Oxidation of lipids influences the color and sensory qualities of meat products. Meat with a high fat content, such as ground meat, is susceptible to lipid oxidation that leads to the development of negative flavor and color changes. Antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytolune (BHT) and extracts of rosemary, are used in meat products to control the effects of lipid oxidation. Awika (2000, 2003) found that sorghum bran phytochemicals have high antioxidant properties. Our objective is to evaluate the pH, color, sensory and antioxidant effect of 10, 20 and 30% ground beef patties containing rosemary, BHA/BHT, and three levels of sorghum bran during 5 d of aerobic storage at 4°C. Beef trimmings containing either 50% or 90% lean were formulated into three meat blocks containing either 10, 20 or 30% lipid. Within a fat content, ground beef was equally divided into one of six treatments: 1) control-no added ingredients; 2) BHA and BHT at .01% of the meat weight; 3) rosemary at 0.2% of the meat weight; 4) high level of sorghum at 1.0% of the meat weight; 5) medium level of sorghum at 0.5% of the meat weight; and, 6) a low level of sorghum at 0.25% of the meat weight. The ground beef was aerobically packaged and stored for 0, 1, 3, or 5 days at 4°C. pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), sensory color, Minolta color space values and descriptive sensory evaluations were determined. Antioxidant addition reduced TBARS values and increased hardness (P<0.020) and springiness (P=0.002) over time compared to controls. The addition of the high sorghum bran level resulted in lower raw color scores (2.0 vs. 2.9) (P<0.0001) and slightly increased bitter basic taste (2.47 vs. 2.65) (P=0.0069) when compared to control patties. The high sorghum level slightly increased pH (6.33 vs. 6.41) (P<0.0001) and resulted in darker (P<0.0001) and less yellow colored (P<0.0001) patties. With storage, patties had higher pH (P<0.0001) and color space values decreased (P<0.0001). Sensory properties of the patties differed across fat levels (P<0.05); however, interactions between fat level and antioxidant treatment were not significant (P>0.05). Moreover, the addition of sorghum bran at low levels can retard oxidative rancidity in ground beef patties without causing detrimental color changes and negatively affecting sensory attributes.

The evaluation of environmental and genotypic effects on fruit physical and chemical characteristics enables assessment of the feasibility of selecting diploid and/or triploid cultivars for either specific or more diverse locations. Isolation and characterization of genes encoding enzymes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway provides fundamental genetic information which can facilitate breeding of watermelon cultivars having desirable flesh colors and enhanced beneficial carotenoids. For the environmental studies, the effects of deficit irrigation on lycopene content, total soluble solids, firmness, and yield of diploid and triploid watermelon were evaluated in different locations and growing seasons. Irrigation regimes were 1.0 evapotranspiration (ET), 0.75 ET, and 0.5 ET. To investigate if there is a consistent response in cultivars across diverse locations, studies were conducted in three distinct Texas regions. Deficit irrigation reduced total marketable yield, and increased the yield of small fruits. Location and irrigation regimes had major influences on yield. Soluble solids content increased with deficit irrigation at 0.5 ET in triploids, but not in diploids. Flesh firmness also increased in triploids compared to diploids. Lycopene content increased with maturity at all irrigation regimes and cultivars. This work confirms that deficit irrigation directly reduces yield, but does not reduce lycopene and fruit quality of the triploids used in this study. From the genetic studies, a total of eight genes encoding enzymes in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway were isolated and characterized. Two members of the phytoene synthase (PSY) gene family were identified; PSY-A was expressed in all type of tissues, but PSY-B transcript was detected only in ovary, leaf, and root tissues. Gene expression of carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) was not detected in salmon yellow. A color inheritance study of watermelon flesh indicated that a single gene might determine color difference between canary yellow and red without an inhibitory effect. A cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker developed from the SNP marker tagging two different lycopene β-cyclase (LCYB) alleles cosegregated perfectly with color phenotypes. It was concluded that color determination may be due to a reduced activity of LCYB enzyme in red, whereby a phenylalanine is conserved among canary yellow and valine is conserved among red watermelon.

This paper tries to explore the phosphor optical characteristics through reliability tests using white light emitting diodes (WLEDs) with a high color rendering index (CRI ,Ra¡Ö90). Based on light mixing principles and considering the high CRI, three color-coded powders were mixed separately with silicone into a phosphor, and then bottomed with blue chips into WLEDs. The three powders were oxide nitride (red), YAG (yellow), and silicate (green). Two kinds of samples were fabricated ¡V phosphor and emitters similar to commercial products. Both cool-white (CCT=5650~7000K, lumen efficiency¡Ö60 lum/w.) and warm-white (CCT=2850~3250K, lumen efficiency¡Ö50 lum/w.) samples passed the Bin Code distribution process and brightness measurement. The results indicate better lumen efficiency than previously published research. After the three kinds of mono-colored phosphors were created, .we implemented the reliability test in which three CREE standards were chosen. These standards were (1) high temperature with high humidity test (60¢J , 90% humidity) in operating and non-operating condition; (2) thermal shock test (-40¢J ~125¢J ); (3) life time test. The thermal shock test showed the decaying power of intensity for red, yellow, and green phosphors were 11.7%, 17.5%, and 19.3% respectively. These results demonstrate that the red phosphor has the best thermal resistance. However, after the high temperature with high humidity tests, the decaying power of intensity for red,yellow, and green phosphor were 15.7%, 10.1% and 6.4% correspondingly. These results show that the green phosphor has best aqua resistance. In the life time test of emitters, the decaying power of intensity for the cool-white emitter was 3.2%, while the warm-white emitter showed 4.2%. As such, cool-white emitters were concluded to have better reliability than warm-white emitters.

