The subject of this thesis is orality in informal dialogic computer-mediated communication (henceforth CMC). This type of communication is represented by internet discussions, discussion fora, and Facebook posts. All these three genres are compared with informal spoken face-to-face dialogues. The data are covered by the Koditex corpus, which contains the CMC genres, and the Ortofon corpus of spoken language. The term orality can refer both to the realized communication form - spoken or written (so- called media orality) and to the summary of linguistic characteristics associated with the prototypical informal spoken dialogue (so-called conceptual orality). This thesis focuses only on conceptual orality, which is based on nine language features divided into the three following areas: dialogicity, spontaneity, and fulfilment of pragmatic needs of communication participants. The analyses show significant similarity between the functional use of features in both spoken and written communication. This applies primarily to the features associated with spontaneity (repetition of the same words, the presence of word fragments, typos and misspellings) and the fulfilment of pragmatic needs (discourse markers, pronoun non-dropping, iteration of graphemes). It follows that the selected CMC genres appropriately...

In der vorliegenden Arbeit geht es darum, aufzuzeigen, dass es dringend erforderlich ist, die Leichte Sprache als Teil der Normalität des sozialen Verhaltens in unserer Gesellschaft zu etablieren, um somit kognitiv Beeinträchtigten eine Chance auf Gleichstellung zu geben. Des Weiteren wird auf die Notwendigkeit hingewiesen, die Thematik Leichte Sprache gezielter in den medizinischen Bereich zu integrieren. Dadurch könnte ein Beitrag zu einer barrierefreien Kommunikation mit dieser Personengruppe geleistet werden - ein aktuelles und brisantes Thema. Darüber hinaus gewinnt auch das Thema Digitalisierung im Gesundheitswesen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien sowie Robotik sind inzwischen unverzichtbar. Deshalb werden in dieser Arbeit die Digitalisierung im medizinischen Bereich sowie insbesondere die Telemedizin näher betrachtet. Im Rahmen der Gesundheitsförderung kommt dieser Neuerung eine wichtige Bedeutung zu. Es stellt sich aber die Frage, ob und inwiefern kognitiv Beeinträchtigte von den unterschiedlichen gesundheitsunterstützenden Maßnahmen - die zunehmend auch digitalisiert sind - profitieren bzw. ob durch die fortschreitende Technisierung ggf. sogar weitere Hürden bzw. Barrieren für betroffene Menschen entstehen. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist in einen theoretischen und einen praktischen Teil gegliedert. Im theoretischen Teil werden sowohl die Gesundheitsförderung im Allgemeinen als auch in Bezug auf kognitiv Beeinträchtigte, die bereits angesprochene Digitalisierung in der Medizin und deren Auswirkungen auf kognitiv Beeinträchtigte erläutert. Die Experten-Laien-Kommunikation stellt ebenfalls einen Schwerpunkt dar. Deren genauere Beschreibung erfolgt am Beispiel der medizinischen Aufklärung. Ein weiteres Thema ist die Leichte Sprache - das Konzept, die Regeln aber auch ihre Grenzen. Gleichzeitig soll der Prozess der Erstellung eines Textes in Leichter Sprache dargestellt werden. Darüber hinaus ist es ein Ziel der Arbeit, die Notwendigkeit der Einbeziehung des Konzepts der Leichten Sprache in die medizinischen Ausbildungsberufe zu begründen. Zur Verdeutlichung dienen hierfür die Ausbildungen zur bzw. zum Medizinischen Fachangestellten sowie zur Medizinisch-technischen Assistentin bzw. zum Medizinisch-technischen Assistenten für den Operationsdienst. Der praktische Teil besteht aus dem Versuch zweier Übersetzungen in Leichte Sprache. Insbesondere in Arztpraxen sowie Krankenhäusern ist die Kommunikation mit kognitiv Beein-trächtigten von großer Bedeutung. Aufklärungsbroschüren sowie Flyer werden dort als Informationsmaterial ausgelegt. Ebenso erhalten die Patientinnen bzw. Patienten vor Untersuchungen und geplanten operativen Eingriffen spezielle Aufklärungsbögen. Diese sind jedoch nicht für jeden verständlich. Deshalb habe ich bereits zum zweiten Mal versucht, einen ausgewählten Aufklärungsbogen in Leichte Sprache zu übersetzen - zusätzlich den dazu passenden Abschnitt eines