Colour is a basic aspect of perception and the perception of colour varies from individual to individual. This indicates that the perception of colours mean different semantics in various contexts to different individuals. Therefore, these differences in perception forms to behave in different attitudes towards colours among individuals and it is likely to achieve different attitudinal responses to colours from individuals. Relying on the effects of colours on individuals, the initial interest of this thesis is to explore the attitudinal approaches of individuals to colours. This thesis is first and foremost exploratory in nature. This thesis intended as a first step towards exploring the ways in which the individuals think of, construe and give meaning to colours in their own words. The subjective approach proposed in terms of this thesis is based on the underlying philosophy behind Personal Construct Theory (PCT). In order to elicit the individuals&rsquo / ways of construing and giving meaning to colours in their own words, an experiment was conducted with the utilisation of the Repertory Grid Technique (RGT). Sixty undergraduate students of Middle East Technical University (METU) Faculty of Architecture were voluntarily participated in the experiment. As a stimuli, eleven basic colours which were black, grey, white, yellow, orange, red, pink, purple, brown, blue and green were utilised. For the second step, this thesis intended investigating the structure and interrelations between the elicited attitudes of individuals and eleven basic colours. As a result of the experiment, 60 repertory grids were elicited and were analysed by using the qualitative and quantitative applications of content analysis. The resulted data afterwards were analysed by using multivariate statistical analysis methods. The overall results of this research can support certain information for further scientific investigations on colour perception and colour psychology. Additionally, the results of this research can help and guide designers to attain objective understandings about the individuals&rsquo / attitudes to colours. This can contribute to designers as a practical worthwhile during colour design and colour planning in their products and services.

Colour is a basic aspect of perception and the perception of colour varies from individual to individual. This indicates that the perception of colours mean different semantics in various contexts to different individuals. Therefore, these differences in perception forms to behave in different attitudes towards colours among individuals and it is likely to achieve different attitudinal responses to colours from individuals. Relying on the effects of colours on individuals, the initial interest of this thesis is to explore the attitudinal approaches of individuals to colours. This thesis is first and foremost exploratory in nature. This thesis intended as a first step towards exploring the ways in which the individuals think of, construe and give meaning to colours in their own words. The subjective approach proposed in terms of this thesis is based on the underlying philosophy behind Personal Construct Theory (PCT). In order to elicit the individuals&rsquo / ways of construing and giving meaning to colours in their own words, an experiment was conducted with the utilisation of the Repertory Grid Technique (RGT). Sixty undergraduate students of Middle East Technical University (METU) Faculty of Architecture were voluntarily participated in the experiment. As a stimuli, eleven basic colours which were black, grey, white, yellow, orange, red, pink, purple, brown, blue and green were utilised. For the second step, this thesis intended investigating the structure and interrelations between the elicited attitudes of individuals and eleven basic colours. As a result of the experiment, 60 repertory grids were elicited and were analysed by using the qualitative and quantitative applications of content analysis. The resulted data afterwards were analysed by using multivariate statistical analysis methods. The overall results of this research can support certain information for further scientific investigations on colour perception and colour psychology. Additionally, the results of this research can help and guide designers to attain objective understandings about the individuals&rsquo / attitudes to colours. This can contribute to designers as a practical worthwhile during colour design and colour planning in their products and services.

