Tourism as an industry in the 20th and 21st Century has primarily been an international money-making industry which has attracted many governments of less developed countries as a fast mechanism for development. This has often involved a trade-off between the pursuit of economic wealth and support for the social, cultural and natural environments. The negative impacts of mass tourism in these economies are countless and well documented, especially as many of these countries are still trying to deal with impacts caused during colonial occupancy. Consequently, alternative tourism has been presented as a way to manage tourism development which is economically, social and ecologically sustainable. One manifestation of this trend is community-based tourism, which aims to be inclusive of the host communities as they plan for tourism and considers the socio cultural and natural resources and desires of tourists in a more equitable manner. The aim of this thesis is to determine how ecotrekking as a form of community-based tourism can provide a foundation for development for remote rural communities in developing countries. It was conceptually determined that if the needs of the community matched those of the tourists, then a sustainable ecotrekking industry can evolve. To explore this issue contextually, a case study of the Kokoda Track (KT) in Papua New Guinea is presented based around three research questions: 1. What role can market segmentation play in sustainable tourism development in remote rural communities? 2. What outcomes do the Kokoda Track communities envisage for the future of tourism on the Kokoda Track? 3. Do Kokoda tourists meet the outcomes envisaged by the community? A review of the literature found that market segmentation is a tool used in destination planning to assess visitor characteristics and match these to resource capabilities. It was employed in this study to determine the characteristics and needs of Kokoda tourists through a questionnaire survey distributed to trekkers via the tour operators. It was found that the Kokoda tourist is a university educated, middle-aged man who visits the KT for adventure and historical reasons. They have higher-order needs of personal development and knowledge and value the authenticity of the experience. The second research question was approached using secondary data analysis. Notes from Participatory Rural Appraisal workshops with community leaders in 2004 and 2005 were reinterpreted. The key themes to emerge were that the communities have a great need for basic facilities (education, transportation, telecommunications, medical infrastructure and water supplies) and they see tourism as an economic means to develop those facilities. They would like to build more guesthouses and provide food for tourists to increase revenue however, they are unsure of the extent to which this will be supported by trekkers. A comparative analysis of the findings from research questions 1 and 2 was employed to address the third research question. The quantitative needs of the tourist market segment were matched to the qualitative expectations of the communities. It was found that the current Kokoda tourist is in favour of many of the outcomes that the Kokoda communities envisage. These include the provision of locally made food and guesthouses. Further to this, the empirical results from the questionnaire found that ecotourists and cultural tourists are the tourist types that need to be targeted by operators. They indicated a strong match with the desires and needs of the Kokoda communities. For example, they indicated that the KT can cater for a much smaller number of trekkers than the other three pre-determined tourist types (adventure, organised and historic tourists). Additionally, the natural and cultural environments are more important to these tourist types inferring that the protection of these resources is of primary importance. Consequently, it was established that ecotrekking can play an important role in development in less developed countries, if the right market segment is targeted to meet the needs of the community. Generally this can then ensure a slower rate of development, which allows the communities to adjust to the changes that occur at both a socio-cultural level and also in the infrastructure within their communities. In the longer term it also allows them to see how tourism can provide long term benefits not offered in extractive industries such as forestry and mining.

