The importance of developing the rural and urban areas in an integrated manner is a fact that can no longer be ignored by not only the proponents of the development planning approach, but by all the governments in the developing world. The long history of separate development has left scars on the planning system in South Africa, and this poses serious challenges to the new democratic state, particularly the local government sphere that has to ensure redress of the previous imbalances and inequalities. Through democratic local governance and active community participation in the development of rural and urban areas, some of the fruit of integrated development planning can be realised. The Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality case study shows that there is an interface between the rural and urban areas. The methodology employed enabled a more comprehensive analysis of the key areas where the rural and urban areas interface as well as the interventions that could foster the interaction between rural and urban areas. Although the development of rural and urban areas should be prioritised, developing the rural areas is perceived to be more urgent due to their history of underdevelopment during the apartheid era. Therefore development initiatives should be guided by the local context as well as the actual needs identified by communities. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development Studies)

The study investigates whether government-sponsored community development projects in the township of Mdantsane, Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa, have achieved the intended goal of alleviating poverty among the beneficiaries. The specific outcomes of poverty alleviation are: improved income, acquisition of new skills, reduced dependence on welfare grants. Four urban farming projects were selected, namely: Buffalo City Organic Producers, Sakhisizwe Nursery, Lusindiso Farmer’s Trading Co-operative and Mbombela Co-operative. Focus group discussions and a mini survey were conducted with project beneficiaries, while relevant government officials were interviewed. Conceptual insights were drawn from community development theory. The findings showed that the broader context within which the projects occurred was characterised by a pro-poor social policy, relative availability of resources with which to translate it into action, and a measure of entrepreneurial potential amongst community members. However, while one of the projects showed some promise (in the sense that beneficiaries acquired new skills and had a generally positive attitude despite not enjoying any improved income status), all the others appeared doomed and trapped in dynamics such as: excessive government control of the management of the initiatives, ineffective project monitoring, and the mischaracterisation of the initiatives by both the government and the beneficiaries. A distorted sense of ownership and perverse community participation seemed to prevail, which in turn robbed the initiatives of their poverty alleviation potential. The study thus concluded that specific benefactor-beneficiary dynamics are crucial for the success of a given anti-poverty intervention. A robust pro-poor social policy, availability of resources with which to translate it into action, and local entrepreneurial potential do not in themselves bring about success; they must operate in a certain way and be undergirded by certain principles for them to become a powerful mechanism for alleviating poverty. It is against this background that the researcher offers some recommendations.

Eye health promotion is an important aspect of VISION 2020 campaign that aims to eliminate unwarranted cases of avoidable blindness worldwide by the year 2020. Most developing countries, including South Africa, have a serious burden of eye diseases and unwarranted causes of visual impairment and blindness. The purpose of this research therefore was to highlight the lack of an integrated eye health promotion policy in the South African primary health care system which can play a major role in the elimination of this burden of disease and also to make proposals for eye health promotion policy development in South Africa. A combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods was used in this study. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted with all national and provincial health managers of portfolios relevant to eye care. Also, various health policy documents were requested from the National and Provincial Department of Health to ascertain claims of any existing guidelines on eye care. The policy documents and guidelines obtained had no specific reference to eye health promotion. Only 11 (23%) of the managers of provincial health directorates reported that they have integrated vision screening in their health promotion programmes as part of eye health promotion strategies. Eye care managers in the provinces reported that school visits accounted for 75% of eye health promotion programmes target areas. Also, apart from the Northern Cape Province which has no eye care manager and consequently no eye health promotion programmes, the Western Cape Province also does not have eye health promotion programmes and relies mostly on private sector for eye care services. The lack of an integrated eye health promotion policy and most probably the lack of a dedicated directorate that deals with eye health promotion issues may be a contributing factor to the overwhelming lack of integrated eye health promotion activities in South Africa. It is therefore recommended that an integrated eye health promotion model be developed and be part of the South African primary health care system. / Health Studies / D. Litt et Phil. (Health Studies)

