Washington D.C. has been ranked third among U.S. cities in terms of its percentage of youth who have reported a severe major depressive episode. Depression, stress, anxiety are the uninvited visitors of our day-to-day urban living. Most of the time we ignore our mental health unless we reach the threshold. We know nature is the best healer. The District also has reported the highest percentage of parkland but this statistic is not helping regarding Healing and Wellness. There might be a missing piece of the puzzle to reconnect with nature. To dive deep into the missing piece, I have looked back to the basics, into the four elements of the planet, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire. This thesis is an exploration of the most important natural element, Water, along with the other three elements, as active participants in our everyday urban life, not only as a means of reconnecting with nature but also aiding with natural healing to our depressed, tired soul. As with many other older cities, Washington D.C. mostly depends on the combined storm and sanitary sewer. During heavy rainfall, stormwater overflows the capacity of the sewage system and empties into the river with sewage. But there is an opportunity for the stormwater to be treated and reused at the site. Rainwater along with tapped groundwater as the perennial flow will be considered as the source of healing water in the dense downtown context of the District. The thesis will tell the story of the arrival of Water into the middle of the city. Water will be examined in all its forms and integrated with the Third Place, where the young working generation can come in the middle of the working day to catch a lunch break or after office rush hour to relax their stressed nerves and heal their inner soul. This design for a community learning center at First Street NE in NoMA neighborhood, Washington D.C. is an effort to trace the path of the long-lost Tiber Creek and to provide the inhabitants with a for Water and growth. / Master of Architecture / Washington D.C. has been ranked third among U.S. cities in terms of its percentage of youth who have reported a severe major depressive episode. Depression, stress, anxiety are the uninvited visitors of our day-to-day city life. Most of the time we ignore our mental health unless we reach the threshold. We know nature is the best healer. The District also has reported the highest percentage of the green area but maybe only the "Green" is not enough for healing. To dive deep into the missing piece of the puzzle, I have walked back to the basics, looking into the four elements of the planet, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire. This thesis is an exploration of the most important natural element, Water, along with the other three elements, in architecture and urban design, not only as a means of reconnecting with nature but also aiding with natural healing to our depressed, tired soul. As with many other older cities, Washington D.C. mostly depends on the combined storm and sanitary sewer. During heavy rainfall, stormwater overflows the capacity of the sewage system and empties into the river with sewage. In this research, rainwater is considered as the source of healing water in the dense downtown context of the District. This thesis also examined tapping groundwater and bring it to the city street level. The thesis will tell the story of the arrival of Water into the middle of the city. This design for a community learning center at First Street NE in NoMA neighborhood, Washington D.C. is an effort to trace the path of the long-lost Tiber Creek and to provide the inhabitants with a place for Water and growth.

Sewage misconnections currently pose severe threats to water quality especially in urban areas in the UK. These misconnections lead to the discharge of untreated wastewater into receiving watercourses via surface water outfalls. Regular discharges from this source could lead to these watercourses failing to meet standards set by the Water Framework Directives. Despite the impacts resulting from this urban diffuse pollutant source, research into this area is limited. The study area is the River Lee, which is known to experience issues with water quality especially within the heavily urbanized lower Lee section. Misconnections are one of the major contributors to the poor water quality status of the River. In this study, the Lee was investigated using several parameters. The approach involved the monitoring of coliform bacteria to detect outfalls where misconnections were likely, then biofilm samples below selected outfalls were used for both clean and polluted sites to look for community types. Results showed severe pollution within some sections of the River particularly within the lower Lee. Pymmes Brook was used as a case study, both coliform bacteria and biofilm communities below outfalls were further investigated for clean and polluted sites. Results from the Pymmes Brook study also showed that this watercourse was experiencing severe issues with water quality, with elevated levels of coliform bacteria identified below polluted outfalls. Biofilm community data obtained during the pilot and experimental phases of study were analyzed using a range of multivariate techniques. Results of the analysis showed consistent x patterns in community structure within sites with similar water quality, with indicator species identified. Communities below polluted outfalls were composed mainly of species tolerant of organic pollution thus indicating a response of communities to misconnection discharges. Currently, the identification of misconnections are carried out through trackbacks, a process which is expensive and time consuming. During this study an inexpensive and rapid approach is proposed for assessing misconnections within a catchment. Using this method, misconnection hotspots are mapped out using coliform bacteria and biofilm communities. Using catchment data and predicted coliform bacteria from enumerated counts, misconnections within these hotspots are assessed. Having tested this approach on Pymmes Brook, a tributary of the River Lee, the results obtained were promising. Pending further verification, this system provides an economical and rapid tool for the assessment of misconnections within a catchment.