<p>The overall aim of this qualitative study is to investigate the area of new sustainable tourism in theory and practice. The theoretical part, which consisted of a literature study, was made to help find the essence of new sustainable tourism. To bring out tourisms impact on society and environment in practice, a case study was made during an excursion with Södertörn University College to Babati in Tanzania. Semi structured interviews were held with people in Babati. The excursion is being evaluated according to WTO’s sustainable tourism development guidelines and management practices, and finally, these guidelines are analysed. The result of the literature study showed that there is no absolute true core in new sustainable tourism. It is a highly subjective judgment if a tourism venture is sustainable or not, depending on personal values, ideology and personal interests. There is features commonly associated and used in new sustainable tourism, like the sustainability of the three pillars of sustainable development, and the focus on the local, educational and conservational effects, but the essence is subjective. The evaluation of the excursion showed that it is by two third a sustainable tourism venture. It is the economic part that fails, since the guidelines put much focus on stable employments and frequency; ingredients that the excursion lacks. The analysis of the WTO guidelines resulted in confusion. They could be both very useful, but also very poor, according to how they were interpreted and used. The results highly depend on the user. Positive is that the guidelines address all pillars of sustainable development equal, and that the interaction between host and guest gets highlighted. Shortages are that the guidelines lack a gender perspective, a historical and political sensibility, a place specific flexibility and a perspective of inter- and intra-generational equity.</p>

Community involvement has been promoted and studied in diverse disciplines including planning, geography, community development, and others. In the tourism field, the shift from conventional tourism toward sustainable forms of tourism which emphasizes community-based practices in planning, development, and management has been broadly encouraged, especially in the developing world. Variously labeled, but commonly identified as Community-based tourism (CBT), this form of tourism is considered essential for community development, with an ultimate goal of sustainable development. Although many destinations have attempted to translate the CBT concept into practice, its appropriateness and success has been questioned and debated among practitioners and scholars. This research explores how members of local communities evaluate the CBT success factors discussed in the tourism literature. These factors include: 1) community participation, 2) benefit sharing, 3) tourism resources conservation, 4) partnership and support from within and outside of the community, 5) local ownership, 6) management and leadership, 7) communication and interaction among stakeholders, 8) quality of life, 9) scale of tourism development, and 10) tourist satisfaction. The main objectives of this study are: 1) developing an integrative measurement scales to evaluate the success of a CBT destination, 2) identifying the determinants of success as perceived by local communities at a CBT destination, and 3) examining the differences in CBT success factors between two communities relative to the duration and scale of tourism development, and size of the community. This dissertation employed mixed methods, combining questionnaire interviews, in-depth qualitative interviews, and participant observation as data collection tools. The fieldwork was conducted in Thailand during February – June 2010. Amphawa and Bangnoi floating markets were evaluated based on the ten factors. Results show that Amphawa, a larger and longer developed destination, is more successful than Bangnoi, a smaller and newly developed destination. Findings also indicated that the ten factors are important determinants of the success of tourism development in the two communities. Additional factors that the communities identified were advertising and the use of media as well as social networks. The integration of success factors reported in this study is recommended as a guideline for improvements in CBT development and evaluation.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is about facing responsibilities towards a company’s employees, customers, stakeholders, suppliers and the environment. As customers and consumers came to seek companies that were dealing with CSR a rapid wave of ”forced” implementations of social responsibility began. Fair Travel Tanzania, which has CSR as the foundation of the company, says that they are transparent about what they do and how they give back to the locals, could it be a problem with this? And how do they actually give back to the locals? Is it possible to measure the impact of CSR activities within the company? And if so, how?

Community-based tourism (CBT) has become an important facet in the quest for sustainable tourism. CBT is a term that has been subjected to different interpretations in the academic literature. In the field, CBT continues to be supported as an approach to improve the livelihoods of local people in communities participating in tourism. With growing interest in the sustainable livelihoods approach to development, tourism researchers have begun to examine tourism as a livelihood strategy. However, there remain few case studies that have connected the sustainable livelihoods approach and tourism. More specifically, there is limited empirical evidence exploring community-based tourism as a livelihood strategy for rural communities. This research employed an exploratory mixed methods approach to investigate community-based tourism from a livelihoods perspective. The case of the Commonwealth of Dominica was examined to address the following objectives: i) to assess the approach to the development of community-based tourism on the island of Dominica; ii) to analyze residents’ perceptions of the impacts that tourism has on their community from a livelihoods perspective; and iii) to evaluate the degree of success (or failure) of community-based tourism development in Dominica. The research findings revealed that community-based tourism is a valued component of Dominica’s national tourism strategy. Since the early nineties, community involvement has been an implicit policy in the tourism development process. More recently, government-funded initiatives have provided assistance to communities across the island to develop, implement, and market community tourism products. Additionally, this research suggests that the livelihood asset pentagon presented in the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework for Tourism (Shen, Hughey, and Simmons, 2008) is an effective organizational tool for assessing the impact of tourism on communities. Future research should be directed at applying the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework for Tourism in more diverse contexts to ensure its validity and applicability. Furthermore, there is a need to develop a comprehensive Community-based Tourism Framework to assist in the monitoring and evaluation of community-based tourism projects in the field. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that the island of Dominica is on a successful path for developing community-based tourism and it has the potential to yield a number of ‘best practice’ scenarios for the Caribbean region and the globe a like.

