Thesis (M. Arch. D.U.)--University of Notre Dame, 2006. / Thesis directed by Richard Bullene for the School of Architecture. "April 2006." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-95).

On December 24, 1924, a wall of water and alkali muck engulfed Palmertown, a small community in Saltville, Virginia. Houses were swept away and by the time all of the bodies were pulled from the wreckage, the death toll had reached 19-an immense loss for the tight-knit community. A dam, owned by Mathieson Alkali Works, loomed approximately 100 feet above Palmertown, keeping at bay the chemical muck produced by the company plants. Despite the extent of the damage, the flood is largely absent from discourse and no historical marker exists to memorialize the tragedy. Furthermore, Palmertown and neighboring Henrytown were expunged in the mid-twentieth century when Olin Corporation rebuilt the dam overtop of the town sites. Stories of the event have been passed down for generations, immortalizing a specific story of the disaster in the memories of many local residents of Saltville, so why is it not memorialized? The cultural framework of Saltville determined how and why this disaster and others have been remembered or forgotten. In 1924, Saltville residents were accustomed to tragic events; to some extent these events were seen as part and parcel of life in a company town in Appalachia. Yet, nearly a century after the tragedy, the process of unearthing of difficult events can illuminate much of the community's collective history and restore the fragmented communal memory. The memorialization of the Palmertown Tragedy of 1924 establishes a framework for acknowledging an arduous past and identifying the roots of a town's resilience. / Master of Arts

Cette thèse examine le phénomène des company towns dans le Nord-Est du Brésil. La première partie retrace son développement historique de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle à la fin du XXe siècle, en examinant les aspects fondamentaux des dynamiques économiques et sociales du développement industriel de la région afin de comprendre les interconnexions entre les vicissitudes des company towns et leur base industrielle. En outre, elle analyse l’émergence de company towns articulée dans la construction des archétypes d’habitation ouvrière dans la région. Enfin, elle fournit une caractérisation du phénomène des company towns dans le Nord-est, en examinant son développement historique, dès les premières expériences de logement ouvrier établies par les premières manufactures du Brésil et la naissance des premières company towns à la fin du XIXe siècle, leur expansion pendant la première moitié du XXe siècle et leur déclin au cours de la crise de la base industrielle traditionnelle du Nord-Est vers la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle. La deuxième partie de la thèse considère la présence des company towns dans le contexte actuel, c’est-à-dire le patrimoine de ce type particulier de logement ouvrier dans le but de comprendre les enjeux de leur patrimonialisation, en particulier par rapport aux attitudes, perceptions, connaissance et utilisation de ces espaces actuellement, à la lumière des approches avancées par le domaine du patrimoine industriel. / This research examines the phenomenon of company towns in the Northeast of Brazil. The first part of the thesis trace their historical development from the second half of the nineteenth century to the late twentieth century by examining the fundamental aspects of the region’s industrial development, with its economic and social dynamics, in an attempt to understand the interconnections between the vicissitudes of the company towns and their industrial base. Furthermore, it analyses the emergence of the company towns articulated within the social construction of the working-class home and of positive and negative dwelling archetypes in Northeastern Brazil. Finally, it provides a characterization of the company town phenomenon in the Northeast, looking into its historical development, examining the first housing experience established by Brazil’s early manufactories, the birth of the first company towns at the turn of the nineteenth century their expansion throughout the first half of the twentieth century and their decline during the crisis of the traditional Northeastern industrial base during the second half of the twentieth century. The second part of the thesis considers the presence of the company-induced settlements in the present-day context, that is, the heritage of this particular type of working-class dwelling. It represents an effort to understand the “enjeux” of their heritagization, and particularly the attitudes and perceptions towards, and knowledge and uses of the company town spaces by their present-day users, in light of the approaches advanced by the field of Industrial Heritage.

Sudbury serves as a relevant historical case study of a settlement that has undergone several transformations since its inception as a fledgling village in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Though changes of this kind have been frequent in Ontario, they have not normally happened to hinterland resource communities. This article suggests that Sudbury is unique in this regard, having evolved through five distinct stages: (I) a railway company village, (2) a colonial-frontier mining town and city, (3) a regional central-place, (4) a declining metropolis, and (5) a nearly selfsustaining community. The constant restructuring of Sudbury's society and economic base has been caused by a variety of external and internal forces, among which the "human dynamic" has been vital and ever present. The paper suggests that under certain circumstances a resource community can progress from a staples and boom-bust existence to a more sustainable urban economy based on local and regional influences.

