Entre os maiores desafios existentes para a cultura da soja, os estresses bióticos e abióticos se destacam e a incidência de patógenos como a ferrugem asiática, causam grandes perdas aos produtores. No Brasil, a ferrugem é a principal causa de prejuízos nas lavouras e estratégias para o seu controle mais eficiente são necessárias. O melhoramento genético para a tolerância constitui uma importante ferramenta para manter a ferrugem em níveis abaixo de dano econômico por um período mais duradouro. Outro aspecto importante da cultura da soja é relacionado com a sua utilização, destacando-se a produção de farelo com alto teor de proteína e de óleo comestível e combustível. Apesar de apresentar uma rica composição nutricional, o seu uso direto na alimentação humana ainda não é comum no Brasil. Uma das formas de incluir a soja na dieta é na forma de hortaliça, também conhecida como Edamame, em que as vagens são colhidas ainda verdes ou imaturas (estádio R6) e os grãos consumidos após breve cozimento. Contudo, poucos esforços têm sido dedicados para desenvolver novos genótipos com boa performance agronômica e adequados ao consumo humano. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar genótipos de soja para a produção de soja hortaliça que apresentem tolerância à ferrugem. Para isto foram realizados cruzamentos entre seis genitores com boas características agronômicas em um esquema dialélico 6x6, gerando 15 cruzamentos. Estes genótipos foram avaliados nas gerações F2 e F3 para a produtividade e o tamanho das sementes, sendo que na geração F3, foram adicionados outros dez caracteres. Nas duas gerações, foi estimada a sua tolerância à ferrugem, utilizando manejos diferentes da doença com fungicidas. Foram realizadas análises de variância individuais e conjuntas, agrupamento de médias, análises dialélicas, tendo sido estimados os coeficientes de herdabilidade e correlações entre os caracteres. As análises mostraram a existência de variabilidade entre os genótipos avaliados e indicaram que os cruzamentos apresentaram desempenho superior aos genitores para caracteres importantes. O uso dos diferentes manejos da ferrugem com fungicidas mostrou-se eficiente uma vez que foi possível identificar genótipos tolerantes. Além disso, foram detectadas interações genótipos x ambientes significativas, fato que representou um desafio para a seleção dos melhores genótipos. Os genitores BRS 267, USP 13-66.136 e USP 13-19.007 destacaram-se por apresentar estimativas altas de capacidade de combinação e os cruzamentos USP 13-66.136 x USP 13-19.007, USP 13-66.136 x USP 13-19.034, BRS 267 x USP 13-19.007 e Tengamine x USP 13-19.007 apresentaram os melhores desempenhos. As estimativas de capacidade específica de combinação (Sii) dos genitores indicaram a existência de divergência entre eles e os caracteres apresentaram altas herdabilidades. A magnitude e a significância das correlações indicaram a possibilidade de seleção de genótipos precoces com sementes grandes e, também, evidenciaram que a seleção de genótipos com período mais longo entre R6 e R7 (SGR6) beneficia a produtividade. Portanto, foi possível identificar genitores e cruzamentos promissores para o desenvolvimento de novas linhagens apropriadas para a produção de soja hortaliça com tolerância à ferrugem. / Among the major challenges for soybean cultivation, biotic and abiotic stresses stand out and the incidence of pathogens such as Asian rust can cause extensive losses to farmers. In Brazil, rust is the main cause of crop damage and strategies for a more efficient control are necessary. Breeding for tolerance is an important tool to keep rust below economic damage for a longer period. Another important aspect of the soybean crop is related to its use, which is directed to the production of high-protein meal, edible oil and fuel. Although this legume has a rich nutritional composition, its direct use in the diet is still not common in Brazil. One of the ways to use soybean as food is in the form of vegetable, also known as Edamame, in which the pods are harvested green or immature (R6 stage) and the grains consumed after brief cooking. However, few efforts have been devoted to developing new soybean genotypes with good agronomic performance and characteristics suitable for human consumption. The present research had the objective of evaluating soybean genotypes for the production of vegetable soybean with rust tolerance. For this, crosses between six parents with good agronomic characteristics were performed in a 6x6 diallel scheme, generating 15 crosses. These genotypes were evaluated in the F2 and F3 generations for seed yield and size, and in the F3 generation, ten other traits were added. In both generations, tolerance to rust was estimated in experiments designed for different managements of the disease with fungicides. Individual and joint analyzes of variance, grouping of means, diallel analyzes, and estimation of heritability and correlation coefficients were performed. The analyzes showed the existence of variability among the evaluated genotypes and indicated that the crosses presented superior performance to the parents for important traits. The use of different rust managements with fungicides was efficient, since it was possible to identify tolerant genotypes. In addition, significant genotypes x environments interactions were detected, a fact that represented a challenge for the selection of the best genotypes. The parents BRS 267, USP 13-66136 and USP 13-19007 stood out for presenting high estimates of general combining ability and the crosses USP 13-66136 x USP 13-19007, USP 13-66136 x USP 13-19034, BRS 267 x USP 13-19007 and Tengamine x USP 13-19.007 presented the best performances. Estimates of specific combining ability (Sii) of the parents indicated divergence between them and the traits showed high estimates of heritability. The magnitude and significance of the correlations indicated the possibility of selecting early genotypes with large seeds and showed that the selection of genotypes with a longer period between R6 and R7 (SGR6) benefits seed yield. Therefore, it was possible to identify promising parents and crosses for the development of new lines suitable for the production of vegetable soybean with rust tolerance.