Community-Based Tourism (CBT) is a bottom-up approach to sustainable developmentused in developing countries to enhance the conservation of natural resources, preservetraditional culture, and generate income at the local level. The study aims to understandthe effectiveness of community associations for CBT development in developingcountries. Ghana is selected as the primary case of this study. Published data on CBTassociations in Namibia, Uganda, Kyrgyzstan and Costa Rica are used as supporting casesof the study. The research was conducted primarily, using library resources, incombination with fieldwork conducted by the author. The findings describe a viciouscircle of poverty in Ghana’s CBT development as well as describe successes andchallenges of supporting cases. It is clarified that the studied CBT associations haveplayed a significant role in creating networks and making linkages among the variousstakeholders involved. Further, these efforts increase the possibility of expanding CBTbenefits to the whole country, especially by creating interaction with governmentalagencies. However, obtaining a sustainable funding source for their activities is still agreat challenge, facing the associations. The study concludes that the establishment ofCBT associations can solve some of the problems identified as limiting Ghana’s CBTdevelopment. In particular, CBT associations could be useful for enhancing collaborationamong stakeholders. Unfortunately, the study could not identify any concrete solutionsfor the many financial issues which many developing countries face. An empirical studyon introducing microfinance or other soft loan system to CBT associations could be avaluable subject for further studies.

Community-based tourism (CBT) has become an important facet in the quest for sustainable tourism. CBT is a term that has been subjected to different interpretations in the academic literature. In the field, CBT continues to be supported as an approach to improve the livelihoods of local people in communities participating in tourism. With growing interest in the sustainable livelihoods approach to development, tourism researchers have begun to examine tourism as a livelihood strategy. However, there remain few case studies that have connected the sustainable livelihoods approach and tourism. More specifically, there is limited empirical evidence exploring community-based tourism as a livelihood strategy for rural communities. This research employed an exploratory mixed methods approach to investigate community-based tourism from a livelihoods perspective. The case of the Commonwealth of Dominica was examined to address the following objectives: i) to assess the approach to the development of community-based tourism on the island of Dominica; ii) to analyze residents’ perceptions of the impacts that tourism has on their community from a livelihoods perspective; and iii) to evaluate the degree of success (or failure) of community-based tourism development in Dominica. The research findings revealed that community-based tourism is a valued component of Dominica’s national tourism strategy. Since the early nineties, community involvement has been an implicit policy in the tourism development process. More recently, government-funded initiatives have provided assistance to communities across the island to develop, implement, and market community tourism products. Additionally, this research suggests that the livelihood asset pentagon presented in the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework for Tourism (Shen, Hughey, and Simmons, 2008) is an effective organizational tool for assessing the impact of tourism on communities. Future research should be directed at applying the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework for Tourism in more diverse contexts to ensure its validity and applicability. Furthermore, there is a need to develop a comprehensive Community-based Tourism Framework to assist in the monitoring and evaluation of community-based tourism projects in the field. The main conclusion drawn from this study is that the island of Dominica is on a successful path for developing community-based tourism and it has the potential to yield a number of ‘best practice’ scenarios for the Caribbean region and the globe a like.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-04T12:35:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3993029 bytes, checksum: eee0f4c53cea17b11f42fb5b839b79d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-09-04T15:54:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3993029 bytes, checksum: eee0f4c53cea17b11f42fb5b839b79d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-04T15:56:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3993029 bytes, checksum: eee0f4c53cea17b11f42fb5b839b79d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research aimed to understand how the structuring of Community Based Tourism contributed to the socioeconomic development of a city and to establish a fairer system for the residents of the region. The study was carried out in the municipality of Nova Olinda, located in the