Früherkennungsfaltblattes. Es ist durchaus denkbar, eine solche Textübertragung an der Berufsschule im Rahmen eines Projekts mit zukünftigen Medizinischen Fachangestellten zu thematisieren und ggf. umzusetzen. Am Ende der Arbeit erfolgt eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Methode des Übersetzens in Leichte Sprache, bevor ein Fazit gezogen wird.:Inhaltsverzeichnis I Einleitung 4 II Theoretischer Teil 6 1 Gesundheitsförderung im digitalen Zeitalter bei kognitiv beeinträchtigten Menschen 6 1.1 Die Gesundheitsförderung - ein gesetzlicher Anspruch auch für kognitiv beeinträchtigte Menschen 6 1.1.1 Die Gesundheitsförderung - eine Begriffserklärung 7 1.1.2 Die Auswirkungen der Gesundheitsförderung 7 1.1.3 Die Teilhabe kognitiv beeinträchtigter Menschen an der Gesundheitsförderung 10 1.2 Die Digitalisierung und deren Auswirkungen auf kognitiv beeinträchtigte Menschen 16 1.2.1 Ein Einblick in die Telemedizin 16 1.2.2 Die Digitalisierung in der Medizin 17 1.2.3 Die Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf kognitiv beeinträchtigte Menschen 19 2 Experten-Laien-Kommunikation im Gesundheitswesen unter besonderer Beachtung kognitiv beeinträchtigter Menschen 22 2.1 Das Expertensystem 22 2.2 Das Laiensystem 22 2.3 Die Medizin als Profession 23 2.4 Die Experten-Laien-Kommunikation sowie die Arzt-Patienten-Kommunikation 24 2.4.1 Das Aufklärungsgespräch als Form der Experten-Laien-Kommunikation 28 2.4.2 Die Inhalte eines Aufklärungsgesprächs 28 2.4.3 Die Aufklärung aus Sicht der Expertin bzw. des Experten 29 2.4.4 Die Aufklärung aus Sicht des Laien 32 3 Leichte Sprache und Inklusion 34 3.1 Das Konzept der Leichten Sprache 35 3.2 Die drei Funktionen der Leichten Sprache 38 3.3 Die Regeln der Leichten Sprache - ein Überblick 39 3.4 Einige Grenzen von Leichter Sprache 40 4 Die Methode des Übersetzens in Leichte Sprache 44 4.1 Die Texterstellung in Leichter Sprache - Schrittfolge der Übersetzung 44 4.2 Die Leichte Sprache und medizinische Ausbildungsberufe 49 4.2.1 Die Ausbildung zur bzw. zum medizinischen Fachangestellten 49 4.2.2 Die Ausbildung zur Medizinisch-technischen Assistentin bzw. zum Medizinisch-technischen Assistenten für den Operationsdienst 53 III Praktischer Teil 55 5 Versuch zweier Übersetzungen in Leichte Sprache 55 6 Methodenkritik 56 7 Fazit und Ausblick 64 Literaturverzeichnis 67 Anhangsverzeichnis 73 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 137

The topic of the thesis is communication problems of the majority of society and groups of deaf people. Deaf people also live in the majority of hearing society. These people meet each other and they can communicate with each other. This communication is problematic, however, because in the communication of deaf and hearing there are communication barriers. In this thesis, we used a quantitative method of the surveyed hearing respondents. We researched what communication problems exist in the communication of the majority society and a group of deaf people. Based on the methods used, we found that communication problems are mainly caused by a lack of awareness of the major societies of the group of deaf people. In this thesis, we propose to raise awareness of the majority of the hearing society about a group of deaf people, in order to eliminate communication problems. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The thesis entitled "Pragmatic and stylistic analysis of the horoscopes in periodicals" deals with the horoscopes from linguistic point of view; the greatest attention is paied to the pragmatic and stylistic aspects. The goal of the thesis is to identify the typical features of horoscopes on the basis of pragmatic and stylistic analysis. The research material comprises of 1752 astrological predictions taken from sixteen different periodicals. The author and the recipient of horoscope are characterized in each chapter and selected attributes of the target group are studied in each chapter as well - age, gender, social roles and status. It is dealt with the intention of horoscopes; its impact on recipient and strategies used by authors of horoscopes are analyzed too. The thesis presents the way vocabulary and other language tools are used in horoscopes to communicate intention of their authors. The analysis also deals with themes of horoscopes.

