Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Hierdie verhandeling beskryf 'n taalkonstruktivistiese benadering tot die behoeftebepalingsproses in gemeenskapswerk. Taalkonstruktivisme vorm dee! van konstruktivisme. Taalkonstruktivisme word verduidelik in terme van 'n aantal beginsels en hoe dit toegepas kan word op die behoeftebepalingsfase. Dit fokus op die volgende: - Die belangrikheid van taal en betekenis in die gemeenskapswerker se eie denke en interpretasies van 'n gemeenskap se behoeftes. - Die belangrikheid van taal en betekenis en die verbalisering van 'n gemeenskap se behoeftes. - Die versigtigheid waarmee die kommunikasieproses met 'n gemeenskap benader moet word. - Die skep van idees wat in taal plaasvind en ook verander kan word wanneer daar behoeftebepaling in 'n gemeenskap gedoen word. Hierdie beskrywing van die taalkonstruktivistiese beginsels vind plaas aan die hand van 'n gevallestudie vanuit die navorser se praktiese werk wat uitgevoer is as gedeeltelike vereiste ter vervulling van die Meestersgraad. Dit beklemtoon die implikasies van die toepassing van taalkonstruktivisme op gemeenskapswerk. / This dissertation describes a language constructivist approach to the phase of needs assessment in community work. Language constructivism is part of constructivism. Language constructivism is explained in terms of certain principles and how they can be applied to needs assessment. The focus is on the following: - The part language performs in the community worker's own thoughts and interpretations of a community's needs. - The importance of language and meaning when a community verbalises its needs. - The care with which the communication process with a community should be approached. - The creation of ideas which can take place and change in language when a community's needs are being assessed. This description of the principles of language constructivism is done according to a case study of the researcher's practical work which was done as part of the requirements in fulfillment of the Master's degree. It emphasizes the application of language constructivism to community work. / Social work / M.A. (Social Sciences)

本研究為研究者由實務工作所遭遇之問題出發，企圖了解社區發展協會之學理上社區功能與政策上社區功能為何？而該社區功能受哪些因素所影響（以社區類型、社區發展協會與里辦公處互動關係、社區發展協會與政府單位互動關係來檢視）？學理上社區功能與政策上社區功能有何落差？經由本研究之研究問題，擬訂出本研究假設： 研究假設一：學理上的社區功能與政策上的社區功能是有相關的。 研究假設二：不同的社區類型會影響學理上之社區功能。 研究假設三：不同的社區類型會影響政策上之社區功能。 研究假設四：社區發展協會與里辦公處之互動關係越好，其學理上社區功能發展越好。 研究假設五：社區發展協會與政府單位之互動關係越好，其學理上之社區功能發展越好。 研究假設六：社區發展協會與里辦公處之互動關係越好，其政策上之社區功能發展越好。 研究假設七：社區發展協會與政府單位之互動關係越好，其政策上之社區功能發展越好。 本研究採量化方式進行，針對臺北市331家社區發展協會（以98年11月統計數為母群體），利用臺北市政府社會局每年例行性辦理之補助說明會、臺北市社區發展工作評鑑輔導營及社區人才培訓活動發放問卷，本研究問卷共發放256份，其中回收187份，總計有效問卷161份，無效問卷26份，回收率為62％，惟本研究研究對象為社區發展協會，有效問卷中計有60份為重複填答，經剔除後本研究問卷共調查101家社區發展協會，其中理事長填答者共35份，總幹事填答者共38份，其他填答者28份（含理事、監事、會計、志工）。 經統計分析結果後發現未來在里辦公處與社區發展協會兩者組織發展情形，多數協會認為兩者仍應持續共存，且社區發展協會與里辦公處之互動關係良好的仍佔多數。而在與政府單位互動情形，整體而言，社區發展協會與政府單位之互動關係是良好的，另在整體滿意度與政府發展方向上，協會對於政府之施政、政策認為是滿意的、發展方向也與政府方向是一致的。本研究發現學理上社區功能與政策上社區功能兩者是無完全相關；而不同的社區類型是會影響社區發展協會學理上與政策上之社區功能；另外當協會與里辦公的互動關係越好時，其政策上社區功能會發展的越好。 / This thesis is started from the problem which the researcher met in practice work. The researcher would like to know what the community function in theory and policy is？And it is effected by what factors（Use the community type、the relationship in the community association and neighborhood office、the relationship in the community association and government to confer）？What is the difference between community function in theory and in policy？According to these questions，this thesis have seven assumptions： Assumption 1：The community function in theory is related to the community function in policy. Assumption 2：Different community type influence community function in theory. Assumption 3：Different community type influence community function in policy. Assumption 4：The better the relationship of the community association and neighborhood office is, the better the community function in theory is. Assumption 5：The better the relationship in the community association and the government is, the more is the community function in theory is. Assumption 6：The better the relationship in the community association and neighborhood office is, the better the community function in policy is. Assumption 7：The better the relationship in the community association and the government is, the better the community function in the policy is. This thesis is a quantification research, The population is 331 community associations（On a basis of September 2009）.The questionnaire survey delivered 256 pieces. There are 161 pieces is applicable，26pieces are not in 187 recycled questionnaires. A Recycled ratio is 62％. Anyhow, we survey 101 community associations，there are 35 pieces answered by the organization president ,38 pieces answered by the organization manager，the others answered 28 pieces. This survey find out the community association and neighborhood office will exit together in the future. And the relationship of the community association and the neighborhood office is good, and so is the community association and government. In conclusion，the community association is satisfied with the government policy，and the development direction is the same. This survey find that the community function in theory the community function in policy is not related. Different community type influence community function in theory and in policy. Besides the better the relationship of the community association and neighborhood office, the better the community function in theory.