interior of Ceará, which has an estimated population of 15,310 inhabitants. The city encompasses the experience of the Casa Grande Foundation, a management school that works with the education of youth and children. The NGO was responsible for all training and administration of community tourism in the municipality. In this sense, this research has as central focus the activities of the foundation and the development provided by the projects and programs articulated by the institution. As a theoretical contribution, theories were used referring to the concepts of Macromarketing, Community Tourism and Distributive Justice in Marketing Systems. Regarding the methodological procedures, a qualitative approach was used, having as main technique the semi-structured interview, supported by participant observation. A total of 23 interviews were conducted with managers of the Casa Grande Foundation, residents directly involved in the activities of the NGO, residents who had no connection with the institution and a tourist. The results of the study point out that a well-planned tourism model that considers stakeholders and which is based on values such as community living, cooperation and recognition of the cultural and natural space of the environment, is capable of bringing development to the region And to establish just exchanges with those who dwell in that place. The discussion of the issue of distributive justice within a marketing system, and the use of a concrete management experience that absorbs the ideals of fairer exchanges, as well as the approach of the marketing vision in its macro sense, in an optics that sees the Tourism through residents, are the main contributions of this study. / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo entender como a estruturação do Turismo de Base Comunitária contribuiu no desenvolvimento socioeconômico de uma cidade e de estabelecer um sistema mais justo para os moradores da região. O estudo foi realizado no município de Nova Olinda, localizado no interior do Ceará, que possui uma população estimada de 15.310 habitantes. A cidade abrange a experiência da Fundação Casa Grande, uma escola de gestão que trabalha com a educação de jovens e crianças. A ONG foi responsável por toda formação e administração do turismo comunitário no município. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa possui como foco central, as atividades da fundação e o desenvolvimento proporcionado pelos projetos e programas articulados pela instituição. Como aporte teórico, foram utilizadas teorias referentes aos conceitos do Macromarketing, do Turismo Comunitário e da Justiça Distributiva nos Sistemas de Marketing. Em relação aos procedimentos metodológicos, foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como técnica principal a entrevista semiestruturada, apoiada pela observação participante. Foram realizadas um total de 23 entrevistas com gestores da Fundação Casa Grande, moradores diretamente envolvidos nas atividades da ONG, moradores que não possuíam ligação com a instituição e uma turista. Os resultados do estudo apontam que um modelo de turismo bem planejado, que considera as partes interessadas e que é pautado em valores como a vivência em comunidade, a cooperação e o reconhecimento do espaço cultural e natural do ambiente, é capaz de trazer desenvolvimento à região e estabelecer trocas justas aos que habitam aquele lugar. A discussão da temática da justiça distributiva dentro de um sistema de marketing, e a utilização de uma experiência concreta de gestão que absorve os ideais de trocas mais justas, assim como a abordagem da visão do marketing em seu sentido macro, numa ótica que enxerga o turismo através dos residentes, são as principais contribuições deste estudo.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Discute os significados do turismo comunitÃrio para a comunidade de pescadores e agricultores de Caetanos de Cima, localizada no litoral do municÃpio de Amontada, estado do CearÃ, relacionando os princÃpios deste à dinÃmica polÃtica, ambiental e sociocultural existente. TambÃm apresenta brevemente um histÃrico da constituiÃÃo da Rede Tucum â Rede de Turismo ComunitÃrio do Cearà e os princÃpios associados à Rede Turisol â Rede Brasileira de Turismo ComunitÃrio. A metodologia se constituiu em visitas e observaÃÃo das prÃticas cotidianas, entrevistas semiestruturadas e aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrios, alÃm de participaÃÃo em diferentes momentos da construÃÃo da experiÃncia de turismo local e das redes estadual e nacional apresentadas. As conclusÃes versam sobre as especificidades de Caetanos de Cima e sua contribuiÃÃo para a formulaÃÃo do conceito de turismo comunitÃrio a partir dos anseios e experiÃncia polÃtica que dÃo sentido diferenciado ao desenvolvimento â relacionando-o à felicidade â bem como sobre os principais desafios e fortalezas do empreendimento turÃstico ora implantado pela comunidade. / This study examines the meanings of the community-based tourism to the Caetanos de Cima fishermen and agriculturists community, localized in the littoral of Amontada, estate of CearÃ, linking the principles