Trata-se de uma pesquisa sobre os sentidos da cultura abordados pela revista Realidade nos anos 1966 a 1968. Realidade foi uma publicação de informação geral que teve uma representação singular no jornalismo brasileiro, com um projeto editorial crítico e ousado refletido no processo jornalístico, ao apresentar pautas criadas sob um olhar inquieto frente às mudanças sociais. As reportagens estudadas foram selecionadas de um total de 33 edições publicadas num período de intensas transformações políticas e culturais no Brasil. Neste trabalho, entende-se por cultura manifestações humanas que se estabelecem num processo contínuo e transformador e a qual permite a interação entre as pessoas de uma forma livre e sem hierarquias, estabelecendo relações com diversas áreas do conhecimento. Sob essa proposta, parte-se da hipótese de que a revista capta essa idéia, quando expressa ao leitor as abordagens sociais de maneira pluralizada. Através de leituras de exemplares da Realidade, foi possível notar que as reportagens exercem uma visão ampliada dos acontecimentos culturais, entendendo que a cultura deva ser abordada em todas suas interfaces, mesmo que conflitantes, resistindo a estagnação proposta por regras padronizadas. Nas abordagens estudadas, estão presentes as questões da identidade cultural, dos conflitos gerados pela indústria cultural e as transformações sociais. A imprensa, ao abordar temas culturais no seu histórico de jornalismo cultural tem demonstrado grande superficialidade, com exceção de alguns movimentos particularizados. Assim, esta pesquisa demonstra o jornalismo não estereotipado da revista Realidade que apresenta um enfoque diferenciado e pluralizado para a cultura. / This paper is about a research of the cultural traits handled by Realidade magazine from 1966 to 1968. Realidade magazine was a publication that contained general information, which had a unique representation within the Brazilian news scenario, with a critical and daring editorial project reflected in the journalistic process, by presenting reports created under writers\' restless views, due to the social changes that took place at the time. The news articles studied were selected from a total of 33 issues published during a time of intense political and cultural changes in Brazil. In this work, culture is understood by human manifestations that are established in a continuous and changing process that allows for the interaction among people freely and with no hierarchy, establishing relations with various knowledge areas. Under this proposal, a hypothesis is assumed that the magazine captures this idea, by expressing to the reader social approaches in a pluralized manner. Upon reading Realidade magazine it was possible to observe that the news articles exercise an extended view of cultural events, meaning that culture should be dealt with, in all its interfaces, even conflicting ones, resisting against an stagnation proposed by empty rules. The material studied offers cultural identity issues, conflicts created by the cultural industry and social changes. When treating cultural matters within its journalism history, the press has demonstrated to be very superficial, except in some specific movements. Thus, this research demonstrates that Realidade magazine presents a differentiated and pluralized focus, aimed at culture.