Entre as principais demandas da agricultura brasileira nos últimos anos, destaca-se a necessidade de cultivares de soja com elevado potencial produtivo, resistentes/tolerantes a doenças, em especial à ferrugem asiática da soja e com ciclo reduzido. O trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar cruzamentos de soja em diferentes gerações de endogamia e seleção, com ênfase nos caracteres produtividade de grãos, resistência/tolerância à ferrugem e ciclo (precocidade). Os 49 cruzamentos foram obtidos em um dialelo parcial 7x7, avaliados nas gerações F2 e F2:3 por Oliveira (2011) e, neste trabalho, nas gerações F2:4, F2:5, F5:6 e F5:7. Um total de dez experimentos (combinações de anos agrícolas, locais e manejos de doenças) foram realizados em blocos aumentados e ou blocos casualizados. Os dois manejos de doenças compreenderam um experimento com controle das doenças de fim de ciclo (DFC) e da ferrugem, enquanto que no segundo experimento envolveu somente o controle das DFC. Os caracteres avaliados foram: produtividade de grãos (PG), peso de cem sementes (PCS, representando o tamanho das sementes), número de dias para a maturidade (NDM), altura da planta na maturidade (APM), acamamento (AC), valor agronômico (VA), notas de severidade da ferrugem (NF) e taxas de reação à ferrugem (TRF). As TRFs foram estimadas para cada caráter por meio da diferença entre as médias ajustadas de cada genótipo nos dois experimentos com manejos de doenças. Foram realizadas análises de variância, estimativas de herdabilidade, capacidades médias de combinação (CMC), correlações das CMC entre as gerações, correlações entre caracteres, seleção de linhagens experimentais superiores e estimativas dos ganhos com a seleção. As metodologias de avaliação da resistência (NF) e da tolerância (TRF) possibilitaram a discriminação de genótipos superiores quanto à reação à ferrugem, demonstrando evidências de serem complementares e úteis para uso em conjunto. Observou-se maior tendência de haver correlações das CMC entre as gerações para caracteres de alta herdabilidade. A magnitude da variabilidade dentro de cruzamentos oscilou em consequência da seleção e da abertura de progênies e ou linhagens para a maior parte dos caracteres. Apesar das correlações entre os caracteres (NDM x PG e NDM x NF), foram observados ganhos na seleção de genótipos superiores. Os genitores que mais contribuíram para a obtenção de linhagens experimentais com alta produtividade de grãos, resistentes/tolerantes à ferrugem e precoces foram M-Soy 8001 e IAC 100 no Grupo I e USP 70.080 e USP 70.123 no Grupo II do dialelo. / Among the main demands of Brazilian agriculture in recent years highlights the need for soybean cultivars with high yield potential, resistance / tolerance to diseases, mainly Asian soybean rust (FAS) and reduced cycle. The research aimed to study the genetic relationships of soybean crosses in different generations of inbreeding and selection, with an emphasis on the seed yield, resistance/tolerance to rust and cycle (earliness). The 49 crosses was obtained in a partial diallel 7x7, researching the generations F2 and F2: 3 by Oliveira (2011) and, in this work, the generations F2:4, F2:5, F5:6 and F5:7. A total of ten experiments (combinations of agricultural years, locations and disease managements) were performed in augmented block and or randomized complete-block designs. The two managements involved one experiment with control of the late season leaf diseases (DFC) and rust, whereas the second experiment only involved the control of the DFC. The following traits were evaluated : seed yield (PG), one hundred seed weight (PCS, representing the seed size), number of days to maturity (NDM), plant height at maturity (APM), lodging (AC), agronomic value (VA), notes of rust severity (NF) and the rust reaction rates (TRF). The TRFs for each trait were estimated by the difference between the adjusted means of each genotype in the two experiments with diseases managements. There were obtained analyses of variance and estimates of heritability, average combining ability (CMC), the CMC correlations between generations, correlations between traits, selection of superior experimental lines and the selection gains. The methodologies for measuring the rust resistance by severity notes (NF) and the rust tolerance (TRF) allowed the discrimination of genotypes and showed evidences of being complementary and with benefits for use together. Higher evidences of CMC correlations between generations were observed in the high heritability traits. The magnitude of the variability within crosses oscillated due the selection and the progeny/line opening, for most of the traits. Even with negative correlations between traits ( NDM x PG and NDM x NF), there were observed gains in the selection of superior genotypes. The parents who contributed most to obtain experimental lines with high seed yield, rust resistance / tolerance and earliness were M-Soy 8001 and IAC 100 in the Group I, and USP 70.080 and USP 70.123 in the Group II of the diallel.