Abstract The colours of objects perceived by a colour camera are dependent on the illumination conditions. For example, when the prevailing illumination condition does not correspond to the one used in the white balancing of the camera, the object colours can change their appearance due to the lack of colour constancy capabilities. Many methods for colour constancy have been suggested but so far their performance has been inadequate. Faces are common and important objects encountered in many applications. Therefore, this thesis is dedicated to studying face colours and their robust use under real world illumination conditions. The main thesis statement is "knowledge about an object's colour, like skin colour changes under different illumination conditions, can be used to develop more robust techniques against illumination changes". Many face databases exist, and in some cases they contain colour images and even videos. However, from the point of view of this thesis these databases have several limitations: unavailability of spectral data related to image acquisition, undefined illumination conditions of the acquisition, and if illumination change is present it often means only change in illumination direction. To overcome these limitations, two databases, a Physics-Based Face Database and a Face Video Database were created. In addition to the images, the Physics-Based Face Database consists of spectral data part including skin reflectances, channel responsivities of the camera and spectral power distribution of the illumination. The images of faces are taken under four known light sources with different white balancing illumination conditions for over 100 persons. In addition to videos, the Face Video Database has spectral reflectances of skin for selected persons and images taken with the same measurement arrangement as in the Physics-Based Face Database. The images and videos are taken with several cameras. The databases were used to gather information about skin chromaticities and to provide test material. The skin RGB from images were converted to different colour spaces and the result showed that the normalized colour coordinate was among the most usable colour spaces for skin chromaticity modelling. None of the colour spaces could eliminate the colour shifts in chromaticity. The obtained chromaticity constraint can be implemented as an adaptive skin colour modelling part of face tracking algorithms, like histogram backprojection or mean shift. The performances of these adaptive algorithms were superior compared to those using a fixed skin colour model or model adaptation based on spatial pixel selection. Of course, there are cases when the colour cue is not enough alone and use of other cues like motion or edge data would improve the result. It was also demonstrated that the skin colour model can be used to segment faces and the segmentation results depend on the background due to the method used. Also an application for colour correction using principal component analysis and a simplified dichromatic reflection model was shown to improve colour quality of seriously clipped images. The results of tracking, segmentation and colour correction experiments using the collected data validate the thesis statement.

In graphic design, colours can be used to communicate a message and attract attention. In book design, colours convey the content, just like they communicate the product’s information in packaging design. The purpose of this study is to analyse how colours have been used on book covers to convey the content, within the topic of health. A quantitative content analysis was made on the book covers of the top 11 bestsellers in Sweden. The colour theory analysis is based on Shigenobu Kobayashi’s work in Colour image scale. The result found that neutral hue was the one that was most commonly used. Additionally, the analysis revealed some correlation between the book content and the colour combination on the book covers. For example, a book related to finding happiness had a colour combination that matches a casual and natural lifestyle. Although the analysis offered some insight within the subject of colour and book design, further studies are needed in order to understand the extent of how colours are being used towards communicating the content.

Thesis (M.Dent.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009 / This in vitro study compares tooth bleaching and consequences of tooth surface effects of Ozicure Oxygen Activator (O3, RSA) with Opalescence Quick (Ultradent, USA) tooth bleaching. One hundred and thirty six teeth (canines, incisors and premolars), which were caries free, had no surface defects and within the colour range 1M2 and 5M3. Teeth were randomly divided into the three experimental groups: Opalescence Quick, Ozicure Oxygen Activator and control. The three experimental groups received three treatments of one hour each over three consecutive days. Tooth colour was assessed using the VITAPAN 3D MASTER TOOTH GUIDE (VITA, Germany) and VITA Easyshade (VITA, Germany). A randomized block design was used to assess tooth colour change. A General Linear Models test for analysis of variance for a fractional design with significance set at P<0.05 was used. Both bleaching methods significantly lightened the teeth, visually (P<0.0001) and digitally (P= 0.013). Tooth colour change was seen after the first hour of tooth bleaching; thereafter there was little or no benefit. The tooth type played a significant role in tooth colour change (visually P=0.0416 and digitally P=0.004). The quality of the spectrophotometer may account for the different results found compared to the tooth guide. Scanning electron microscopy showed no effect of enamel loss following bleaching. Atomic force microscopy showed a 2.5 rougher enamel surface with Opalescence Quick.