Public participation in policy-making and implementation is an integral part of public administration and an essential ingredient of community development and democracy. This study describes, analyses and evaluates the role played by public participation in policy-making and implementation in South Africa, with specific reference to the Port Elizabeth Municipality. It investigates how the process of public participation in policy-making and implementation can be strengthened and made more fluid. The levels of knowledge regarding legislation, institutions and processes of public interaction with the legislative and policy-making and implementation institutions, and the intention to participate in these processes, are regarded as important. Among others, the concept participation and the impact of the process of public participation as well as the extent of awareness of the South African public with regard to its democratic rights ar:id freedom and newly acquired opportunities of interaction in policy-making and implementation are examined. The issues of concern in which the South African public would like to participate are also examined. In order to make meaningful decisions about public needs and demands, policy makers and implementers should obtain current information about such needs and demands. Public participation is an appropriate mechanism for conveying such information and should therefore be encouraged and preserved. It appears that the constitutional and legislative framework is an appropriate instrument for this purpose. However, in order to facilitate the development of the culture of participation, other prerequisites of public participation should not be forgotten. A lack of information about the process of public participation and a dearth of literature on the subject of public participation are among the challenges facing South Africa. The investigation indicates that there is lack of knowledge about institutions and legislation, as well as illiteracy and inadequate participation skills. Although Constitutional and statutory provisions reflect good intentions about public participation, with low levels of knowledge about such provisions and inadequate interaction between public participation and policy-making and implementation, a fluid process of participation which could deepen, broaden and sustain democracy would remain a utopian ideal. However, various mechanisms, by which this scenario could be addressed, could be devised and implemented. / Public Administration and Management / D. Admin

Text in English / The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of community members regarding their participation in hospital boards in Dr Kenneth Kaunda district, North West Province. A qualitative exploratory-descriptive research was conducted on a purposively selected sample of community members who served in the board for a minimum period of two years. Data were collected by means of individual interviews and analysed by means of thematic data analysis. Three themes that emerged from data analysis were creation of opportunities, benefits and challenges. A mix of positive and negative experiences was expressed by community representatives regarding their participation in hospital boards. Participants described their experiences as enjoyable and empowering while others described it as a learning experience through which they acquired knowledge and new skills. The challenges experienced whilst serving in hospital boards included ineffective communication, poor relations and role conflict as a result of lack of role clarification. The findings from the study may be used to enhance the effectiveness of hospital governing boards through the participation of community members. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