L’optimisation des communications par satellite devient un enjeu crucial pour fournir un accèsInternet aux zones blanches et/ou défavorisées et pour supporter des réseaux à grande échelle.Dans ce contexte, l’utilisation des techniques d’accès aléatoires sur le lien retour permetd’améliorer les performances de ces systèmes. Cependant, les techniques d’accès aléatoireclassiques comme ‘Aloha’ et ‘Slotted Aloha’ ne sont pas optimales pour la transmission dedonnées sur le lien retour. En effet, ces techniques présentent un taux élevé de pertes depaquets suite aux collisions. Par conséquent, des études récentes ont proposé de nouvellesméthodes d’accès aléatoire pour résoudre les collisions entre les paquets et ainsi, améliorerles performances. En particulier, ces méthodes se basent sur la redondance de l’informationet l’annulation successive des interférences. Dans ces systèmes, l’estimation de canal sur le lien retour est un problème difficile en raison du haut niveau de collisions de paquets. Dans une première contribution dans cette thèse, nous décrivons une technique améliorée d’estimation de canal pour les paquets en collision. Par ailleurs, nous analysons l’impact des erreurs résiduelles d’estimation de canal sur la performance des annulations successives des interférences. Même si les résultats obtenus sont encore légèrement inférieurs au cas de connaissance parfaite du canal, on observe une amélioration significative des performances par rapport aux algorithmes d’estimation de canal existants. Une autre contribution de cette thèse présente une méthode appelée ‘Multi-Replica Decoding using Correlation based Localisation’ (MARSALA). Celle-ci est une nouvelle technique de décodage pour la méthode d’accès aléatoire synchrone ‘Contention Résolution diversité Slotted Aloha’ (CRDSA), qui est basée sur les principe de réplication de paquets et d’annulation successive des interférences. Comparée aux méthodes d’accès aléatoire traditionnelles, CRDSA permet d’améliorer considérablement les performances. Toutefois, le débit offert par CRDSA peut être limité à cause des fortes collisions de paquets. L’utilisation deMARSALA par le récepteur permet d’améliorer les résultats en appliquant des techniques de corrélation temporelles pour localiser et combiner les répliques d’un paquet donné. Cette procédure aboutit à des gains en termes de débit et de taux d’erreurs paquets. Néanmoins, le gain offert par MARSALAest fortement dépendant de la synchronisation en temps et en phase des répliques d’un mêmepaquet. Dans cette thèse, nous détaillons le fonctionnement de MARSALA afin de corriger ladésynchronisation en temps et en phase entre les répliques. De plus, nous évaluons l’impactde la combinaison imparfaite des répliques sur les performances, en fournissant un modèle analytique ainsi que des résultats de simulation. En outre, plusieurs schémas d’optimisationde MARSALA sont proposés tels que le principe du ‘MaximumRatio Combining’, ou la transmissiondes paquets à des puissances différentes. Utilisées conjointement, ces différentespropositions permettent d’obtenir une amélioration très significative des performances. Enfin,nous montrons qu’en choisissant la configuration optimale pour MARSALA, le gain deperformance est considérablement amélioré. / With the need to provide the Internet access to deprived areas and to cope with constantlyenlarging satellite networks, enhancing satellite communications becomes a crucial challenge.In this context, the use of Random Access (RA) techniques combined with dedicated accesson the satellite return link, can improve the system performance. However conventionalRA techniques like Aloha and Slotted Aloha suffer from a high packet loss rate caused bydestructive packet collisions. For this reason, those techniques are not well-suited for datatransmission in satellite communications. Therefore, researchers have been studying andproposing new RA techniques that can cope with packet collisions and decrease the packet lossratio. In particular, recent RA techniques involving information redundancy and successiveinterference cancellation, have shown some promising performance gains.With such methods that can function in high load regimes and resolve packets with high collisions,channel estimation is not an evident task. As a first contribution in this dissertation, wedescribe an improved channel estimation scheme for packets in collision in new RAmethodsin satellite communications. And we analyse the impact of residual channel estimation errorson the performance of interference cancellation. The results obtained show a performancedegradation compared to the perfect channel knowledge case, but provide a performanceenhancement compared to existing channel estimation algorithms. Another contribution of this thesis is presenting a method called Multi-Replica Decoding using Correlation based Localisation (MARSALA). MARSALA is a new decoding technique for a recent synchronous RAmethod called Contention Resolution Diversity Slotted Aloha (CRDSA). Based on packets replication and successive interference cancellation, CRDSA enables to significantly enhance the performance of legacy RA techniques. However, if CRDSA is unable to resolve additional packets due to high levels of collision, MARSALA is applied. At the receiver side, MARSALA takes advantage of correlation procedures to localise the replicas of a given packet, then combines the replicas in order to obtain a better Signal to Noise plus Interference Ratio. Nevertheless, the performance ofMARSALA is highly dependent on replicas synchronisation in timing and phase, otherwise replicas combination would not be constructive. In this dissertation, we describe an overall framework ofMARSALA including replicas timing and phase estimation and compensation, then channel estimation for theresulting signal. This dissertation also provides an analytical model for the performancedegradation of MARSALA due to imperfect replicas combination and channel estimation.In addition, several enhancement schemes forMARSALA are proposed likeMaximum RatioCombining, packets power unbalance, and various coding schemes. Finally, we show thatby choosing the optimal design configuration for MARSALA, the performance gain can besignificantly enhanced.