Orientação: Profa. Dra. Margarethe Born Steinberger-Elias. / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa De Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2017. / O uso de paráfrases é estratégico para a comunicação pedagógica em todas as áreas disciplinares. Este trabalho estudou o papel das paráfrases no ensino-aprendizagem de conceitos filosóficos sobre as ciências. Aqui o objetivo é apresentar resultado preliminar de um estudo sobre paráfrases utilizadas em manuais de ensino de filosofia recomendados oficialmente para o ensino médio na rede pública brasileira. Paráfrases são modos de reformular o texto na redação, tais como definições, explicações, exemplificações. O foco do trabalho é o modo como o conceito de "natureza", e "natural", são parafraseados no âmbito de uma história do pensamento filosófico sobre as ciências. Foram selecionados trechos de cinco manuais didáticos que abordam estes conceitos, a fim de investigar o papel e os limites das paráfrases como recurso facilitador da compreensão textual. A metodologia adotada revelou que o uso do termo "natureza" e "natural" envolve não só processos parafrásticos (modos de expressão variados de produzir o sentido dos termos estudados), mas também processos polissêmicos (múltiplos sentidos para um mesmo termo). Os resultados quantitativos apontam que as paráfrases explicativas são mais frequentes. Já a metodologia discursiva evidencia que as paráfrases funcionam como organizadoras das atividades dos sujeitos na interlocução. O trabalho discute estes resultados e suas implicações para uma visão da paráfrase como estratégia discursiva para leitura e compreensão de textos nos manuais didáticos. / The use of paraphrases is strategic for pedagogical communication in all disciplinary areas. This dissertation studied the role of paraphrases in the teaching- learning of philosophic a l concepts about the sciences. Here the objective is to present preliminary results of a study on paraphrases used in philosophy teaching manuals officially recommended for high school in the Brazilian public network. Paraphrases are ways of reformulating in writing, like definitions, explanations, and exemplifications. The focus of the research work is how concepts like "natural sciences" and "nature" are elaborated as paraphrases within a history of philosophic a l thinking about science. We selected excerpts from five textbooks that address these concepts, in order to investigate the role and limits of paraphrases as a facilitator of textual comprehension. The methodology adopted revealed that the use of the term "nature" and "natural" involves not only paraphrastic processes (varied modes of expression to produce the meaning of the terms studied), but also polysemic processes (multiple meanings for the same term). The paper discusses these results and their implications for considering paraphrases as a discursive strategy to cope with text comprehension of teaching manuals.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:37:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 brito_ma_me_bauru.pdf: 782288 bytes, checksum: 498165d9c6f44add92fd0f5d7b317dfb (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A literatura ilustra que alguns aspectos da linguagem são essenciais no desenvolvimento e aprendizagem de indivíduos com Transtornos do Espectro Austístico (TEA). Entre tais aspectos destaca-se o uso funcional da linguagem, como principal dificuldade de comunicação nessa população, sendo fundamental sua consideração em contexto acadêmico. Nessa perspectiva, esta pesquisa investigou o perfil comunicativo, com ênfase nos aspectos funcionais da linguagem, de alunos com TEA durante a interação com suas professoras, em salas comuns de instituições públicas. Participaram 14 alunos com TEA, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre três e oito anos, que frequentavam do maternal à 2ª série e suas respectivas professoras. Como parte do procedimento foram realizadas duas filmagens, cada qual com 30 minutos, em situações de sala de aula, que tinham entre seus objetivos promover o desenvolvimento da linguagem oral dos alunos. Para análise das filmagens, foi utilizado o protocolo de pragmática, que verificou a ocorrência de iniciativas de comunicação e o espaço comunicativo ocupado pelos alunos e professoras, as funções e meios comunicativos utilizados pelos alunos. Os resultados evidenciaram que de modo geral as professoras iniciaram mais a comunicação, ocupando maior espaço comunicativo durante a interação do que os alunos. Quanto aos meios comunicativos, todos os alunos utilizaram preferencialmente gestos e apresentaram individualidades referentes à utilização dos meios vocais e verbais. No que se refere às funções comunicativas houve ocorrência significativamente superior das funções menos interativas em relação às funções mais interativas, ou seja, em sua maioria... / The literature illustrates that some language aspects are essential to the development and learning of individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Among such aspects they point out the functional usage of language as the mainly difficult of communication in this population, being fundamental its consideration in academic context. From this outlook, this research delved into the communicative profile, with emphasis in the functional aspects of language of students with ASD during the interaction with their teachers, in regular classrooms of public institutions. Fourteen students with ASD, male and female, with ages between theree and eight, which attended