Inaug.-Diss.--Cologne. / Vita. Bibliography: p. 210-212.

Thesis (M.Phil.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2009. / "Submitted to Department of Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-108)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1941. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-142).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-160).

Color is used in everything we see and do and it often can be used for effect and representation, particularly on maps and transportation signage. This study explores the issues that the color blind population exhibits when viewing these maps and signs. Seeing that 8%#37; of the male population is afflicted with some form of color blindness, it is pertinent that research reflect these issues and take into consideration the Right to Receive Information for this population. A qualitative method using Photovoice and interviews was used to determine whether this population considers itself having a disability and what solutions can be found to assist with issues of seeing colors on transportation maps and signage. Results show that although half of the participants feel they have a disability, they do not want to be categorized with other disabilities or have restrictions placed on them. The overall consensus regarding maps was to use less colors and simplify. One solution to the issue of being able to read maps and signage was to instill the ColorADD Symbol System in the U.S. comprehensively. This study provides insight to the issues faced by the color blind population regarding Right to Receive Information for maps and signage, including alternate solutions to providing color blind people with sufficient materials. The significance of this research can be used to provide safer transportation signage for driving and better maps for traveling.

Primate habitats differ dramatically in the intensity and spectral quality (color) of ambient light. However, little research has explored the effects of habitat variation in ambient light on primate and mammalian visual systems. An understanding of variation in nocturnal light environments is particularly lacking, considering the significance of nocturnality and vision in primate evolutionary hypotheses. In this dissertation, I explored effects of habitat variation in light environments on primate visual evolution in three studies. First, I examined how variation in ambient light intensity influenced visual morphology in 209 mammals. Second, I analyzed effects of variation in nocturnal light environments on color vision in nocturnal primates and mammals. For this second objective, I first identified factors influencing variation in nocturnal light environments within and between habitats in Madagascar and explored how nocturnal light spectral quality has influenced mammalian visual pigment spectral tuning. I then analyzed selection acting on the SWS1 opsin gene (coding for blue-sensitive cone visual pigments) between nocturnal lemurs from different habitat types to explore whether nocturnal light environments affect selection for dichromatic color vision. The results of all three studies suggest that habitat variation in light environments has had a significant influence on primate and mammalian visual evolution. In the first study, I found that day-active mammals from forested habitats exhibited larger relative cornea size compared to species from open habitats, reflecting an adaptation to increase visual sensitivity in diurnal forests. The results of the second study revealed that forest and woodland habitats share a yellow-green dominant nocturnal light environment and that nocturnal vertebrates exhibit visual pigments tuned to maximize photon absorption in these environments. Additionally, I observed a potential effect of diet on long-wavelength-sensitive cone spectral tuning among nocturnal mammals. In the third study I sequenced the SWS1 opsin gene in 106 nocturnal lemurs (19 species). Both population genetic and phylogenetic analyses identified clear signatures of differential selection on the gene by habitat type, suggesting that nocturnal light environments has influenced selection for nocturnal dichromacy in nocturnal lemurs. Finally, I discussed the implications of these results for nocturnal primate visual ecology and evolution. / text

This dissertation gives an aesthetic analysis on the selected woodblock prints of the Okinawan artist Gima Hiroshi concurrent with an exploration of the identity politics of the Okinawans. Deconstructing the historical circumstances of the archipelago, the contradictions and predicaments that the islanders have been struggling with from the trade era and annexation period, to the wartime, the U.S. occupation and the reversion to the Japanese state are portrayed in the war prints. With the constitution of a multi-vocal identity, a regionalist identity has been articulated. This regionalism is manifested in the artist’s prints about traditions, customs and everyday life in terms of folk dance, drum playing, craftsmanship, festivities, daily activities, agriculture, residential space and the practices related to nature. Following a thorough discussion of the visual texts is the elucidation of essentialism in contemporary Okinawan studies that identity politics is itself delimiting and institutionalizing in representation. Essentialist representations reinforce the dichotomy of the self/other structure that they can be more detrimental than explicit performative discourses. As a concluding argument, this essay finishes with a proposed alternative to essentialist literature – visual representations. The interpretative potentiality and transformative powers of art serve as a stepping stone for the third party to experience the experience of the Other, which challenges the presumptions imposed by the self/other narrative. In this process, the marginalized can be made visible. / published_or_final_version / Literary and Cultural Studies / Master / Master of Arts