The generalization abilities of machine learning algorithms often depend on the algorithms’ initialization, parameter settings, training sets, or feature selections. For instance, SVM classifier performance largely relies on whether the selected kernel functions are suitable for real application data. To enhance the performance of individual classifiers, this dissertation proposes classifier fusion models using computational intelligence knowledge to combine different classifiers. The first fusion model called T1FFSVM combines multiple SVM classifiers through constructing a fuzzy logic system. T1FFSVM can be improved by tuning the fuzzy membership functions of linguistic variables using genetic algorithms. The improved model is called GFFSVM. To better handle uncertainties existing in fuzzy MFs and in classification data, T1FFSVM can also be improved by applying type-2 fuzzy logic to construct a type-2 fuzzy classifier fusion model (T2FFSVM). T1FFSVM, GFFSVM, and T2FFSVM use accuracy as a classifier performance measure. AUC (the area under an ROC curve) is proved to be a better classifier performance metric. As a comparison study, AUC-based classifier fusion models are also proposed in the dissertation. The experiments on biomedical datasets demonstrate promising performance of the proposed classifier fusion models comparing with the individual composing classifiers. The proposed classifier fusion models also demonstrate better performance than many existing classifier fusion methods. The dissertation also studies one interesting phenomena in biology domain using machine learning and classifier fusion methods. That is, how protein structures and sequences are related each other. The experiments show that protein segments with similar structures also share similar sequences, which add new insights into the existing knowledge on the relation between protein sequences and structures: similar sequences share high structure similarity, but similar structures may not share high sequence similarity.

Multi-user MIMO (MIMO-MU) communication techniques make use of available channel state information at the transmitter to mitigate the inter-user interference. The goal of these techniques is to provide the least interference at the mobile stations by applying a precoding operation. In this thesis a comparison of available techniques in the literature such as Channel Decomposition, SINR Balancing, Joint-MMSE optimization is presented. Novel techniques for the MIMO multi-user downlink communication systems, where a single stream is transmitted to each user are proposed. The proposed methods, different from the other methods in the literature, use a simple receiver to combat the interference. It has been shown that MRC based receivers are as good as more complicated joint MMSE receivers.

Wireless communication systems have exploded in popularity over the past few decades. Due to their popularity, the demand for higher data rates by the users, and the high cost of wireless spectrum, wireless providers are actively seeking ways to improve the spectral efficiency of their networks. One promising technique to improve spectral efficiency is to equip the wireless devices with multiple antennas. If both the transmitter and receiver of a link are equipped with multiple antennas, they form a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) link. The multiple antennas at the nodes provide degrees-of-freedom that can be used for either sending multiple streams of data simultaneously (a technique known as spatial multiplexing), or for suppressing interference through linear combining, but not both. Due to this trade-off, careful allocation of how many streams each link should carry is important to ensure that each node has enough degrees-of-freedom available to suppress the interference and support its desired streams. How the streams are sent and received and how interference is suppressed is ultimately determined by the beamforming weights at the transmitters and the combining weights at the receivers. Determining these weights is, however, made difficult by their inherent interdependency. Our focus is on unplanned and/or dense single-hop networks, such as WLANs and femtocells, where each single-hop network is composed of an access point serving several associated clients. The objective of this research is to design algorithms for maximizing the performance of dense single-hop wireless networks of MIMO links. We address the problems of determining which links to schedule together at each time slot, how many streams to allocate to each link (if any), and the beamforming and combining weights that support those streams. This dissertation describes four key contributions as follows: - We classify any interference suppression technique as either unilateral interference suppression or bilateral interference suppression. We show that a simple bilateral interference suppression approach outperforms all known unilateral interference suppression approaches, even after searching for the best unilateral solution. - We propose an algorithm based on bilateral interference suppression whose goal is to maximize the sum rate of a set of interfering MIMO links by jointly optimizing which subset of transmitters should transmit, the number of streams for each transmitter (if any), and the beamforming and combining weights that support those streams. - We propose a framework for optimizing dense single-hop wireless networks. The framework implements techniques to address several practical issues that arise when implementing interference suppression, such as the overhead of performing channel measurements and communicating channel state information, the overhead of computing the beamforming and combining weights, and the overhead of cooperation between the access points. - We derive the optimal scheduler that maximizes the sum rate subject to proportional fairness. Simulations in ns-3 show that the framework, using the optimal scheduler, increases the proportionally fair aggregate goodput by up to 165% as compared to the aggregate goodput of 802.11n for the case of four interfering single-hop wireless networks with two clients each.