NEPOMUCENO, Léo Barbosa. Para atuar com a comunidade: estudo sobre a relação entre participação comunitária e estratégia de saúde da família do SUS no Bairro Terrenos Novos em Sobral, Ceará. 2009. 206 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by moises gomes (celtinha_malvado@hotmail.com) on 2012-01-23T14:35:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_LBNepomuceno.PDF: 1311410 bytes, checksum: a700d7975da9a8944af2fe46241cacd0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-01-27T15:30:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_LBNepomuceno.PDF: 1311410 bytes, checksum: a700d7975da9a8944af2fe46241cacd0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-01-27T15:30:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_LBNepomuceno.PDF: 1311410 bytes, checksum: a700d7975da9a8944af2fe46241cacd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The research part of the finding, based in several studies, that the Family Health Care Strategy (ESF), established as Primary Health in the National Public Health (SUS) in Brazil, has not encouraged a significant community participation. Supports the idea that community participation is essential to the advance of ESF work, and bring elements to enrich the debate on the theme of social participation in SUS. Studies the relationship between the Family Health Care Strategy (ESF) and community participation in Terrenos Novos neighborhood, in Sobral-CE. Analyzes the understanding of the group of users and professionals in the ESF about community participation, the ESF work and the relationship between them; evaluates community participation, the work of the ESF and the relationship between those in the community studied, presents and create proposals, with residents and professionals of the municipal health system of Sobral, to strengthen community participation and the ESF. Its theoretical mark is the Community Psychology and its interfaces with the Social Psychology of Health, Community Health and Public Health. Consists an exploratory and field research of qualitative approach. A thematic analysis is performed as the main methodological strategy, like a technique of content analysis of empirical material produced in the culture circles performed with the group of participants. As an additional methodological strategy, analyze the field notes taken and materials in work done by the researcher in the place. The search results are divided into three main themes: community participation, the ESF and the relationship between them. The theme of the Community highlights concepts of community participation related to ideas of solidarity with the other, an involvement and commitment to what is common, a need to collectively seek improvements to the neighborhood. The evaluation of community participation in Terrenos Novos neighborhood points to a "disenchantment" and decline of this process in the place. The theme of the ESF's work points to several conceptions, ranging from visions impregnated with the ideology of the biomedical model to more differentiated views that argue defends an attention focused on the family health and in tune with the reality of the territory-community. The evaluation of the work of the CSF studied mainly points to weaknesses in the health care. The discussion of the topic of the relationship between community participation and ESF highlights the importance of this relationship to the advancement of health work and the need to improve the relationship between these processes. Several relevant factors were identified in the relationship between ESF and the Community, among them: the professional commitment, the ability of social reading of the professionals, the need to resize the work process for health promotion; the power relationship between professional and user, the ability to practice the co-responsibility with the user, and need to create permanent spaces of dialogue between the CSF and the community. / A pesquisa parte da constatação, colocada por vários estudos, de que a Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), constituída como Atenção Primária em Saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do Brasil, não tem fomentado uma significativa participação comunitária. Defende a idéia de que a participação comunitária é fundamental para o avanço do trabalho da ESF, e traz elementos para enriquecer o debate sobre o tema da participação social no SUS. Estuda a relação entre Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) e participação comunitária no bairro Terrenos Novos, em Sobral-CE. Analisa a compreensão que um grupo formado por usuários e profissionais da ESF tem a respeito da participação comunitária, do trabalho da ESF e da relação entre estes; avalia a participação comunitária, o trabalho da ESF e a relação entre estes na comunidade estudada; problematiza e constrói propostas, junto com moradores e profissionais do Sistema Municipal de Saúde de Sobral, para o fortalecimento da participação comunitária e da ESF. Tem como marco teórico a Psicologia Comunitária e suas interfaces com a Psicologia Social da Saúde, Saúde Comunitária e Saúde Pública. Constitui-se como pesquisa de campo exploratória de abordagem qualitativa. Como estratégia metodológica principal, realiza análise temática, como técnica de análise de conteúdo, de material empírico produzido em círculos de cultura realizados com o grupo de participantes. Como estratégia metodológica complementar, analisa anotações de campo realizadas, bem como materiais produzidos em trabalhos realizados pelo pesquisador no local. Os resultados da pesquisa dividem-se em três temas principais: a participação comunitária, a ESF e a relação entre estes. O tema da participação comunitária destaca concepções de participação comunitária ligadas a idéias de solidariedade com outro, de um envolvimento e compromisso com o que é comum, de uma necessidade de buscar coletivamente melhorias para o bairro. A avaliação feita sobre a participação comunitária no bairro Terrenos Novos aponta para um “desencantamento” e enfraquecimento desse processo no lugar. O tema do trabalho da ESF aponta para diversas concepções que vão desde visões impregnadas com o ideário do modelo biomédico até visões mais diferenciadas que defendem uma atenção em saúde voltada para a família e sintonizada com a realidade do território-comunidade. A avaliação feita do trabalho do CSF estudado aponta principalmente para fragilidades na atenção à saúde. A discussão do tema da relação entre participação comunitária e ESF destaca a importância de tal relação para o avanço do trabalho em saúde e para a necessidade de se melhorar a relação existente entre esses processos. Foram apontados vários elementos relevantes na relação entre ESF e participação comunitária, dentre eles: o compromisso do profissional; a capacidade de leitura social dos profissionais; a necessidade de redimensionar o processo de trabalho para a promoção da saúde; a relação de poder entre profissional e usuário; a capacidade de praticar a co-responsabilização com o usuário; e a necessidade de criação de espaços permanentes de diálogo entre o CSF e a comunidade.

The thesis unpacks the transformation of urban planning in the municipalities of the Greater Pretoria region (now Tshwane) during 1992 to 2002, specifically within the context of the government transformation in South Africa and contemporary planning theory. In order to contextualise the transformation of urban planning in the City of Pretoria/Tshwane, the thesis presents an overview of the international trends on urban planning and how these trends (during the 1990s) have informed, shaped and framed the transformation of urban planning in South Africa and in the City of Tshwane. These trends are associated with community participation, strategic planning, sustainable development; the merging social awareness amongst urban planners; and the new integrated relationship between urban planning and management. The narrative part of the thesis specifically unpacks and analyses the nature and impact of the transformed/transforming integrated, developmental and democratic planning system, the positive and negative impacts that this system had on planners, local authority managers and politicians. It also provides a perspective on the conflict and power dilemmas that arose between planners, between planners and managers and between planners and politicians. Within the context of the so-called web of power relations (as described by Foucault), the study specifically explores the impact which the transformation had on the power relations within the local authority planning environment – specifically within the context of the social nexus (as described by Habermas, Healey and others). The thesis provides a local example of the nature and dynamics of power relations within a transforming local authority, with specific emphasis of the planning function. Not only does this study challenge contemporary theories on power relations in planning, but it also provides valuable new insights on the complex and illusive power relations in local authorities. Largely based on the work of Michel Foucault and Jurgen Habermas, the study provides an intriguing reading of the many conflicts and power/rationality struggles and clashes that are being played out on a daily base in municipalities in South Africa. Through the detailed unpacking of a decade of transformation of urban planning in one of South Africa’s six metropolitan municipalities, Mr Coetzee contributes to improving the understanding of the current nature and focus of the urban planning function in the local government sphere. As such it provides invaluable insights to planning theorists and historians, not only in South Africa, but also in other societies experiencing rapid and far-ranging transformation. / Thesis (DPhil (Town and Regional Planning))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Town and Regional Planning / unrestricted