The overarching goal of this research is to establish a successful forum for a transition from the existing paradigm of managing wastewater infrastructure to a more sustainable paradigm that achieves a more efficient utilisation of wastewater assets. A transitioning approach to support a more efficient utilisation of surface water and wastewater assets and infrastructure is proposed and developed. The determined transitioning approach possesses key stages namely developing the arena, developing the agenda, case study, and monitoring. The case study stage investigates a drainage utility identifying their improvement drivers, the removal of surface water through detailed drainage modelling and the financial examination of the costs incurred under the various scenarios conducted. Understanding the implications of removing/attenuating surface water from the network is improved through obtaining data by detailed drainage modelling. Infoworks software is used to investigate and assess the current and future operational scenarios of a wastewater system operating over one calendar year. Modelling scenarios were conducted removing surface water from selected areas focusing on the volumes requiring pumping and durations of pumping station(s) operation prior to treatment during storm conditions. The financial implication of removing surface water in combined sewer systems is examined in three main components. Firstly the costs of electricity incurred at the single sewage pumping station (SPS) investigated during the various scenarios modelled require to be addressed. Secondly the costs to retrofit sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS) solutions needs to be identified. Thirdly the implications of removing surface water for the drainage utility at the national level and the potential saving for householder’s committing to a surface water disconnection rebate scheme. When addressed at the macro level i.e., with over 2,100 pumping stations, some operating in sequence and contained within one drainage utility annually treating 315,360 megalitres the significance of the same multiple quantifiable and intangible benefits becomes amplified. The research aims, objectives and findings are presented to the identified and convened stakeholders. The transitioning approach developed encourages positive discourse between stakeholders. The level of success of the transitioning approach determined is then tested using a quantitative methodology through the completion of questionnaires. From the questionnaires completed the respondents unanimously agreed that surface water flows should be removed as well as reduced from the combined sewer system. The respondents agreed that the removal of surface water from a typical combined sewer system is justified by applying a transitioning approach focusing on the energy consumption required to pump increased volumes during storm events. This response is significant based upon the economic evidence and is contrary to the respondents previous position that finance was their most influencing factor. When provided with other potentially available benefits the respondents were even more supportive of the justification to remove surface water from the combined sewer system. The combined findings of the work presented in this thesis provide further justification that the transitioning approach applied to the removal of surface water from a typical combined sewer system, as determined in this research has been successful.

The theme of this diploma thesis is " The study alternatives village sewer system Crhov". The thesis focuses on the design of possible wastewater treatment options with design of the technology for waste water treatment. Four alternatives are proposed - catch up existing sewerage and build an aerobic pond, new sewerage system with a container sewage treatment plant, domestic sewage treatment plant and the existing drainage system and the construction of a sewage treatment plant. In addition to the proposal itself, financial valuation of these variants is an integral part of the work with its own recommendation.

Urban waste water collecting systems are designed to convey domestic, industrial and storm water. When sizing sewer network, heavy rainfall must be considered to provide the needed hydraulic capacity for collection. Maintenance is also required in order to avoid anomalies such as inflow, infiltration and unusual polluted discharges from Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs). Inflow and infiltration decrease the treatment yield at the Waste water Treatment Plant (WWTP) and participate in hydraulic overloads and overflows. CSOs have a direct impact on the pollution of water bodies and must be strictly sized and monitored. Detecting sizing and maintenance anomalies is crucial to ensure public health and a good status of our natural environment. Today, numerical hydraulic models support consulting engineers in assessing overflows then in choosing the best technical and cost-effective scenario. The objectives of this paper are to review the dysfunctions of collecting system and to understand how a numerical hydraulic model is constructed, calibrated and then used to establish a Corrective Action Plan (CAP). My master thesis is based on a working project achieved at SAFEGE (Group SUEZ Environnement) in the Urban Hydraulics Department in Lyon (Rhône-Alpes, France) between September 2013 and February 2014. The paper will present some outcomes obtained from an Urban Hydraulic Project at Chazelles-sur-Lyon (Rhône-Alpes, France) in the South West of Lyon. Mike Urban is the software - developed by the company DHI Water- used for the numerical hydraulic modeling.

