências de instituições de facto sob um mesmo arcabouço institucional de jure. Para tanto, estuda o papel de dois episódios rent-seeking do Brasil colonial - o ciclo do ouro e o ciclo do açúcar - como determinantes da qualidade de quatro dimensões institucionais específicas: desigualdade de distribuição de terras, concentração política, capacidade gerencial e acesso à justiça. Além disso, explora o caráter de choque institucional desses eventos históricos para avaliar os impactos dessas diferentes variáveis institucionais sobre o desenvolvimento econômico dos municípios, de modo a investigar se o padrão de desenvolvimento atual reflete, em parte, instituições determinadas por heranças coloniais distintas. / [en] The international literature has widely debated the role of institutions in determining the differences in development across countries. Since institutions considered crucial in this process do not vary within Brazil, the development contrasts observed among Brazilian municipalities raise a puzzle to the literature. This dissertation aims to analyze the roots and implications of specific local institutions under constant macro-institutions. We investigate causes and consequences of the variation in de facto institutions, within a constant de jure institutional setting. For this purpose, we explore the role of rent-seeking episodes in colonial Brazil - the sugar-cane colonial cycle and the gold colonial cycle - as determinants of the quality of four specific current local institutions: inequality in the distribution of land, political concentration, governance practices and access to justice. In addition to that, we explore the institutional shock represented by these historical events to evaluate the impact of these different institutional variables on economic development at the municipality level. We investigate whether the current development pattern observed within Brazil reflects, in some dimension, local institutions determined by different colonial heritages.

Africa has during the past decades experienced vast difficulties in inducing greater levels of economic growth, which in turn has stirred intensive debates in an attempt to unveil its causes. A dawning debate to surface during recent years places corruption as a potent obstacle to impede and dent African economic progress. Embracing a theoretical and regression analysis, this thesis sets out to unravel the causes of African corruption, its implications, and its effects upon the economic standards of a number of selected countries. The findings reveal that corruption, amid all time-periods analyzed, discloses a strong deleterious impact upon GNI per capita primarily by damaging and undermining the African insti-tutional framework, which in turn is unable to function optimally. The outcome is that less economic progress [and thus lower levels of income] is being generated as resources are allocated and squandered in a non-optimal way. It is also substantiated that Protestantism and a high degree of homogeneity are factors that exercise a positive influence upon corruption and economic standards. The thesis finally illuminates the intricate and ubiquitous impediments that obscure Africa’s economic progress. It is concluded that inept governments and institutions too often lie at the core of the quandary. The current standard of Africa’s governments and institutions thus often leave much to be desired.

<p>Africa has during the past decades experienced vast difficulties in inducing greater levels of economic growth, which in turn has stirred intensive debates in an attempt to unveil its causes. A dawning debate to surface during recent years places corruption as a potent obstacle to impede and dent African economic progress. Embracing a theoretical and regression analysis, this thesis sets out to unravel the causes of African corruption, its implications, and its effects upon the economic standards of a number of selected countries. The findings reveal that corruption, amid all time-periods analyzed, discloses a strong deleterious impact upon GNI per capita primarily by damaging and undermining the African insti-tutional framework, which in turn is unable to function optimally. The outcome is that less economic progress [and thus lower levels of income] is being generated as resources are allocated and squandered in a non-optimal way. It is also substantiated that Protestantism and a high degree of homogeneity are factors that exercise a positive influence upon corruption and economic standards. The thesis finally illuminates the intricate and ubiquitous impediments that obscure Africa’s economic progress. It is concluded that inept governments and institutions too often lie at the core of the quandary. The current standard of Africa’s governments and institutions thus often leave much to be desired.</p>

Les cités ouvrières d'origine minière voient le jour en Algérie dans la seconde moitie du XIXe siècle. Elles sont le fait d'une industrie extractive de fer mise au point par la colonisation pour soutenir le développement industriel sidérurgique en France. Grâce au minerai pur Algérien, Mokta-el-Hadid devient une puissante compagnie minière qui n'hésite pas à réorganiser le marché du fer en France. Le patronat français qui importe en Algérie ses moyens de production, importe par la même occasion ses architectures et ses modes d'habiter. Ce travail de thèse propose une réflexion approfondie sur l'histoire de l'industrie minière coloniale en Algérie et son mode d'établissement urbain. Il évoque les conditions pratiques et idéologiques des modalités d'action du patronat colonial sur les groupes sociaux et leur espace de vie. Les cités ouvrières, construites en Algérie entre 1870 et 1940, répondent à des considérations à la fois économiques, structurées par une morale patronale et coloniales, marquées par un établissement pérenne d'une population ouvrière européenne en Algérie. L'analyse de l'espace urbain de la cité minière de Béni-Saf, dans le nord-ouest algérien, montre une intéressante richesse de typologie de bâti. Sa morphologie urbaine est largement marquée par les articulations entre la reproduction de l'organisation du travail dans la mine, le développement des forces ouvrières et la prégnance de l'idéologie colonialiste. L'urbanisation accélérée de l'ère post-coloniale marque encore plus radicalement cette morphologie par la volumétrie des nouvelles constructions, le mode de vie social et la politique non conservatrice du patrimoine bâti. Il convient donc de s'interroger sur les pratiques et la représentation du patrimoine industriel colonial en Algérie. / Mining company towns emerged in Algeria in the second half of the nineteenth century. They were established by an extractive iron industry developed by colonization to support the development of steel industry in France. Thanks to the Algerian pure iron-ore, Mokta-el-Hadid became a powerful mining company, which did not hesitate to reorganize the iron market in France. French employers imported to Algeria their production means and at the same time their architectures and their ways of inhabiting. This thesis proposes a deep reflection on the history of the colonial mining industry in Algeria and its urban settlement modes. It evokes the ideological and practical conditions of the modes of action of colonial employers on social groups and their living space. The company towns built in Algeria between 1870 and 1940 responded to economic considerations framed by entrepreneurial and colonial morals, marked by the permanent establishment of a European working population in Algeria. Analysis of the urban space of the mining town of Beni-Saf, in northwest Algeria, shows a wealth interesting of constructive typologies. Its urban morphology is largely characterized by the articulation between the reproduction of the working mine organisation, the development of working forces and the pervasiveness of colonialist ideology. The rapid urbanization of the post-colonial time marks more radically this morphology by the volumetry of new buildings, the social lifestyle and the non-conservative policy of historical buildings. It is thus necessary to examine the practices and the representations of colonial industrial heritage in Algeria.