South Africa has been affected both economically and socially by HIV/AIDS. The South African government has put policies in place to support people infected and affected by HIV/AIDS and to ensure that they are not discriminated against. Many children have lost either one or both parents to this pandemic. The purpose of this research study was to explore community-based care for HIV/AIDS orphans. The research question for the study was: “What are the key components of community-based care for HIV/AIDS orphans?” The objectives for this study were as follows: -- To conceptualise community-based care for HIV/AIDS orphans. -- To determine the directions and limitations with regard to community-based care within the current policy framework for caring for children infected and affected by HIV/AIDS. -- To identify the components of Heartbeat’s model for community participation for community-based care of HIV/AIDS orphans. -- To determine the key components for effective community-based care in the care of HIV/AIDS orphans, to serve as guidelines for a sustainable community-based care model for these children. This was an exploratory study. The researcher made use of a case study, which is a type of a qualitative research strategy. Twenty HIV/AIDS orphans, six caregivers and one volunteer were interviewed and a semi-structured interview schedule was used to gather data. Some of the key findings for this study were the significance of community participation, care and support in the placement of HIV/AIDS orphans which guided the key components for sustainable community-based care for HIV/AIDS orphans. The study identified specific challenges in getting communities to participate in the care and support of HIV/AIDS orphans. The study made the following recommendations based on the research findings: -- The revision of policies and guidelines addressing children infected and affected by HIV/AIDS. -- The drafting and implementation of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for community-based care for HIV/AIDS orphans. -- The Government’s involvement in pledging more resources for HIV/AIDS orphans. / Dissertation (MSD (Social Development and Policy))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

The post-apartheid government inherited an urban housing backlog of approximately 1.3 million units at its inception in 1994. This huge backlog was partially contributed by apartheid discriminatory administrations and laws such as the Black (Native) Laws Amendment Act, No 46 of 1937 and the Black Communities Development Act, No 4 of 1984 along with rapid urbanization during the post-apartheid period. In a bid to address past injustice related to housing, it has become necessary for the post-apartheid government to diversify housing delivery approach to include alternative development and delivery strategies, methodologies and products including upgrading of informal settlements, and increasing rental stock. The human settlements department also encouraged the establishment and implementation of self-help housing through the establishment of the People Housing Process (PHP). It is the implementation of this programme that led to the establishment of the SACTSP aimed at enhancing South African housing service delivery using Cuban experience. The programme has been implemented in the South African human settlements sector since 2002. The focus of this research is to evaluate the impact of the South African Cuban Technical Support Programme (SACTSP) in the lives of the South African housing beneficiaries. The collected and analysed data, to a large degree, confirmed the effect of the programme in the lives of the beneficiaries. The research design of the study is a multiple Case Studies approach. The scope of the study is the three provinces participating in the SACTSP, which are Mpumalanga (MP), Western Cape (WC), and Limpopo (LP). The intention was to have both the control group and the intervention group in the same province, but due to the over usage of the CTA’s in these provinces the researcher decided to use Gauteng Province (GP), a non-participating province in the programme, as a control group. This is also due to the fact that the province (Gauteng) is also commonly known for publicly criticising the effectiveness of the SACTSP programme. Data was collected in three housing projects from the three Gauteng Metropolitan Municipalities Tshwane, Ekurhuleni and City of Johannesburg. The selected projects were Mamelodi Extension 5 in Tshwane, Villa Lisa (Boksburg) in Ekurhuleni and Driekiek Extension 3 in Orange Farm, Johannesburg. The selected projects where the CTAs participated (experimental group) were Chicago Bulls at Strand in Cape Town (WC), Thekwane South Housing Projects, Nelspruit in Mpumalanga and Westernburg at Polokwane in Limpopo Province. In each unit of evaluation, questionnaires to collect data were distributed to the rightful owners (beneficiaries) of the houses, who were above eighteen years of age. (Annexure A). The participants, all rightful owners of state subsidies, were identified by means of purposive sampling. The main goal of purposive sampling is to focus on particular characteristics of a population that are of interest, which will best enable the researcher to answer the research questions Semi-structured interview questions were also conducted to the main stakeholders in the housing circle. This includes officials in all spheres of government involves in delivering sustainable human settlements (Annexure B). The selection is also influenced by what is called the “good enough” rule in formulating evaluation research (Rossi et al., 2012:28). Stated simply the “good enough” rule advocates that the evaluator should choose the strongest possible design from a methodological stand point after having taken into account the potential importance of the results, the practicality and feasibility of each design and the probability that the design chosen will produce useful and credible results (Rossi et al., 2012:33) The collected data was analysed and presented in five principal stages involving descriptive and inferential statistics. The first phase involves presenting the reliability of the instrument using Cronbach’s alpha. The second phase presents the descriptive statistics of the sample using frequencies, and proportions for categorical data and means and standard deviations for continuous variables. The validity of the instrument then follows using exploratory factor analysis which explains the observed variables that are linked to underlying factors. The fourth phase involves calculation of composite variables using the means and averages to determine the trend patterns in the data. The central limit theorem was applied to the data and comparative analyses were done to determine whether views differed by socio-demographic variables. The two sample independent t-tests were done to determine whether views of the respondents differed for two-categorical variables and the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether views differ for variables with more than two categories. The fifth stage presented the correlation analysis which was used to determine the extent or degree of the relationship between the constructs. The findings of the studies confirm the effectiveness of the programmes in the participating provinces. The study also discovered that, CTA’s are mostly transferring skills to contractors who happened to be working close to the CTAs and only to beneficiaries in a few instances. This is due to the nature of the self-help model that the South African government adopted which involves private contractors in building PHP houses. This model ignores the national PHP policy and guidelines which recognise beneficiaries as the main drivers of the PHP. The study concludes by recommending the department policy makers to monitor and enforce correct implementation of formulated policy to close the gaps that are usually created between policy formulation and implementation. / Public Administration and Management / D. Admin. (Public Administration)

