The tourism industry is growing rapidly worldwide. In 2016, Bali, Indonesia, had a record year in tourism, and the industry is continuously growing. One can argue that tourism is a culture exploiter and disrupts traditional culture. Nevertheless, it can also revitalize culture. Since the tourism in Bali is based on the Balinese culture and traditions, the writers wanted to acquire a deeper understanding of how the locals look upon - does tourism affect their cultural traditions and can residents preserve their local culture? A qualitative method was used for this study. For the collecting of data the writers conducted semi-structured interviews. The result of the study was, according to the Balinese, that people in Bali have become more money oriented due to the development of tourism and that some ceremonies have lost their spiritual meaning. In addition, the writers found that the locals are continuously working on preserving their culture but the challenge is to preserve what is actually authentic Balinese.

abstract: Firstly, this study uses community asset mapping guided by the Community Capitals Framework (CCF) to explore the linkages between Protected Areas (PAs), tourism and community livelihoods. Secondly, it assesses changes in community needs facilitated by community participation in wildlife-based tourism in a protected area setting. Thirdly and finally, the study assesses whether the introduction of community wildlife-based tourism in a protected area as a sustainable management tool has led to the spiraling up or down of community capitals. The study adopted qualitative research method approach and made use of data collected through community asset mapping supplemented by data from focus group discussions, households, key informants, and secondary data materials that were analyzed and interpreted in light of community capital framework. The Chobe National Park (CNP) and Chobe Enclave Conservation Trust (CECT); a community living adjacent to CNP in Botswana provides the context on which this study's discussion focuses. Results indicate that the accession of Botswana from colonialism through post colonialism era intertwined considerable institutional arrangement changes in the field of protected area governance that reflects evolutionary management styles. Protected areas, tourism and community livelihoods linkages are based on many inter-dependents of community capitals relationships which are dependent on community socio-economic activities. In assessing changes in community needs, the results indicate that participation in wildlife-based tourism has brought both positive and negative changes that have implications on both the status quo for community livelihoods and protected areas, namely; the influence of changes in community capitals dynamics, mechanization and commercialization of agriculture, government funded infrastructural development, income generation, and the commodification of some of the community capitals. Finally, the increased livelihoods options and diversification dynamics, fragile wildlife-livestock co-existence, heightened human-wildlife conflicts, environmental education and awareness are the emerging themes that explain how the introduction of tourism in a protected area setting affect the spiraling up and down of the community capitals dynamics. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Community Resources and Development 2013

This report is the result of the course, Environment and Development in the South, at University of Södertörn in Stockholm, Sweden. The report is about “new tourism” especially community-based tourism (CBT) and socio-cultural aspects relating to tourism. It is based on a literature study and a three weeks field course in Babati district in Northern Tanzania. The aim of this study is to describe how host peoples (communities) get affected especially, socio-culturally, by tourism. The aim is also to describe new tourism (especially CBT). A case-study of a Swedish student excursion to Babati is used as an example of how it affects a community (especially socio-cultural aspects) and if it qualifies as CBT. The theory of the study is based on sustainable development (especially socio-cultural aspects) supported by the rules of World Tourism Organization (WTO) and United Nation Environmental Program (UNEP). The theory is connected to the principles of CBT and used in the analysis to judge if the Swedish student excursion qualifies as CBT. The results show that the Swedish student excursion is in line with important principles of CBT, and therefore also in line with sustainable local development in some way. The major advantage with the excursion is the cross-cultural learning and the major problem is jealousness of benefit sharing according to the interviews done.