Text in English / Child-headed households are a reality in South Africa, and extensive research has advanced its causes and the children’s coping mechanisms. Social workers identify children in need, refer them to SASSA for social grants, facilitate foster care placements and offer psychosocial support services. This study sought to determine the nature of social work services rendered to children in such households in Virginia in the Free State. Qualitative exploratory, descriptive and contextual research was used to reach the goal of the study. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirteen participants who were selected through purposive sampling. The data collected was analysed using the eight steps of Tesch (in Creswell, 2009) and verified through Guba’s method of trustworthiness (Krefting, 1991). The services rendered to child-headed households (CHHs) through individual, group and community work were inadequate due to lack of resources including a shortage of social workers due to a general dissatisfaction with salaries. Participants suggested the need to build the capacity of the available staff through staff training and improved access to available resources in order to strengthen the nature of services rendered to CHHs. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Work)

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Hierdie verhandeling beskryf 'n taalkonstruktivistiese benadering tot die behoeftebepalingsproses in gemeenskapswerk. Taalkonstruktivisme vorm dee! van konstruktivisme. Taalkonstruktivisme word verduidelik in terme van 'n aantal beginsels en hoe dit toegepas kan word op die behoeftebepalingsfase. Dit fokus op die volgende: - Die belangrikheid van taal en betekenis in die gemeenskapswerker se eie denke en interpretasies van 'n gemeenskap se behoeftes. - Die belangrikheid van taal en betekenis en die verbalisering van 'n gemeenskap se behoeftes. - Die versigtigheid waarmee die kommunikasieproses met 'n gemeenskap benader moet word. - Die skep van idees wat in taal plaasvind en ook verander kan word wanneer daar behoeftebepaling in 'n gemeenskap gedoen word. Hierdie beskrywing van die taalkonstruktivistiese beginsels vind plaas aan die hand van 'n gevallestudie vanuit die navorser se praktiese werk wat uitgevoer is as gedeeltelike vereiste ter vervulling van die Meestersgraad. Dit beklemtoon die implikasies van die toepassing van taalkonstruktivisme op gemeenskapswerk. / This dissertation describes a language constructivist approach to the phase of needs assessment in community work. Language constructivism is part of constructivism. Language constructivism is explained in terms of certain principles and how they can be applied to needs assessment. The focus is on the following: - The part language performs in the community worker's own thoughts and interpretations of a community's needs. - The importance of language and meaning when a community verbalises its needs. - The care with which the communication process with a community should be approached. - The creation of ideas which can take place and change in language when a community's needs are being assessed. This description of the principles of language constructivism is done according to a case study of the researcher's practical work which was done as part of the requirements in fulfillment of the Master's degree. It emphasizes the application of language constructivism to community work. / Social work / M.A. (Social Sciences)