from kindengarten to second grade, and their teachers took part in the experiment. As part of the procedure, two films were made, each one with 30 minutes, in classroom situations, which had as goal to promote the development of the students'oral language. To analyze the films, it was used the protocol of pragmatic, which verified the occurence of initiatives of communication and the communicative space taken by the students and teachers, the communicative means and functions used by students. The results showed in general terms the teachers often started the communication, taken more communicative space than their students with ASD during the interaction. Concerning to the communicative means, all the students preferable used gestures and presented individualities in using vocal and verbal means. Concerning the communicative space than... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Trata-se de uma pesquisa sobre os sentidos da cultura abordados pela revista Realidade nos anos 1966 a 1968. Realidade foi uma publicação de informação geral que teve uma representação singular no jornalismo brasileiro, com um projeto editorial crítico e ousado refletido no processo jornalístico, ao apresentar pautas criadas sob um olhar inquieto frente às mudanças sociais. As reportagens estudadas foram selecionadas de um total de 33 edições publicadas num período de intensas transformações políticas e culturais no Brasil. Neste trabalho, entende-se por cultura manifestações humanas que se estabelecem num processo contínuo e transformador e a qual permite a interação entre as pessoas de uma forma livre e sem hierarquias, estabelecendo relações com diversas áreas do conhecimento. Sob essa proposta, parte-se da hipótese de que a revista capta essa idéia, quando expressa ao leitor as abordagens sociais de maneira pluralizada. Através de leituras de exemplares da Realidade, foi possível notar que as reportagens exercem uma visão ampliada dos acontecimentos culturais, entendendo que a cultura deva ser abordada em todas suas interfaces, mesmo que conflitantes, resistindo a estagnação proposta por regras padronizadas. Nas abordagens estudadas, estão presentes as questões da identidade cultural, dos conflitos gerados pela indústria cultural e as transformações sociais. A imprensa, ao abordar temas culturais no seu histórico de jornalismo cultural tem demonstrado grande superficialidade, com exceção de alguns movimentos particularizados. Assim, esta pesquisa demonstra o jornalismo não estereotipado da revista Realidade que apresenta um enfoque diferenciado e pluralizado para a cultura. / This paper is about a research of the cultural traits handled by Realidade magazine from 1966 to 1968. Realidade magazine was a publication that contained general information, which had a unique representation within the Brazilian news scenario, with a critical and daring editorial project reflected in the journalistic process, by presenting reports created under writers\' restless views, due to the social changes that took place at the time. The news articles studied were selected from a total of 33 issues published during a time of intense political and cultural changes in Brazil. In this work, culture is understood by human manifestations that are established in a continuous and changing process that allows for the interaction among people freely and with no hierarchy, establishing relations with various knowledge areas. Under this proposal, a hypothesis is assumed that the magazine captures this idea, by expressing to the reader social approaches in a pluralized manner. Upon reading Realidade magazine it was possible to observe that the news articles exercise an extended view of cultural events, meaning that culture should be dealt with, in all its interfaces, even conflicting ones, resisting against an stagnation proposed by empty rules. The material studied offers cultural identity issues, conflicts created by the cultural industry and social changes. When treating cultural matters within its journalism history, the press has demonstrated to be very superficial, except in some specific movements. Thus, this research demonstrates that Realidade magazine presents a differentiated and pluralized focus, aimed at culture.

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of concept building process in 2D geometry. The topic is aimed at preschoolers and school-aged children. The theoretical part describes the stages of human development and the cognitive stages of development. Then there are characterized the term concept, the concept building process and the stages of the language development in mathematics. The following part describes two theories about the building knowledge in Maths and the levels of thinking in geometry according to the van Hiele model. The last one chapter of this part describes the geometry curriculum within the primary school education. The method of qualitative research - participated observation - was used for the practical part. This part describes the research that consists of seven experiments. The aim of the experiments was to observe the development of children's and pupils' ideas about 2D geometric shapes. Many activities were prepared for the research. On the basis of the activities reflection the activities were changed or completed. The experiments are described by means of the phenomena that appeared. The phenomena are important for the describing the concept building process of 2D geometric shapes - a square, a circle, a rectangle, a triangle. The information from research is compared...