Les transmissions numériques par satellite sont largement utilisées dans plusieurs domaines allant des applications commerciales en orbites terrestres aux missions d'exploration scientifiques en espace lointain (Deep Space). Ces systèmes de transmission fonctionnent sur des très grandes distances et ils disposent des ressources énergétiques très limitées. Cela se traduit par un très faible rapport signal à bruit au niveau de la station de réception terrestre. Une possibilité d'établir une liaison fiable dans ces conditions très défavorables, réside dans l'utilisation de codes correcteurs d'erreurs puissants tels que les Turbo codes et le LDPC. Cependant, les gains de codage sont conditionnés par le bon fonctionnement des étages de la démodulation cohérente en amont, notamment l'étage de synchronisation. L'opération de synchronisation consiste à estimer et compenser le décalage en phase et en fréquence entre le signal reçu et l'oscillateur local du récepteur. Ces décalages sont généralement provoqués par des imperfections matérielles et le phénomène d'effet Doppler. A très faible rapport signal à bruit, les systèmes de synchronisation actuels se trouvent limités et incapables d'assurer les performances requises. Notre objectif est de fiabiliser l'étage de synchronisation du récepteur dans des conditions très difficiles de faible rapport signal sur bruit, d'effet Doppler conséquent avec prise en compte d'un phénomène d'accélération (Doppler rate) et d'une transmission sans pilote. Cette thèse CIFRE traite du problème de la synchronisation porteuse pour la voie descendante d'une transmission Deep Space. Après la réalisation d'une étude de l'état de l'art des techniques de synchronisation, nous avons retenu les boucles à verrouillage de phase (PLL: Phase Locked Loop). Dans un contexte industriel, les PLL offrent le meilleur compromis entre complexité d'implémentation et performances. Plusieurs détecteurs de phase basés le critère du maximum de vraisemblance ont été considérés et modélisés par leurs courbes caractéristiques. En se basant sur les modèles équivalents, nous avons développé une nouvelle étude de la phase d'acquisition non-linéaire d'une PLL du deuxième ordre avec un détecteur de phase semi-sinusoïdal. La deuxième partie de la thèse a été consacrée à l'étude des techniques de combinaison d'antennes. Ces méthodes visent à exploiter la diversité spatiale et améliorer le bilan de liaison de la chaîne de transmission tout en offrant une flexibilité de conception ainsi qu'une réduction considérable du coût d'installation. A l'issue de cette partie, nous avons proposé un nouveau schéma de combinaison d'antenne qui améliore le seuil de fonctionnement des systèmes existants. / In deep space communication systems, the long distance between the spacecraft and the ground station along with the limited capacity of the on-board power generator result a very low signal to noise ratio (SNR). However, such transmission still possible by using near Shannon limit error correction codes (Turbo code and LDPC code). Nevertheless, to take advantage of this coding gain, the coherent demodulation is mandatory, and the carrier phase synchronization must be reliable at more restrictive SNR. At very low SNR, current synchronization systems are limited and unable to provide the required performances. Our goal is to improve the reliability of the receiver synchronization stage under very difficult conditions of a very low SNR, a variable Doppler effect (Doppler rate) and a blind transmission. This thesis deals with the problem of carrier phase synchronization for the downlink of a Deep Space transmission. After the study of the existing solutions, we selected the phase locked loop (Phase Locked Loop: PLL). In an industrial context, PLL offers the best trade-off between complexity and performance. Several phase detectors based on the maximum likelihood criterion were considered and characterized by their S-curves. Based on the equivalent models, we have developed a new study of the non-linear acquisition phase of a second-order PLL with a semi-sinusoidal phase error detector. The second part of the thesis was dedicated to the antennas combining techniques. These methods aim to improve the link budget of the transmission and offer more flexibility. At the end of this part, we proposed a new antennas combining scheme that improves the operating threshold of existing systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 641991 bytes, checksum: 84467ce28894c0eac832487219586a32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The correct choice of parental strains for hybridization and segregating populations to be conducted constitutes the most important decision to be taken by the plant breeder. Prior knowledge of the genetic potential of a breeding, obtained by different methodologies, allows efforts to be concentrated on those most promising combinations, favoring the genetic progress of the culture and avoiding the loss of financial resources and time. Thus, the purpose of this work was to identify superior parental strains and promising segregating populations in order to obtain high grain yield strains using different methodologies and to assess the degree of correlation between these methodologies. The methods used in this study were the diallel analysis, the Jinks and Pooni method (1976), the parental average and assessment of the genetic diversity. The study evaluated 36 segregating populations and 12 parental strains in Viçosa MG during 2008 and 2009. Variability between and within the segregating populations was observed. A significant difference was