O histórico de criação e gestão de áreas protegidas brasileiras configurou-se como experiências antidemocráticas, pouco estimuladoras da participação social. O desenvolvimento do turismo no Brasil possui um histórico, a princípio, guiado por modelos centralizadores e, posteriormente, orientado pelas idéias políticas neoliberais que privilegiaram setores privados em detrimento do desenvolvimento de comunidades locais. Seguindo esses modelos, a criação da Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins (EEJI), uma unidade de conservação de proteção integral, não permitia moradias e usos de populações, gerando alterações no modo de vida das populações tradicionais inseridas em seu interior. Com as lutas dos povos da região, o local transformou-se em um Mosaico de Unidades de Conservação, englobando áreas protegidas de uso sustentável, categorias mais flexíveis, cujas possibilidades de usos ainda estão sendo discutidas e negociadas pelos atores da região: moradores, ocupantes não tradicionais e a Fundação Florestal, o órgão gestor da área. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as possibilidades de desenvolvimento do turismo de base comunitária na Vila de Barra do Una, localizada no município de Peruíbe, São Paulo, e também inserida na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Barra do Una (RDSBU). Consideram-se os conflitos decorrentes da existência de áreas protegidas no local, bem como os impactos socioculturais ocasionados pelo turismo. A metodologia utilizada foi a etnografia, com foco na descrição densa de Clifford Geertz (2012), partindo da construção de uma narrativa de segunda mão, recurso importante para entendimento das mudanças ocorridas no local estudado e suas perspectivas futuras. Apresenta-se como resultados que a comunidade desenvolveu relativa experiência por meio de suas lutas políticas e vivência com a prática do turismo, onde é perceptível uma organização socioprodutiva da atividade. A comunidade estudada (incluindo todos os grupos sociais implicados na vila) possui alguns aspectos positivos para o desenvolvimento de um turismo de base comunitária: os moradores (tradicionais e ocupantes não tradicionais) possuem larga identificação e enraizamento territorial; apresentam uma organização social relevante; desenvolveram uma larga experiência tanto política e também com a atividade do turismo; e agregaram parceiros, ainda que em alguns momentos tenha havido conflitos com estes. Por outro lado, também possuem alguns desafios a serem transpostos: nas premissas de conservação da unidade de conservação, as instituições públicas como a Fundação Florestal precisam também incluir a sociodiversidade nos processos de tomada de decisões, levando em conta o direito indispensável da participação social; devem, além disso, pautar pela clareza e transparência na gestão da área protegida, para este fato recomenda-se os princípios estabelecidos por Graham, Amos, Plumptre (2003). Conclui-se que a comunidade necessita manter o esforço de buscar e ter consciência da importância da união coletiva, tencionando superar o subaproveitamento da atividade, retomar parcerias que já foram realizadas em outros tempos, para adiante trabalhar um turismo mais planejado. / The historical of establishment and management of protected Brazilian areas was configured as anti-democratic experiences that were marked by having lower stimulation of social participation. The development of tourism in Brazil has a history, at first, guided by centralizing models and subsequently guided by neoliberal political ideas which favored private sectors at the expense of the development of local communities. Following these models, the creation of Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station (EEJI), an integral protection conservation unit, did not allow housing and population uses, by the time generating changes in the lifestyle of the traditional populations, once inserted on their interiors. As a result of the struggles of the regional people, the local became in a Conservation Unit Mosaic, covering protected areas of sustainable use, flexible categories, whose uses possibilities are still being discussed and negotiated by the regional actors: residents, non-traditional occupants and the Forestry Foundation, the management body area. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential development of community-based tourism in Barra do Una village, located in the municipality of Peruibe, state of Sao Paulo, which is also included in the Sustainable Development Reserve Una Bar (RDSBU). The conflicts are considered due the existence of protected areas in the local, such as social and cultural impacts related to tourism. The methodology used was ethnography, focusing on the \"thick description\" of Clifford Geertz (2012), based on the construction of a narrative of \"second boot\", an important resource for understanding the changes in the studied site and its future prospects. It is presented as results of that, community developed on experience through their political struggles and experience with practice of tourism whose the socio-productive organization is noticeable. The community studied (including all social groups involved in the village) has some positive aspects to the development of a tourism community-based: residents (traditional and non-traditional occupants) have wide identification and traditional roots; have a relevant social organization; developed a wide experience both politically and with the tourism activity; and added partners, although in some instances has been conflict with each other. On the other hand, they also have some challenges to be overcome: in protected premises of the protected unit, public institutions such as the Forestry Foundation also need to include social diversity in decision-making processes, taking into account the essential right of social participation; should also be guided by clarity and transparency in the protected area management, for this fact recommended to the principles set out by Graham, Amos, Plumptre (2003). We conclude that the community needs to maintain efforts to seek and be aware of the importance of collective union intends to overcome the under-utilization of the activity, take back partnerships that have already been carried out at other times, to work on a more planned tourism.

