This creative project presents an overview of the architectural styles and history of the surviving commercial architecture of A.M. Strauss in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He was the best known architect working in Fort Wayne during the period covered by this creative project, and his work is an excellent example of how national architectural trends affected architecture in Fort Wayne. His commercial architecture represents his best known and most significant work. He did far too many buildings to cover in a single thesis, and so his residential and institutional architecture in Fort Wayne remains for another study, as do his many works outside of Fort Wayne. This project also brings together in one treatment as much photographic, historical and architectural documentation of these buildings as possible — documentation now scattered across east central and northeast Indiana. It traces Strauss's stylistic changes from Spanish Eclecticism through Art Deco and Art Moderne to Modernism. The surviving buildings represent each of these styles and shifts in historical context. / Department of Architecture

Orientador: Flávio Augusto Picchi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T20:46:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gimenes_DominiquedaSilvaLoureiro_M.pdf: 2584063 bytes, checksum: dba74aba6c3c0310208951041ff00910 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As edificações comerciais, de modo geral, estão em constante transformação e modernização para cada vez mais atender as necessidades do mercado consumidor. Em um ambiente de obra, sem um elaborado projeto, planejamento e padronização das atividades e em um ambiente de incertezas, o custo e o prazo de implantação de um empreendimento pode ficar exposto a uma sucessão de condições de risco. Práticas de gerenciamento vêm sendo aplicadas por diversas empresas que atuam no setor buscando uma maior competitividade, redução de custos, desperdícios e menores prazos na execução de projetos e obras. A abordagem gerencial conhecida como "Fast Track" surgiu no início dos anos 60 e passou a ser mais estudada e aplicada nos anos 70, mas sua aplicação prática vem se mostrando no cenário atual, uma importante ferramenta para o gerenciamento de projetos e obras de edificações comerciais, que necessitam de menores prazos de projeto e execução. Para investidores de edificações comerciais, como hotéis, centros de distribuição, indústrias, hipermercados, bancos, redes de fast food entre outros, uma obra entregue fora do prazo é sinônimo de prejuízo. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor diretrizes para a aplicação dos princípios da abordagem "Fast Track" no processo de gerenciamento de projeto e obras de edifícios comerciais. Esta pesquisa adota como estratégia, estudo exploratório com estudo de caso tendo o objetivo de analisar a aplicação prática em uma empresa dos conceitos desta abordagem gerencial, identificando os fatores de sucesso e dificuldades no processo de projeto e obra de edificações comerciais / Abstract: The commercial buildings, in general, are in constant transformation and modernization to increasingly better serve their customers. In a work environment, without a well developed project, planning and standardization of the activities and in an environment of uncertainty, cost and time of implantation of an enterprise can be exposed to a succession of risk conditions. Management Practices have been implemented by several companies that operate in the sector seeking greater competitiveness, cost reduction, less waste and delays in implementation of projects and works. The managerial approach known as the "Fast Track" emerged in the early 60's and became more studied and applied in 70's, but its practical application, has been showing the current scenario an a important tool for project management and construction of commercial buildings, which require less time for design and execution. For investors in commercial buildings such as hotels, distribution centers, factories, supermarkets, banks and others, handed out a work term is synonymous with the injury. This paper aims to propose guidelines for the application of the principles of the approach "Fast Track" in the process of project management and construction of commercial buildings. This research adopts as strategy, exploratory case study aimed to analyze the practical application in a company of the concepts of this managerial approach, identifying the success factors and difficulties in the process of design and construction of commercial buildings / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

In the United States, commercial and residential buildings are responsible for 40% of total energy consumption, which provides an important opportunity for energy impact. As we spend the majority of our active moments during the day in transportation, commercial buildings, streets, and infrastructure, some of the greatest opportunities to reduce energy usage occur when we are outside of the home. A large percentage of energy consumption in the built environment directly or indirectly services humans; thus, there is a significant amount of untapped energy savings that can be achieved by involving humans in the optimization process. By including occupants in the building co-optimization process, we can gain a better understanding of individual energy responsibility and significantly improve energy consumption, thermal comfort and air quality over non human-in-the-loop systems and strategies. First, we present ePrints, a scalable energy footprinting system capable of providing personalized energy footprints in real-time. ePrints supports different apportionment policies, with microsecond-level footprint computation time and graceful scaling with the size of the building, frequency of energy updates, and rate of occupant location changes. Finally, we present applications enabled by our system, such as mobile and wearable applications to provide users timely feedback on the energy impacts of their actions, as well as applications to provide energy saving suggestions and inform building-level policies. Next, we extend the idea of energy footprinting to the city-scale with CityEnergy a city-scale energy footprinting system that utilizes the city's digital twin to provide real-time energy footprints with a focus on 100% coverage. CityEnergy takes advantage of existing sensing infrastructure and data sources in urban cities to provide energy and population estimates at the building level, even in built environments that do not have existing or accessible energy or population data. CityEnergy takes advantage of LFTSys, a low frame-rate vehicle tracking and traffic flow system that we implement on New York City's traffic camera network, to aid in building population estimates. Evaluations comparing CityEnergy with building level energy footprints and city-wide data demonstrate the potential for CityEnergy to provide personal energy