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Les rejets urbains par temps de pluie dégradent l’état écologique des écosystèmes aquatiques et peuvent induire une exposition des populations humaines aux contaminants chimiques et microbiens (bactéries, virus, parasites). L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’évaluer les effectifs et de prédire le devenir de bactéries pathogènes introduites dans les milieux aquatiques par une source majeure comme les eaux usées rejetées par des dispositifs tels que les déversoirs d’orage (DO) et les lagunes d’épuration (WWTL). La répartition d’un agent pathogène fortement liée aux milieux hydriques, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a été comparée avec celles observées pour des indicateurs de contaminations fécales (E. coli et les entérocoques intestinaux), mais également avec celle de l’espèce pathogène Aeromonas caviae. La dangerosité des formes retrouvées dans ces milieux a été évaluée par approches moléculaires (PFGE et MLST). Les résultats obtenus montrent un fort apport en P. aeruginosa via les eaux usées, avec un effet significatif sur les effectifs observés en fonction de l’intensité des pluies et des périodes de temps sec, et les fluctuations du régime hydrologique et des paramètres physico-chimiques. Une grande diversité infra-spécifique des P. aeruginosa, et la capacité de certains génotypes à s’installer durablement dans ces milieux (macrophytes et périphyton) ont été observées. Certaines souches ont par ailleurs montré une parenté avec des lignées d’infections communautaires, ou encore des clones épidémiques majeurs (PA14 et C). Des études en microcosme ont été effectuées pour valider les interactions observées avec certains macrophytes, et identifier des propriétés d’adhérence bactérienne (dont les lectines) impliquées dans ces interactions. Ces travaux ont impliqué une analyse de la distribution des gènes lecA et lecB, codant des lectines chez P. aeruginosa, et une étude de leurs ligands. Le gène lecA a été localisé dans une zone de forte plasticité génomique. Ces travaux ont permis la description d’une nouvelle structure de l’adhésine LecB / Urban wet-weather discharges degrade the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems and may expose human populations to chemical and microbial contaminants (bacteria, viruses, parasites). The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the numbers and predict the fate of pathogenic bacteria introduced into aquatic ecosystems by a major source like wastewater from devices such as combined sewer overflows (CSO) and wastewater treatment lagoons (WWTL). The distribution of a human pathogen closely linked to hydric environments, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was compared with those observed for fecal indicators (E. coli and intestinal enterococci), but also with that of Aeromonas caviae pathogenic species. Dangerousness of strains found in these environments was evaluated by molecular approaches (PFGE and MLST). Obtained results showed a high contribution of wastewater in P. aeruginosa release, with a significant effect of rainfall intensity and preceding dry periods, in addition to changes in hydrological regime and physico-chemical parameters on recorded data. A large infra-specific diversity was observed within P. aeruginosa and the ability of some genotypes to colonize permanently aquatic surfaces (macrophytes and periphyton) were observed. Some strains showed a kinship with lineages of community infections or major epidemic clones (PA14 and C). Microcosm studies were performed to validate observed interactions with macrophytes, and to identify bacterialadhesion properties (including lectins) involved in these interactions. These investigations involved analysis of the distribution of lectin encoding loci lecA and lecB within P. aeruginosa, and a study of their ligands. lecA was located in a highly unstable genomic region. This work allowed the description of a new structure of the adhesin LecB

L’évaluation du débit en réseaux hydrauliques à surface libre est une problématique actuelle sur le plan scientifique, à forts enjeux technologiques, économiques et écologiques. Dans cette thèse, de nouvelles méthodologies d’instrumentation, basées sur une synergie entre mesures non intrusives de hauteur d’eau et modélisation numérique ont été développées. Celles-ci s’appliquent d’une part à des collecteurs dont le fonctionnement hydraulique est complexe et, d’autre part, à des ouvrages non-standard (Venturi, déversoirs d’orage). Ce travail de thèse multidisciplinaire vise une meilleure compréhension de l’écoulement pour en déduire des relations Q=f(hi) plus robustes, spécifiques à chaque site et associées à leurs incertitudes; mais également l’identification de possibles modifications du site de mesure afin d’améliorer l’estimation du débit. Au final, l’applicabilité des méthodologies développées a été éprouvée au travers de plusieurs études sur sites réels. / The evaluation of the flow rate in free surface water systems is a current scientific problem, related to high technological, economical and ecological issues. In this study, new methods of instrumentation based on a synergy between non-intrusive water level measurements and numerical modeling have been developed. These methods are applied first to sewer pipes with complex hydraulic conditions then to non-standard hydraulic structures (Venturi flumes, Combined Sewer Overflows). This multidisciplinary work aims at a better understanding of the flow to identify more robust site-specific Q=f(hi) relationships related to their uncertainties. It also aims at the identification of possible modification of the measurement site in order to improve the flow rate evaluation. Finally, the applicability of the developed methodologies has been tested through several real site studies.