of this activity to the political, environmental, social and cultural dynamics of the community. It also presents a short historical about the constitution of Rede Tucum â Community-Based Tourism Network of Cearà and the principles of Turisol â Community-Based Tourism Network of Brazil. The methodology consisted in visits and observation about the local practices, semi structured interviews and questionnaires, and direct participation in the construction of the local community-based tourism experience and also in the regional and national community-based tourism networks presented. The conclusion explain about the specificities of Caetanos de Cima and his contribution to build the concept of community-based tourism through his craving and political experience that gives a different meaning to the word development â linking it to felicity â and also about the main challenges and virtuousness of the tourism activity in practice today at the community.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo geral analisar experiências de turismo de base comunitária existentes na Região Metropolitana de Manaus, considerando aspectos socioespaciais. Como objetivos específicos pretendeu contextualizar, a partir das experiências do Brasil e da América Latina, as experiências de turismo de base comunitária do Amazonas, em especial da Região Metropolitana de Manaus; bem como, sugerir mecanismos que colaborem para a implementação de políticas públicas em torno do turismo de base comunitária como mais uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento econômico e social da região Amazônica. Para sua concretização, foram feitos levantamentos bibliográficos em fontes secundárias, pesquisa de campo e registro fotográfico. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram quinze comunidades tradicionais presentes em alguns dos oito municípios que integram a Região Metropolitana de Manaus (Careiro da Várzea, Iranduba, Itacoatiara, Manacapuru, Manaus, Novo Airão, Presidente Figueiredo e Rio Preto da Eva). Os resultados obtidos revelam, entre outros aspectos, que a maior parte delas está em área rural, no interior de uma unidade de conservação e em terra firme, tendo a conquista da terra se dado por meio da posse. Como conclusão da pesquisa, verificamos que, quanto à organização espacial, a maioria das comunidades está localizada nos municípios de Manaus e Iranduba, sendo poucas, porém, as experiências dentro da Região Metropolitana de Manaus que caminham para uma proposta de turismo de base comunitária, e quando comparadas a outras experiências da América Latina e do Brasil, mostram-se bastante desarticuladas. Sugerimos, enquanto ações para efetivação da modalidade do turismo de base comunitária na região Amazônica, políticas públicas integradas entre as distintas esferas do poder público, adotando-se posturas mais participativas no que diz respeito a comunidades tradicionais que desejam trabalhar com esta prática social e econômica, por meio de programas e projetos que primem, essencialmente, pela participação das comunidades no planejamento dessa atividade. / This study had as general objective to analyze some experiences of community base tourism in the Metropolitan Region of Manaus, taking into consideration the socio-spatial aspects. It had as specific objectives to contextualize, from the experiences of Brazil and Latin America, besides the experiences of community base tourism in the Amazon, particularly in the Metropolitan Region of Manaus; and to suggest mechanisms that collaborate to the implementation of the public policies concerning to the community base tourism as an alternative to the economic and social development in the Amazon Region. For its implementation, they were made literature surveys on secondary sources, a field research and a photographic record. The individuals involved in the research were fifteen traditional communities present in some of the eight municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Manaus (Careiro da Várzea, Iranduba, Itacoatiara, Manacapuru, Manaus, New Airão, Presidente Figueiredo and Rio Preto da Eva). The results showed, among other aspects, that most of them are in the rural area inside an area of preservation and on land too; it is relevant to mention that the conquest of the land was given for possession. During the survey, as a conclusion, we could verify that most communities are located in Manaus and Iranduba; however with few experiences within the Metropolitan Region of Manaus which go for a proposal of community base tourism. In addition, when they are compared to other experiences in Latin America and other regions of Brazil, they appear very disjointed. This way, we suggest as actions to the effectuation of the modality of community base tourism in the Amazon Region that the public policies integrated between the different spheres of the government, adopting more participatory attitudes regarding to traditional communities which wish to work with this social and economic activity, through programs and projects that value primarily for the participation of the communities during the planning of this activity.