Most people are at least aware that, in the past, companies that owned mines, lumber mills, and other large-scale industrial projects in isolated areas also ran company towns. For many people, such towns conjure up images miserable working conditions, exploitative company stores, and inadequate shacks for most workers, while managers live in relative luxury up on “snob knob.” Most people are also fairly certain that such towns, at least in the United States, died out about the same time as the horse and buggy. Several industries in Wyoming, however, continued to support company towns through the end of the 20th century, with one such town surviving into the early 2000s. This project looks at two of these towns supported by the uranium mining and milling industry that dominated central Wyoming’s economy for about 30 years starting in the mid-1950s. These towns, Gas Hills and Jeffrey City, along with Wyoming’s other modern company towns represent a new era in the history of these communities. Furthermore, they actually had many advantages for inhabitants, companies, and the local economy, especially compared to a small conventional community located near a resource boom. Often, and in contrast to the towns in this thesis, conventional towns must scramble to meet the demands of a massive migration, only to be left with unpaid bonds when the resource dries up or becomes no longer profitable.

Uppsatsen undersöker de paternalistiska drag som präglade det samhälle som byggdes i Kallhäll i Järfälla av Bolinders mekaniska verkstad 1906–1931. Invånarna talar fortfarande om Kallhäll som en tidigare bruksort. Detta trots att fabriken grundades 100-150 år efter höjdpunkten för det svenska brukssystemet, med paternalismen som en viktig komponent. I början av 1900-talet hade förutsättningarna för företagen förändrats helt. Nya tekniska metoder för järnframställning användes, liksom importerade råvaror, järnvägen gav nya möjligheter till transporter och samhället i stort  hade liberaliserats. I den omgivningen grundade företagets huvudägare och verkställande direktör Erik August Bolinder en ny fabriksenhet med ett omgivande bostadsområde på egendomen Kallhäll. Det hade tydliga drag av ett paternalistiskt brukssamhälle. Källmaterialet, främst Bolinders styrelse- och stämmoprotokoll, visar hur demokratiseringen av samhället, de alltmer utvecklade spelreglerna på arbetsmarknaden och ett mer uttalat lönsamhetstänkande bjuder motstånd mot den paternalistiska ideologin. Men samtidigt lever flera av institutionerna i Erik August Bolinders samhällsbygge kvar till långt efter hans död.