With increasing demand placed on online accessibility, a tool that enables developers to more easily build accessible websites for colour vision deficient (CVD) internet users becomes a crucial consideration. An extension was developed for the web browser, Google Chrome, and issues for CVD internet users were identified. The identification was based on the luminance and colour contrast between different objects next to each other on a web page, such as fonts and their background. The extension calculated how a CVD internet user would experience the colours and then checked the contrast between them. The extension's calculations and reliability was assessed through a evaluation with CVD internet users and the results suggested that it would be possible to reliably detect issues related to CVD internet users with a algorithm implemented in a Chrome extension. / Med ökande krav på tillgänglighet på internet så ökar behovet av ett verktyg som underlättar för utvecklare att bygga hemsidor för personer med defekt färgseende. Ett tilläggsprogram utvecklades för webbläsaren Google Chrome, och problem för personer med defekt färgseende identifierades. Identifikationen baserades på luminanskontrast och färgkontrast mellan olika närliggande objekt på en hemsida, så som fonter och deras bakgrund. Tilläggsprogrammet beräknade hur en person med defekt färgseende upplever färgerna på hemsidan och kontrollerar kontrasten mellan dem. Tilläggsprogrammets tillförlitlighet bedömdes med hjälp av en utvärdering genomförd med personer med defekt färgseende. Utvärderingen indikerade att det är möjligt att tillförlitligt identifiera problem relaterade till personer med defekt färgseende med hjälp av en algoritm implementerad i ett Chrome tilläggsprogram.

In this thesis we examine the colour forecasting process, its methodology and how it is communicated and used in fashion companies. The study is foremost based on qualitative research and on semi-structured interviews with people within the forecasting industry. We have divided the data collection process that constitutes the basis of the actual forecast into steps, which consist of gathering both objective facts and more soft, subjective experiences. After having collected the data, colour forecasters start their analysis by breaking them down into thematical categories that depict specific patterns (themes). We have identified colour expertise, intuition, creativity and inspiration as the factors that help the forecaster interpret those patterns. The final forecasted colour stories are being presented in different media and contexts. Besides design style, market, customer base and lead-time, it is foremost the differentmanagement philosophies of either building creative, solid collections or fast fashion that define how to use the colour forecasting material. To help the reader understand the process we have constructed a model (aDaMas). / Program: Master in Fashion Management with specialisation in Fashion Marketing and Retailing

The purpose of this study is to clarify and confirm previous research and expand the knowledge in this research area, since the majority of the information and knowledge that is available today is mostly repetitive. The theoretical frame of this study is based on theories, such as Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein, M. &amp; Ajzen, I. 1967), alongside previous research done in this research area. The previous research consists of, among other things, analysed associations with the six different colours that this study also emphasizes. The theoretical synthesis is based on the deductive process; meaning, the authors of this survey have collected data and by observing this data, the authors determine whether these theories and previous researchers' arguments can be confirmed or not. Since this survey is based on a qualitative research method, the data collection for this study was executed through focus group interviews. The authors of this survey interviewed three focus groups with various participants in each focus group. Considering that this study focuses on the consumer and its behavior in the grocery store, the researchers selected interviewees who themselves are consumers and who regularly shop in the grocery store. In conclusion, the participants in the focus group interviews confirm that colour associations have an impact on their buying behavior in grocery stores.

No description available.

In this thesis, I investigated how human vision processes colour and luminance information to enable perception of our environment. I first tested how colour can alter the perception of depth from shading. A luminance variation can be interpreted as either variation of reflectance (patterning) or variation of shape. The process of shape-from-shading interprets luminance variation as changes in the shape of the object (e.g. the shading on an object might elicit the perception of curvature). The addition of colour variation is known to modify this shape-from-shading processing. In the experiments presented here I tested how luminance driven percepts can be modified by colour. My first series of experiments confirmed that depth is modulated by colour. I explored a larger number of participants than previously tested. Contrary to previous studies, a wide repertoire of behaviour was found; participants experienced variously more depth, or less depth, or no difference. I hypothesised that the colour modulation effect might be due to a low-level contrast modulation of luminance by colour, rather than a higher-level depth effect. In a second series of experiments, I therefore tested how the perceived contrast of a luminance target can be affected by the presence of an orthogonal mask. I found that colour had a range of effects on the perception of luminance, again dependant on the participants. Luminance also had a similar wide range of effects on the perceived contrast of luminance targets. This showed that, at supra-threshold levels, a luminance target's contrast can be modulated by a component of another orientation (colour or luminance defined). The effects of luminance and colour were not following a particular rule. In a third series of experiments, I explored this interaction at detection levels of contrast. I showed cross-interaction between luminance target and mask but no effects of a colour mask.