A coastal lagoon is a landform that is influenced by natural processes and human activities. All human activities at the upstream, particularly agriculture and cultivation bring soil, waste, and other materials to the downstream area through the river drains into the lagoon. Even though its position is inland of water bodies, the lagoon is still affected by waves and winds from the sea. Additionally, coastal lagoon will be the depository place for sedimentation from the upland area. Segara Anakan (SA), which is located in Indonesia, is an example of a coastal lagoon area, which has a unique biophysical characteristic. The region has a great natural ability to ensure the sustainability of the interrelationships between terrestrial, estuarine and marine ecosystems in harmony and balance as a habitat for flora and fauna. The region is an area of migration of various types of protected animals and it is a place of breeding for diverse species of the shrimp and fish, which have a highly economical value. Segara Anakan lagoon (SAL), currently experiencing acceleration narrowed on its area due to a very intensive sedimentation from the mainland. The research aims to answer the question of how ecological dynamic occurs in the SAL area due to sedimentation. Achieving the objectives of this study required examining the morphology and land use changes with multitemporal remote sensing approaches. While, to assess the role of community participation and planning management strategies is using qualitative descriptive methods and SWOT analyze. The using of multitemporal remote sensing Landsat images is possible to analyze the morphological and land use changes with different time and sensors. These Landsat has image accuracy about 92.66%. It can be used for image interpretations resulting 13 classes of land use. The morphodynamics of SAL indicated by the changes of area of lagoon and accreted land and also the distance of coastlines during the periods 1979-2013. In addition, the land use or land cover also changes during that time. The bigger portions of land use changes are in the tropical and mangrove\''s forests. There are distinctive forms of participation in conservation efforts. The upstream community involvement in conservation tends to be different participating in the way of ideas, money, materials, properties, skills and expertise or social activities. In addition, the community at downstream area has a sufficiently high level of participation in environmental conservation. There are also strong relationships between the level of education and level of income and basic knowledge in conservation with the participation of SA conservation. The ecological dynamics of the SAL area are described with a historical time line. It is divided into three time periods: the 1970s - 1980s, the 1990s and from 2000 onwards. Each of these has occurrences that can lead to changes in the environment. The implementation of appropriate conservation technique can reduce the sedimentation rate. Hence, the synergic coordination measures between upstream and downstream regions are necessary in the future. Increasing community awareness and participation in the conservation by improving educational sector, providing information, and applying sustainable development land use are the ways to match human activities with the temporal and spatial dynamics of the coastal resources.