Inserida no contexto das cidades empresariais, esta pesquisa objetiva contribuir com ainda incipiente literatura nacional sobre o tema, deixando em segundo plano a abordagem usual que parte da problemática habitacional e direcionando as discussões para o campo da urbanização. Portanto, nessa pesquisa busca-se a compreensão de um processo de urbanização conduzido pela indústria através da construção de cidades novas, mais especificamente das cidades siderúrgicas brasileiras a partir da década de 1940. O método de pesquisa adotado fundamenta-se na contextualização histórica e nos estudos de caso, de forma que dentre os diversos aspectos que tangenciam a questão da produção do urbano pela indústria privilegia-se sua contribuição para a formação e organização do espaço urbano brasileiro no nível local e regional. Assim, apresenta-se e contextualiza-se a ACESITA e Timóteo no processo de industrialização nacional, no universo das cidades siderúrgicas brasileiras, na região do Vale do Rio Doce e do Vale do Aço. Em seguida a leitura da cidade é feita tendo como contraponto a indústria, seja no seu relacionamento com o poder municipal ou com a comunidade local, de modo a que seja possível identificar na cidade atual o legado econômico, político e social da indústria, ou seja, seu legado urbano. / The current research work aims to contribute to the yet-incipient Brazilian literature on company towns departing from the usual approach that considers the housing problem as a starting point the present discussion focus on the field of urbanization instead. Therefore, our goal is to comprehend one special process of urbanization: a process conducted by the industry via the construction of new towns; more precisely, iron-work Brazilian towns built from the decade of 1940s and later. The methodology is based on historical contextualization and case studies in such a way that, among several aspects associated to the industry-dependent generation of the urban space, the main focus is on its local and regional contribution to the formation and organization of the urban space. Therefore, the company ACESITA and the city of Timóteo are presented in the contexts of national industrialization, Brazilian iron-work towns and Vale do Rio Doce and Vale do Aço region. Subsequently, the interpretation of Timóteo is permeated by the industry, considering its role on the municipal authority as well as on the local community. This interpretation allows the identification of the industry legacy on economical, political and social aspects of the current city, therefore its industry urban legacy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1708.pdf: 6940566 bytes, checksum: 4111d5734d4ae56400983b5feaa1b7a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Despite being independent from the housing market and its effects, the residential villages, built by companies linked with the productive and energetic sectors for their workers, has reproduced the fragmentation space typical from a city where the space conflicts are noticeable. It s the relation company/urban formation which states the singularity of these living sites which are found all over the national territory. The operating village (similar to a company town) of Estreito hydroelectric dam placed in the countryside of São Paulo state (Pedregulho municipality, microregion of Franca), undoubtly one of these cases, is the main objective focused on present study. The way that either main or general objective of the research is to understand, using analytical comparisons to other urban experiences of villages, the motivating processes for the production of a segregative space in the village of Estreito which belongs to Furnas Centrais Elétricas S/A. As a strategy of research, the study focus on the moment which the village of Estreito-SP was idealized and implanted, its original project, in other words, it was discussed the initial objectives of the creation of a village with segregative spaces and its main characteristics. So, the proceeding method adopted passed along and abstracted points of historical method looking for comprehension of the object on its time as well as its development. It was used not only survey applied at the residents of the village who has lived therefore more than twenty years, some informal notes but also the experience and living of the researcher in the location to reach the analytical description of the object. It was made a literary analysis tanging the thematic of social-spacial segregation and of the Company towns and its correlative as the operating villages in the first part of this dissertation. In the sequence descriptions and analysis of the empiric object,the village of Estreito by studying the calculated case in a descriptive and analytic history. To end the research there are the final considerations in which some indagations of research are answered such as the indication of main motivating factors to create a space which states the quality of life including the different living types is the attraction of qualified labor force to end the research. / Apesar de serem independentes do mercado imobiliário e seus efeitos, as vilas residenciais, construídas por empresas ligadas ao setor produtivo e energético para seus funcionários, têm reproduzido a fragmentação do espaço típica de um ambiente citadino, onde os conflitos espaciais são partes características desse. É a relação, empresa/formação urbana que marca a singularidades destes núcleos habitacionais que são encontrados por todo território nacional. A vila operadora (similar à uma vila operária e/ou, núcleo fabril) da Usina Hidrelétrica de Estreito-SP, que se localiza no interior do estado de São Paulo (município de Pedregulho, microrregião de Franca), indubitavelmente um desses casos, é o objeto empírico principal focado pelo presente estudo. Nesse sentido que o objetivo principal ou objetivo geral da pesquisa é entender, utilizando comparações analíticas com outras experiências urbanísticas de vilas, os "processos motivadores" para a produção de um espaço segregado na Vila de Estreito, pertencente a Furnas Centrais Elétricas S/A. Como estratégia de pesquisa, o estudo prioriza o momento em que foi idealizado e implantado o projeto da Vila de Estreito-SP, seu projeto original, ou seja, discutiu-se sobre os objetivos iniciais da criação de uma vila com espaços segregados e suas características principais. Para tanto, o método de procedimento adotado perpassou e abstraiu pontos do método histórico, que visa compreender o objeto em seu tempo, assim como seu desenvolvimento. Para o alcance da descrição analítica do objeto, utilizou-se além de questionários aplicados aos moradores da Vila que a habitaram por mais de vinte anos, alguns relatos informais, assim como a própria experiência e vivência do pesquisador no local. Na primeira parte desta dissertação foi feita uma análise da literatura, no que tange às temáticas da segregação sócio-espacial e das vilas operárias e suas correlatas, como as vilas operadoras. Na seqüência foram feitas descrições e análises do objeto empírico, Vila de Estreito, por meio do estudo de caso calcado numa historicidade descritiva e analítica. Finalizando o estudo, obtêm-se as considerações finais onde são respondidas algumas das indagações de pesquisa, como a que indica um dos principais fatores motivadores de criar um espaço que remeta qualidade de vida, incluindo os tipos habitacionais diferenciados, é a atração da mão-de-obra qualificada.