footprint estimates at the city-scale. We then tackle the challenge of involving humans in the building energy optimization process by developing recEnergy, a recommender system for reducing energy consumption in commercial buildings with human-in-the-loop. recEnergy learns actions with high energy saving potential through deep reinforcement learning, actively distribute recommendations to occupants in a commercial building, and utilize feedback from the occupants to better learn four different types of energy saving recommendations. Over a four week user study, recEnergy improves building energy reduction from a baseline saving (passive-only strategy) of 19% to 26%. Finally, we extend the recommender system to co-optimize over energy consumption, occupant thermal comfort, and air quality. The recommender system utilizes a multi-task deep reinforcement learning architecture, and is trained using a simulation environment. The simulation environment is built using different models trained on data captured from a digital twin of a real deployment. To measure occupant thermal comfort, the digital twin utilizes a real-time comfort estimation system that extracts and integrates facial temperature features with environmental sensing to provide personalized comfort estimates. We studied three different use cases in this deployment by varying the objective weights in the recommender system, and found that the system has the potential to further reduce energy consumption by 8% in energy focused optimization, improve all objectives by 5-10% in joint optimization, and improve thermal comfort by up to 21% in comfort and air quality focused optimization by incorporating move recommendations.

This study aims to investigate opportunities to make commercial buildings in Pretoria, South Africa, more energy efficient, which is made by examining prerequisites in South Africa. To achieve this objective, barriers and measures to decrease cooling demand are investigated by a qualitative approach and a roof heat transfer model is developed to get a deeper understanding of the ceiling temperature distribution. The heat transfer model is simulated in MATLAB and is further validated by conducting a two-case scenario sensitivity analysis and by comparing the results to previous research. The results show that there is a great correlation between the Global Horizontal Irradiance [GHI] and the interior ceiling temperature and a higher GHI contributes to a higher ceiling temperature. The hot climate and the long summer period in South Africa indicate that there is a great demand for cooling during a year. Regarding barriers, the socioeconomic aspects in the country and the low electricity prices may contribute to less willingness to adapt to an environmentally friendly behaviour. As some technologies are still perceived as expensive, this may also provide a lower willingness to make changes regarding choices that contribute to a lower cooling demand and thus, energy consumption. Finally, it is concluded that there are several measures that can be applied to decrease the cooling demand, such as constructional changes or enhancement of the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning [HVAC] operation.

This dissertation explores the idea of inducing grid peak demand curtailment by turning commercial buildings into interactive assets for building owners during the demand control period. The work presented here is useful for both ab initio design of new sites and for existing or retrofitted sites. An analytical hierarchy process (AHP)-based framework is developed to curtail the thermal load effectively across a group of commercial buildings. It gives an insight into the amount of peak demand reduction possible for each building, subject to indoor thermal comfort constraints as per ASHRAE standards. Furthermore, the detailed operation of buildings in communion with the electric grid is illustrated through case studies. This analysis forms an outline for the assessment of transactive energy opportunities for commercial buildings in distribution system operations and lays the foundation for a seamless building-to-grid integration framework. The contribution of this dissertation is fourfold – (a) an efficient method of developing high-fidelity physics-based building energy models for understanding the realistic operation of commercial buildings, (b) identification of minimal dataset to achieve a target accuracy for the building energy models (c) quantification of building peak demand reduction potential and corresponding energy savings across a stipulated range of thermostat setpoint temperatures and (d) AHP-based demand curtailment scheme. By careful modeling, it is shown that commercial building models developed using this methodology are both accurate and robust. As a result, the proposed approach can be extended to other commercial buildings of diverse characteristics, independent of the location. The methodology presented here takes a holistic approach towards building energy modeling by accounting for several building parameters and interactions between them. In addition, parametric analysis is done to identify a useful minimal dataset required to achieve a specified accuracy for the building energy models. This thesis describes the concept of commercial buildings as interactive assets in a transactive grid environment and the idea behind its working. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation titled "An Expert-based Approach for Grid Peak Demand Curtailment using HVAC Thermostat Setpoint Interventions in Commercial Buildings" tackles two important challenges in the energy management domain: –electric grid peak demand curtailment and energy savings in commercial buildings. The distinguishing feature of the proposed solution lies in addressing these challenges solely through demand-side management (DSM) strategies, which include HVAC thermostat setpoint interventions and lighting control. We present a methodology for developing highly accurate building energy models that serve as digital twins of actual buildings. These digital replicas can be used to quantify the impact of various interventions and reflect the realistic operation of commercial buildings across varied conditions. This enables building owners to control demand intelligently and transact energy effectively in the electricity market. The development of Internet of Things (IoT) market and advanced technologies such as smart meters and smart thermostats allows for the design of novel strategies that address traditional challenges faced by electric grid operators. This dissertation elaborates on how smart buildings can leverage IoT-based solutions to participate in the electricity market during demand control periods. We also developed an expert opinion-based demand curtailment allocation scheme resulting in grid peak demand reduction. The numerical results obtained reinforce the effectiveness of the proposed solution across varied climatic conditions.