verified for GCA by diallel analysis of the F2 and F3 generations, however a non-significant difference for SCA was also observed in this analysis. The BRS 264, IAC 364, Aliança, Pioneiro and VI 98053 cultivars presented greater potential for increasing the grain yield, therefore they were recommended to be utilized in the hybridization blocks. The populations that presented the greatest potential were BRS264/Aliança, BRS264/VI98053, BRS264/Pioneiro, IAC364/Aliança, IAC364/VI98053 and IAC364/Pioneiro. The parental average was useful in predicting the average grain yield in the segregating populations assessed in two generations. In addition, it presented good concordance with the selected populations through diallel analysis. Instead, by the Jinks and Pooni methodology analysis (1976) the populations with greater potential did not corresponded to those considered superior by the other methodologies. The analysis of the diversity proved the existence of dissimilarity between the parental strains evaluated. However, similarly to the parental average it was observed that when the analysis of the diversity is applied individually it is not an effective prediction method. Among all the methodologies used, the diallel analysis demonstrated to be the most consistent for the selection of parental strains and segregating populations. / A escolha correta de genitores para hibridação e de populações segregantes a serem conduzidas constitui a decisão de maior importância a ser tomada pelo melhorista. O conhecimento prévio do potencial genético de um cruzamento, obtido por diferentes metodologias, permite que os esforços sejam concentrados naqueles mais promissores, favorecendo o progresso genético da cultura e evitando a perda de recursos financeiros e tempo. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com este trabalho identificar genitores superiores e populações segregantes promissoras para a extração de linhagens com alto rendimento de grãos por meio da análise dialélica, do método de Jinks e Pooni (1976), da média parental e da diversidade genética e avaliar o grau de concordância entre essas metodologias. Para isso 36 populações segregantes e 12 genitores foram avaliados em Viçosa-MG nos anos de 2008 e 2009. Foi constatada a existência de variabilidade entre e dentro das populações segregantes. Pela análise dialélica da geração F2 e F3 foi verificada diferença significativa para CGC e não significativa para CEC. As cultivares BRS 264, IAC 364, Aliança, Pioneiro e VI 98053 apresentaram maior potencial para incremento no rendimento de grãos, sendo recomendada sua utilização em blocos de cruzamentos. As populações que apresentaram maior potencial foram BRS264/Aliança, BRS264/VI98053, BRS264/Pioneiro, IAC364/Aliança, IAC364/VI98053 e IAC364/Pioneiro. A média parental foi eficiente na predição da média de rendimento de grãos das populações segregantes nas duas gerações avaliadas. Além disso, apresentou boa concordância com as populações selecionadas via análise dialélica. Já pela metodologia de Jinks e Pooni (1976) as populações com maiores probabilidades não corresponderam àquelas consideradas superiores pelas demais metodologias. A análise de diversidade comprovou a existência de dissimilaridade entre os genitores avaliados. Entretanto, semelhantemente à média parental, foi constatado que individualmente esta metodologia não consiste em um método eficiente de predição. Dentre as metodologias utilizadas, a análise dialélica se mostrou mais consistente para seleção de genitores e populações segregantes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV11MA037.pdf: 605162 bytes, checksum: 2e3e438ce062ad8ed7349ee5404d8ab1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-09 / The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic control of agronomic characteristics of the bean: cycle, plant height, stem diameter, first pod, number of pods per plant and number of grains per pod, to catarina plateau and study the inheritance of the regeneration capacity in vitro and fixed segregating generations. In the first experiment, the F1 seeds obtained from a diallel crossing scheme with six parents: Xan 159, Perola, BAF 63, IPR Uirapuru, BRS Supreme and BRS Valente, were taken to the field in a completely randomized design with two replications. After harvesting were evaluated according to the six agronomic traits. The diallel was analyzed using Griffing Method I that estimates the general ability and specific combining ability and reciprocal effect. One of diallel crosses obtained by (Xan 159 vs Perola) and its reciprocal (Perola vs Xan 159) were selected because of regeneration capacity in vitro than the parent Xan 159 has to study the genetic inheritance of this feature. The seeds F1, F2, F1r and F2r of crossing Xan 159 vs Perola were evaluated for regeneration potential in vitro, according to a binomial distribution in a completely randomized design, with each seed was considered a repetition. The ability of in vitro regeneration was evaluated by calculating the means and variances were estimated and from these genetic components, environmental and phenotypic, heritability and number of genes. The mean F1, F2, F1r and F2r were tested by t. Diallel analysis showed significant values at 5% for general ability and specific combining indicating that genetic effects are additive and not additive involved in the control of those characteristics. For this reciprocal effect the values were significant indicating that there is the presence of cytoplasmic effect and nuclear gene inherited from the female parent in traits indicating how best female