Nesta pesquisa buscamos entender as contribuições da Museologia para iniciativas de turismo de base comunitária desenvolvidas em Reservas Extrativistas (Resex), de forma a promover o conhecimento e a valorização do patrimônio (e do território-patrimônio) das populações tradicionais habitantes dessas áreas e, assim, colaborar para a implementação dessa categoria de Unidade de Conservação (UC). Nesse processo, a discussão se amplia para uma reflexão sobre as Resex como potenciais museus (mais especificamente como ecomuseus) e como cenário para o fato museal. A pesquisa tem como estudo de caso a experiência de turismo de base comunitária desenvolvida desde 2004 pela Comunidade Quilombola do Mandira, beneficiária da Resex do Mandira, localizada no município de Cananéia/SP. Os métodos utilizados envolvem pesquisa teórica e de campo. O estudo é fundamentado em autores e referenciais teóricos das Ciências Humanas -- notadamente da Antropologia e da Museologia -- e das Ciências Naturais; na análise dos inventários de patrimônio coordenados pelo Instituto Socioambiental (ISA) e pelo Instituto de Terras de São Paulo (Itesp); na avaliação do processo de comunicação das referências patrimoniais; e em entrevistas semiestruturadas com membros da Comunidade do Mandira, com representantes de órgãos públicos e de Organizações Não-Governamentais. / In the present study, we seek to understand the contributions of Museology for community-based tourism initiatives carried out in Brazilian Extractive Reserves (Resex), our goal being to promote knowledge and valorization of the heritage (and territory-heritage) of the traditional populations who live in these areas, thus collaborating for the implementation of this category of Conservation Unit (UC). In this process, our discussion widens to encompass a reflection about Resex as potential museums (more specifically, eco-museums) and as a setting for the museal fact. We use as a study case the community-based tourism experience conducted since 2004 by the Quilombola Community of Mandira, which is the beneficiary of the Mandira Resex, in the municipality of Cananéia, state of São Paulo. Our methods involve field and theoretical research. The study builds on the works of authors and theoretical background of Human Sciences -- particularly Anthropology and Museology -- and Natural Sciences; on the analysis of heritage lists coordinated by the Socioenvironmental Institute (ISA) and the Institute of Lands of São Paulo (Itesp); on an evaluation of the process of communication of heritage references; and on semi-structured interviews with members of the Mandira community, government agency officials, and members of NGOs.