Discute a construção de um conjunto de edifícios e galerias comerciais em meio ao processo de metropolização e modernização da cidade de São Paulo no século XX. Produtos de um momento de desenvolvimento acelerado da indústria imobiliária, no qual a verticalização na área central era incentivada e ao mesmo tempo controlada pela administração municipal, estes edifícios, datados dos anos 50 e 60 em sua maioria, foram empreendidos por grupos de investidores brasileiros associados a imigrantes europeus, escritórios de arquitetura e construtoras. Considerando sua origem histórica, ao investigar as referências européias, norte-americanas e principalmente a história paulistana, propõe-se a compreensão de sua produção pelo viés arquitetônico, social e mercadológico. O trabalho identifica as especificidades da construção dos edifícios e galerias comerciais resgatando o momento de constituição do centro novo como uma nova área de investimentos, em especial, no setor terciário. Contribui também para as pesquisas sobre os novos programas e novas tipologias ligadas às demandas da metrópole paulistana na segunda metade do século XX. / The construction of a set of commercial buildings and galleries is discussed as part of the metropolization and modernization of the city of São Paulo in the 20th century. Products of a period of accelerated development of the real estate industry, during which the verticalization in the downtown area was encouraged and at the same time controlled by the municipal administration, these buildings, most of them dating back to the 50 and 60\'s, were the enterprise of groups of brazilian investors associated with european immigrants, architectural offices, and builders. Considering their historical origin, when investigating the european and north american references and mainly the history of the city, we propose the understanding of their production from an architectural, social, and marketing viewpoint. The present work identifies the specificities of the construction of the commercial buildings and galleries by recovering the time when a new downtown area was constituted as a new area of investment, especially in the tertiary sector. It also contributes to research about the new programs and typologies linked to the demands of the São Paulo metropolis in the second half of the 20th century.

Discute a construção de um conjunto de edifícios e galerias comerciais em meio ao processo de metropolização e modernização da cidade de São Paulo no século XX. Produtos de um momento de desenvolvimento acelerado da indústria imobiliária, no qual a verticalização na área central era incentivada e ao mesmo tempo controlada pela administração municipal, estes edifícios, datados dos anos 50 e 60 em sua maioria, foram empreendidos por grupos de investidores brasileiros associados a imigrantes europeus, escritórios de arquitetura e construtoras. Considerando sua origem histórica, ao investigar as referências européias, norte-americanas e principalmente a história paulistana, propõe-se a compreensão de sua produção pelo viés arquitetônico, social e mercadológico. O trabalho identifica as especificidades da construção dos edifícios e galerias comerciais resgatando o momento de constituição do centro novo como uma nova área de investimentos, em especial, no setor terciário. Contribui também para as pesquisas sobre os novos programas e novas tipologias ligadas às demandas da metrópole paulistana na segunda metade do século XX. / The construction of a set of commercial buildings and galleries is discussed as part of the metropolization and modernization of the city of São Paulo in the 20th century. Products of a period of accelerated development of the real estate industry, during which the verticalization in the downtown area was encouraged and at the same time controlled by the municipal administration, these buildings, most of them dating back to the 50 and 60\'s, were the enterprise of groups of brazilian investors associated with european immigrants, architectural offices, and builders. Considering their historical origin, when investigating the european and north american references and mainly the history of the city, we propose the understanding of their production from an architectural, social, and marketing viewpoint. The present work identifies the specificities of the construction of the commercial buildings and galleries by recovering the time when a new downtown area was constituted as a new area of investment, especially in the tertiary sector. It also contributes to research about the new programs and typologies linked to the demands of the São Paulo metropolis in the second half of the 20th century.