parents access BAF 63 and lineage Xan 159 as best male parents BRS Valente and IPR Uirapuru and the access BAF 63. With respect to general combining ability the genotype Perola is considered promising for improving desirable traits for common bean in the Catarina Plateau and the best combinations based on specific capacity was Xan 159 vs. BRS Supremo, Xan 159 vs. BRS Valente, Perola vs. BAF 63, BAF 63 vs. IPR Uirapuru and BAF 63 vs. BRS Valente. The analysis on the capacity for regeneration in vitro indicate that the parent had a higher average Xan 159, exceeding all generations evaluated for regeneration. With the average fixed generation was found that the allelic interaction in this regeneration in vitro is not addictive. The components of variance indicated that environment 10 has a major contribution in the phenotype of seeds evaluated in comparison with the genetic variance. The value found for broad-sense heritability was intermediate, demonstrating the contribution of genetic factor in the expression of the trait. The estimated number of genes indicates the influence of at least one gene of major effect on regeneration in vitro. From the evaluation performed in the F1 generations (Xan 159 vs. Perola), F2 (Xan 159 vs. Perola) F1r (Perola vs. Xan 159) and F2r (Perola vs. Xan 159) can be seen the presence of the reciprocal effect on the character acting in vitro regeneration of beans / O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o controle genético das características de interesse agronômico do feijão: ciclo, estatura de planta, diâmetro do caule, inserção do primeiro legume, número de legumes por planta e número de grãos por legume, para o Planalto Catarinense e estudar a herança da capacidade de regeneração in vitro em gerações fixas e segregantes. No primeiro experimento as sementes F1 obtidas em um esquema de cruzamento dialélico com seis genitores: Xan 159, Pérola, BAF 63, IPR Uirapuru, BRS Supremo e BRS Valente, foram levadas a campo em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com duas repetições. Depois de colhidas foram avaliadas de acordo com as seis características de interesse agronômico. O dialelo foi analisado utilizando o Método I de Griffing que estima a capacidade geral e a capacidade específica de combinação e o efeito do recíproco. Um dos cruzamentos obtidos com o dialelo (Xan 159 vs. Pérola) e o seu recíproco (Pérola vs. Xan 159) foram selecionados devido a capacidade de regeneração in vitro que o genitor Xan 159 apresenta, para estudar a herança genética da capacidade de regeneração in vitro. As sementes F1, F2, F1r e F2r do cruzamento Xan 159 vs Pérola foram avaliadas quanto ao potencial de regeneração in vitro, de acordo com uma distribuição binomial em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo que, cada semente foi considerada uma repetição. A capacidade de regeneração in vitro foi avaliada através de cálculos de médias e variâncias e a partir delas foram estimados os componentes genético, ambiental e fenotípico, a herdabilidade e o número de genes. As médias das gerações F1, F2, F1r e F2r foram testadas pelo teste t. A análise dialélica mostrou valores significativos a 5% para a capacidade geral e específica de combinação indicando que existem efeitos gênicos aditivos e não aditivos envolvidos no controle das características avaliadas. Para o efeito recíproco os valores foram significativos indicando que existe a presença de efeito citoplasmático e de genes nucleares herdados do genitor feminino nos caracteres avaliados indicando como melhores genitores femininos o acesso BAF 63 e a Linhagem Xan 159 e como melhores genitores masculinos as cultivares BRS Valente e IPR Uirapuru e o acesso BAF 63. A capacidade geral de combinação da cultivar Pérola é considerada promissora para melhorar características desejáveis para o feijão no Planalto Catarinense e as melhores combinações com base na capacidade específica foram Xan 159 vs. BRS Supremo, Xan 159 vs. BRS Valente, Pérola vs. BAF 63, BAF 63 vs. IPR Uirapuru e BAF 63 vs. BRS Valente. O genótipo Xan 159 apresenta um bom potencial para 8 regenerar in vitro, superando as demais gerações fixas e segregantes. Com as médias das gerações fixas foi constatado que a interação alélica presente na capacidade de regeneração in vitro é não aditiva. Os componentes da variância indicam que o ambiente possui uma maior contribuição no fenótipo das sementes avaliadas em comparação com a variância genética. O valor encontrado para herdabilidade no sentido amplo foi intermediário, demonstrando a contribuição do fator genético na expressão da característica. A estimativa do número de genes indica a influência de pelo menos um gene de efeito maior sobre a regeneração in vitro. A partir da avaliação realizada nas gerações F1 (Xan 159 vs. Pérola), F2 (Xan 159 vs. Pérola), F1r (Pérola vs. Xan 159) e F2r Pérola vs. Xan 159) pode ser constatado a presença do efeito recíproco atuando sobre o caráter regeneração in vitro do feijão