This essay has examined how the local community is involved with the tourism development on the San Blas islands and how it effects the destinations development. The method of choice has been a qualitative interview with an operator that offers trips to the destination. Also there has been made a literature study where previous research about the San Blas and the subjects of choice is being presented. During the writing process of this essay it has become obvious to us that the local community (Kuna Yala) is very much involved in everything that concerns the destination. We can thereby establish that the local community of San Blas can be placed on the top step of Arnsteins (1969) “Ladder of Participation”. This comprehensive involvement brings both positive and negative effects on the destinations development. On the negative side we can se that the service level sometimes is low due to lack of knowledge and communication amongst the Kunas. The positive effects however shows that the destination is perceived more unique when the visitors gets to experience the real Kuna lifestyle that also creates a sustainable social environment. Many Kunas make their living on the tourism industry, which secure that the visitors money stays at the destination. The destination itself has not followed any traditional curve regarding destination development, which makes San Blas problematic to apply in Butlers model about the destination lifecycle. / Denna uppsats har undersökt hur lokalsamhället på San Blasöarna involveras i turismnäringen och hur det påverkar destinationens turismutveckling. Valet av metod har varit en kvalitativ intervju med en aktör som erbjuder resor till destinationen. Vidare har också en litteraturstudie genomförts där tidigare forskning kring destinationen och ämnesområdet presenteras. Under arbetet med uppsatsen har det blivit tydligt att lokalbefolkningen (Kuna Yala) involveras i allra högsta grad i San Blas och påverkar alla beslut som har med destinationen att göra. Vi kan därför konstatera att San Blas lokalbefolkning kan placeras på de övre stegen i Arnsteins (1969) modell över medborgarnas deltagandegrad. Den stora involveringen för med sig både positiva och negativa konsekvenser för destinationsutvecklingen. Det negativa är att servicegraden ibland blir väldigt låg till följd av bristande kunskap och kommunikation bland lokalinvånarna. Bland de positiva effekterna nämns bl.a. att destinationen upp levs unik av besökarna som får komma nära Kuna Yala och uppleva deras levnadssätt vilket skapar ett hållbart socialt förhållande. Sysselsättningen blir även högre då många inom Kuna Yala livnär sig på turismnäringen och den höga deltagandegraden minskar läckaget vilket gör att mer pengar stannar kvar på destinationen. Destinationen i sig har inte följt någon traditionell kurva över turismutvecklingen vilket gör att San Blas blir problematisk att applicera i Butlers modell över destinationslivscykeln.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / The purpose of this study was to determine the community perceptions based on cost–benefit analysis approach to developing a tourism route. The Ehlanzeni District Municipality in the Mpumalanga Province is proposing the development of a new community-based tourism route in the Umjindi Local Municipality. The route will start from the R40 road gateway to Umjindi Local Municipality, it then stretches to Umjindi township, ending in Barberton town. The aim of a tourism route is brings together a variety of activities and attractions under a theme, and it develops opportunities of products and services. The literature review in the study is drawn from host communities’ perception on tourism development, South African and international perspective on cost–benefit analysis of tourism development. Routes are considered important because they promote local economic development. The impact of tourism development in a local society is demonstrated throughout this study. Through an analysis of the qualitative and quantitative data collected, it was found that community perceived the cost is less than what they will actually benefit from the development of the proposed tourism route. The community perceives that the costbenefit of the development of a tourism route is associated with issues of the economy, social, cultural and environment.

No description available.

This study sought to analyze tourist perceptions of cultural heritage tourism on Easter Island, more specifically, how they perceived and valued the concept of ‘authenticity’ in representations of local Rapanui culture. By analyzing and categorizing trends found in Trip Advisor reviews left for 6 tourism businesses on the island (3 traditional performance venues and 3 guided tour companies), this primary research question was further broken down to assess 1) what factors in particular render an experience valuable and authentic to the tourist, 2) how tourists perceive indigenous Rapanui’s relationship to their own culture in the context of cultural tourism, and 3) if they perceive the industry as exploiting or empowering the Rapanui people. Ultimately the study uncovered the tendency for tourists to look to the transmitters of culture themselves (i.e. local performers, guides, company owners) when assessing the value and authenticity of their cultural experience, taking into account the transmitter’s indigenous heritage, cultural pride, knowledgeability, and openness and eagerness to share their culture with visitors (evident by the perceived passion with which they performed, or the personal storytelling and friendship evident in the guide-guest relationship). In addition to constructing value and authenticity, these qualities left visitors with the impression that local Rapanui are empowered by the industry and have agency over the manner in which their culture is showcased. The tourist’s search for meaning was also an important finding, as the majority either appreciated direct explanations about island culture and history, or created their own meaning when none was provided. While the scope of this study was limited to Easter Island, it has implications that may be applied to other destinations with indigenous, cultural tourism, as it very much speaks to the value that tourists place on cultural pride and preservation, community-based grassroots tourism, a desire for meaning and explanation, and consideration for the tourist’s own impact on the destination.

No description available.