In den heutigen Industrienationen wird für die erfolgreiche Integration in die Gesellschaft jedoch ein hohes Maß an Kommunikations-, Lese- und Schreib-kompetenzen vorausgesetzt. Es stellt sich daher die Frage, ob Menschen, die nicht ausreichend über diese Kompetenzen verfügen, angemessen in der Gesellschaft integriert sind. Insofern ist Inklusion in unserer heutigen Gesellschaft ein allgegenwärtiges Thema. Das Pilotprojekt „Barrierefreie Kommunikation im Albertinum“ ermöglicht einen Einblick in die Kommunikationsweise von Menschen mit kognitiven Einschränkungen. Mit dieser Zielgruppe wurden Gespräche über sechs verschiedene Kunstobjekte geführt. In dieser Arbeit steht die Skulptur „Ever After“ von Tony Cragg im Vordergrund. Die dazu aufgezeichneten Gespräche werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit analysiert. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie Menschen mit kognitiven Einschränkungen Kunst kommunizieren. Der Begriff der Kommunikation stellt das Hauptaugenmerk dieser Arbeit dar. Lenken Menschen mit kognitiven Einschränkungen das Gespräch? Nehmen sie Ko-Konstruktionen vor? Kann eine Imagearbeit festgestellt werden? In der Gesprächsforschung gibt es bereits Studien, an deren Theorien und Ergebnissen sich orientiert wird. In der Linguistik werden Gespräche oft an natürlichen und authentischen Alltagsgesprächen untersucht und daraus leitet man bestimmte Kommunikations-Schemata ab. In dieser Arbeit werden insbesondere jene Schemata behandelt, die ein hohes Maß an kommunikativen und gesprächsstrategischen Kompetenzen erfordern. Hierunter zählen die Gesprächsmuster, als auch die Verfahren der Gesprächssteuerung und der Imagearbeit. In der Analyse wird geprüft, ob und wie Menschen mit kognitiven Einschränkungen diese anwenden. Des Weiteren tritt die Thematik Kunst in den Blickpunkt und wie sich die Proband:innen mit dem Kunstwerk auseinandersetzen. Welche Assoziationen haben sie zu dem Kunstwerk? Was sagen sie zum Herstellungsprozess? Nehmen sie eine Bewertung des Kunstwerkes vor? Diesen Fragen wird nachgegangen, um zu analysieren, inwiefern der Gesprächsgegenstand Kunst die Kommunikation der Proband:innen beeinflusst und ob sie ein Verständnis dafür entwickeln.:1. Einleitung 3 2. Das Pilotprojekt im Albertinum 6 2.1 Barrierefreie Kommunikation im Albertinum 6 2.2 Das Kunstwerk „Ever After“ von Tony Cragg 7 3. Theoretische Grundlagen 9 3.1 Kognitive Einschränkungen 9 3.2 Die Gesprächsanalyse 12 3.2.1 Einführung und Definitionen 12 3.2.2 Gesprächsmuster 15 3.2.3 Verfahren der Gesprächssteuerung 18 3.2.4 Imagearbeit 22 3.2.5 Transkription 24 3.3 Kunst kommunizieren 26 3.3.1 Situatives Kunstgespräch 26 3.3.2 Sprachliche Mittel und Verfahren 26 3.3.3 Vergleich der Analyse 28 4. Praxisbezogener Teil 29 4.1 Informationen zu den Probanden 29 4.2 Qualitative Gesprächsanalyse 29 4.2.1 Gesprächsmuster 31 4.2.2 Gesprächssteuerung 38 4.2.3 Imagearbeit 47 4.3 Kunst kommunizieren 52 4.3.1 Situatives Kunstgespräch 52 4.3.2 Sprachliche Mittel und Verfahren 53 4.3.2 Vergleich der Analyse 58 5. Schlussteil 60 6. Literaturverzeichnis 63 7. Anhang 66