Entre os maiores desafios existentes para a cultura da soja, os estresses bióticos e abióticos se destacam e a incidência de patógenos como a ferrugem asiática, causam grandes perdas aos produtores. No Brasil, a ferrugem é a principal causa de prejuízos nas lavouras e estratégias para o seu controle mais eficiente são necessárias. O melhoramento genético para a tolerância constitui uma importante ferramenta para manter a ferrugem em níveis abaixo de dano econômico por um período mais duradouro. Outro aspecto importante da cultura da soja é relacionado com a sua utilização, destacando-se a produção de farelo com alto teor de proteína e de óleo comestível e combustível. Apesar de apresentar uma rica composição nutricional, o seu uso direto na alimentação humana ainda não é comum no Brasil. Uma das formas de incluir a soja na dieta é na forma de hortaliça, também conhecida como Edamame, em que as vagens são colhidas ainda verdes ou imaturas (estádio R6) e os grãos consumidos após breve cozimento. Contudo, poucos esforços têm sido dedicados para desenvolver novos genótipos com boa performance agronômica e adequados ao consumo humano. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar genótipos de soja para a produção de soja hortaliça que apresentem tolerância à ferrugem. Para isto foram realizados cruzamentos entre seis genitores com boas características agronômicas em um esquema dialélico 6x6, gerando 15 cruzamentos. Estes genótipos foram avaliados nas gerações F2 e F3 para a produtividade e o tamanho das sementes, sendo que na geração F3, foram adicionados outros dez caracteres. Nas duas gerações, foi estimada a sua tolerância à ferrugem, utilizando manejos diferentes da doença com fungicidas. Foram realizadas análises de variância individuais e conjuntas, agrupamento de médias, análises dialélicas, tendo sido estimados os coeficientes de herdabilidade e correlações entre os caracteres. As análises mostraram a existência de variabilidade entre os genótipos avaliados e indicaram que os cruzamentos apresentaram desempenho superior aos genitores para caracteres importantes. O uso dos diferentes manejos da ferrugem com fungicidas mostrou-se eficiente uma vez que foi possível identificar genótipos tolerantes. Além disso, foram detectadas interações genótipos x ambientes significativas, fato que representou um desafio para a seleção dos melhores genótipos. Os genitores BRS 267, USP 13-66.136 e USP 13-19.007 destacaram-se por apresentar estimativas altas de capacidade de combinação e os cruzamentos USP 13-66.136 x USP 13-19.007, USP 13-66.136 x USP 13-19.034, BRS 267 x USP 13-19.007 e Tengamine x USP 13-19.007 apresentaram os melhores desempenhos. As estimativas de capacidade específica de combinação (Sii) dos genitores indicaram a existência de divergência entre eles e os caracteres apresentaram altas herdabilidades. A magnitude e a significância das correlações indicaram a possibilidade de seleção de genótipos precoces com sementes grandes e, também, evidenciaram que a seleção de genótipos com período mais longo entre R6 e R7 (SGR6) beneficia a produtividade. Portanto, foi possível identificar genitores e cruzamentos promissores para o desenvolvimento de novas linhagens apropriadas para a produção de soja hortaliça com tolerância à ferrugem. / Among the major challenges for soybean cultivation, biotic and abiotic stresses stand out and the incidence of pathogens such as Asian rust can cause extensive losses to farmers. In Brazil, rust is the main cause of crop damage and strategies for a more efficient control are necessary. Breeding for tolerance is an important tool to keep rust below economic damage for a longer period. Another important aspect of the soybean crop is related to its use, which is directed to the production of high-protein meal, edible oil and fuel. Although this legume has a rich nutritional composition, its direct use in the diet is still not common in Brazil. One of the ways to use soybean as food is in the form of vegetable, also known as Edamame, in which the pods are harvested green or immature (R6 stage) and the grains consumed after brief cooking. However, few efforts have been devoted to developing new soybean genotypes with good agronomic performance and characteristics suitable for human consumption. The present research had the objective of evaluating soybean genotypes for the production of vegetable soybean with rust tolerance. For this, crosses between six parents with good agronomic characteristics were performed in a 6x6 diallel scheme, generating 15 crosses. These genotypes were evaluated in the F2 and F3 generations for seed yield and size, and in the F3 generation, ten other traits were added. In both generations, tolerance to rust was estimated in experiments designed for different managements of the disease with fungicides. Individual and joint analyzes of variance, grouping of means, diallel analyzes, and estimation of heritability and correlation coefficients were performed. The analyzes showed the existence of variability among the evaluated genotypes and indicated that the crosses presented superior performance to the parents for important traits. The use of different rust managements with fungicides was efficient, since it was possible to identify tolerant genotypes. In addition, significant genotypes x environments interactions were detected, a fact that represented a challenge for the selection of the best genotypes. The parents BRS 267, USP 13-66136 and USP 13-19007 stood out for presenting high estimates of general combining ability and the crosses USP 13-66136 x USP 13-19007, USP 13-66136 x USP 13-19034, BRS 267 x USP 13-19007 and Tengamine x USP 13-19.007 presented the best performances. Estimates of specific combining ability (Sii) of the parents indicated divergence between them and the traits showed high estimates of heritability. The magnitude and significance of the correlations indicated the possibility of selecting early genotypes with large seeds and showed that the selection of genotypes with a longer period between R6 and R7 (SGR6) benefits seed yield. Therefore, it was possible to identify promising parents and crosses for the development of new lines suitable for the production of vegetable soybean with rust tolerance.