Inserida no contexto das cidades empresariais, esta pesquisa objetiva contribuir com ainda incipiente literatura nacional sobre o tema, deixando em segundo plano a abordagem usual que parte da problemática habitacional e direcionando as discussões para o campo da urbanização. Portanto, nessa pesquisa busca-se a compreensão de um processo de urbanização conduzido pela indústria através da construção de cidades novas, mais especificamente das cidades siderúrgicas brasileiras a partir da década de 1940. O método de pesquisa adotado fundamenta-se na contextualização histórica e nos estudos de caso, de forma que dentre os diversos aspectos que tangenciam a questão da produção do urbano pela indústria privilegia-se sua contribuição para a formação e organização do espaço urbano brasileiro no nível local e regional. Assim, apresenta-se e contextualiza-se a ACESITA e Timóteo no processo de industrialização nacional, no universo das cidades siderúrgicas brasileiras, na região do Vale do Rio Doce e do Vale do Aço. Em seguida a leitura da cidade é feita tendo como contraponto a indústria, seja no seu relacionamento com o poder municipal ou com a comunidade local, de modo a que seja possível identificar na cidade atual o legado econômico, político e social da indústria, ou seja, seu legado urbano. / The current research work aims to contribute to the yet-incipient Brazilian literature on company towns departing from the usual approach that considers the housing problem as a starting point the present discussion focus on the field of urbanization instead. Therefore, our goal is to comprehend one special process of urbanization: a process conducted by the industry via the construction of new towns; more precisely, iron-work Brazilian towns built from the decade of 1940s and later. The methodology is based on historical contextualization and case studies in such a way that, among several aspects associated to the industry-dependent generation of the urban space, the main focus is on its local and regional contribution to the formation and organization of the urban space. Therefore, the company ACESITA and the city of Timóteo are presented in the contexts of national industrialization, Brazilian iron-work towns and Vale do Rio Doce and Vale do Aço region. Subsequently, the interpretation of Timóteo is permeated by the industry, considering its role on the municipal authority as well as on the local community. This interpretation allows the identification of the industry legacy on economical, political and social aspects of the current city, therefore its industry urban legacy.

Les cités ouvrières d'origine minière voient le jour en Algérie dans la seconde moitie du XIXe siècle. Elles sont le fait d'une industrie extractive de fer mise au point par la colonisation pour soutenir le développement industriel sidérurgique en France. Grâce au minerai pur Algérien, Mokta-el-Hadid devient une puissante compagnie minière qui n'hésite pas à réorganiser le marché du fer en France. Le patronat français qui importe en Algérie ses moyens de production, importe par la même occasion ses architectures et ses modes d'habiter. Ce travail de thèse propose une réflexion approfondie sur l'histoire de l'industrie minière coloniale en Algérie et son mode d'établissement urbain. Il évoque les conditions pratiques et idéologiques des modalités d'action du patronat colonial sur les groupes sociaux et leur espace de vie. Les cités ouvrières, construites en Algérie entre 1870 et 1940, répondent à des considérations à la fois économiques, structurées par une morale patronale et coloniales, marquées par un établissement pérenne d'une population ouvrière européenne en Algérie. L'analyse de l'espace urbain de la cité minière de Béni-Saf, dans le nord-ouest algérien, montre une intéressante richesse de typologie de bâti. Sa morphologie urbaine est largement marquée par les articulations entre la reproduction de l'organisation du travail dans la mine, le développement des forces ouvrières et la prégnance de l'idéologie colonialiste. L'urbanisation accélérée de l'ère post-coloniale marque encore plus radicalement cette morphologie par la volumétrie des nouvelles constructions, le mode de vie social et la politique non conservatrice du patrimoine bâti. Il convient donc de s'interroger sur les pratiques et la représentation du patrimoine industriel colonial en Algérie. / Mining company towns emerged in Algeria in the second half of the nineteenth century. They were established by an extractive iron industry developed by colonization to support the development of steel industry in France. Thanks to the Algerian pure iron-ore, Mokta-el-Hadid became a powerful mining company, which did not hesitate to reorganize the iron market in France. French employers imported to Algeria their production means and at the same time their architectures and their ways of inhabiting. This thesis proposes a deep reflection on the history of the colonial mining industry in Algeria and its urban settlement modes. It evokes the ideological and practical conditions of the modes of action of colonial employers on social groups and their living space. The company towns built in Algeria between 1870 and 1940 responded to economic considerations framed by entrepreneurial and colonial morals, marked by the permanent establishment of a European working population in Algeria. Analysis of the urban space of the mining town of Beni-Saf, in northwest Algeria, shows a wealth interesting of constructive typologies. Its urban morphology is largely characterized by the articulation between the reproduction of the working mine organisation, the development of working forces and the pervasiveness of colonialist ideology. The rapid urbanization of the post-colonial time marks more radically this morphology by the volumetry of new buildings, the social lifestyle and the non-conservative policy of historical buildings. It is thus necessary to examine the practices and the representations of colonial industrial heritage in Algeria.