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:23:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabricio Ribas Chicca.pdf: 2186686 bytes, checksum: c5b2d60180315e56283cc89db1be46fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-06 / This essay analyses the real estate markets for commercial buildings in São Paulo City, between 1940 and 2006, from a critical standpoint. With the purpose of identifying the main vectors of growth for such developments in the city, from downtown São Paulo towards outskirts regions, with special focus on the southwest region of the city, the work detaches and accompanies the most evident and significant changes in trends and characteristics for such buildings, decade after decade, as well as the main launching vectors on each period analyzed. For better understanding of trends, an historical analysis of local commercial zoning has been conducted for each decade. / O trabalho se refere à análise do mercado imobiliário de edifícios comerciais da cidade de São Paulo, a partir da década de 40 até 2006. Analisa as principais características comerciais dos edifícios, década por década, bem como as localizações preferenciais para edifícios comerciais em cada década, analisando o deslocamento ocorrido, indo do centro da cidade de São Paulo, para regiões periféricas, em especial para a região sudoeste. Para melhor compreensão, analisou-se o mercado por décadas, por localização comercial específica fazendo uma avaliação das características históricas do mercado.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjamos Lietuvos komercinės paskirties pastatų ūkio valdymo efektyvumo didinimo galimybės taikant Jungtinės Karalystės patirtį. Atlikta bendroji nagrinėjamų šalių nekilnojamojo turto sąvokos analizė ir komercinės paskirties nekilnojamojo turto klasifikavimo palyginimas. Apžvelgta abiejų šalių bendroji ekonominė šalies situacija ir jos prognozės, kurios daro tiesioginę įtaką šalių komercinės paskirties pastatų ūkio valdymo sektoriams. Išanalizuota pastatų ūkio valdymo kaip naujos verslo sferos atsiradimo kilmė, raida ir samprata globaliu lygmeniu, Europoje ir atskirai Lietuvoje. Išnagrinėtas šiuolaikinis pastatų ūkio valdymo sektorius Lietuvoje ir Jungtinėje Karalystėje, apžvelgta kitų Europos šalių šio sektoriaus situacija ir plėtros tendencijos. Baigiamajame darbe atlikta SSGG analizė pastatų ūkio valdymo sektoriaus situacijai Lietuvoje ir Jungtinėje Karalystėje nustatyti, taip pat išsiaiškinti perspektyvas. Atlikus situacijos tyrimą buvo pasiūlytas Jungtinėje Karalystėje plačiai taikomas Endsley situacijos suvokimo (SS) modelis, kurį praktiškai būtų galima integruoti į Lietuvos komercinės paskirties pastatų ūkio valdymo rinką. Šis modelis veikia sprendimų paramos sistemų principu ir gali būti realizuojamas naudojant sprendimų paramos kompiuterinius programinius paketus. Siūlomas modelis Lietuvos pastatų ūkio valdytojams gali pagerinti jų įmonių veiklos efektyvumą. Baigiamojo magistro darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos autoriaus išvados ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The thesis examines Lithuanian commercial facilities management efficiency opportunities through the United Kingdom experience. Done common in the countries of real estate analysis of the concept and commercial real estate classification comparison. An overview of the two countries the economic situation of the country and its forecasts, which have a direct impact on the countries of commercial facility management sectors. The impact of facilities management as a new business area appearance of the origin, evolution and the concept of a global level, European and Lithuania. Examination of contemporary facilities management sector in Lithuania and the United Kingdom, other European countries, an overview of the sector situation and trends. This work includes a SWOT analysis of the facilities management sector, the situation in Lithuania and the United Kingdom to determine and ascertain prospects. After an investigation of the situation have been offered in the UK is widely used Endsley situational awareness (SA) model, which in practice can be integrated into the Lithuanian commercial facilities management market. This model is based decision support systems in principle and can be realized using the decision support computer software packages. The proposed model Lithuania facility managers can improve their business performance. Of this master thesis ends with the author's conclusions and recommendations. The paper consists of six parts: an introduction, four chapters (three... [to full text]