Soil compaction is relevant whenever important infrastructure is to be established, such as road constructions and house foundations. To achieve this, hydraulic soil compactors are needed to perform the job of compacting the ground to a more stable foundation. The company Exero AB, where the bachelor thesis has been carried out, is a manufacturer of machine born soil compactors. In the past years, some costumers have started to demand a larger compactor model. The purpose of this project was to design and create drawings of parts of an upscaled soil compactor. The work was limited to the design of the lower part of the compactor, while the upper part and the flow control unit was excluded, and hydromechanical aspects were neglected.  The project was carried out based on product requirements from the company. The concept development of the lower part of the compactor utilized already existing models for its design process. Further investigations regarding suitable eccentric weights showed that it is possible to reach the desired vibration pressure on the lower part for a certain hydraulic oil flow in the hydraulic motor. In the final design, the achieved vibration pressure was within 5% of the pressure specified in the product requirements, which the client considered acceptable. / Markkompaktering är aktuellt överallt där viktig infrastruktur ska upprättas såsom vägbyggnationer och husgrunder. För att åstadkomma detta behövs det markvibratorer som utför jobbet med att packa marken till en stabilare grund. Företaget Exero AB, där examenarbetet har utförts, är en tillverkare av maskinburna markvibratorer. Några av kunderna efterfrågar dock större markvibratorer än de modeller företaget erbjuder just nu. Syftet av arbetet var därför att ta fram en design och ritningar till underdelen av en uppskalad variant av en markvibrator. Avgränsningar i projektet var att överdelen av markvibratorn och flödesregleringsblocket lämnades utanför arbetet, samt att hydromekaniska verkningsgrader försummades.  Projektet genomfördes utifrån produktkrav från företaget. Konceptframtagningen av markvibratorns underdel utgick ifrån existerande modeller som utgjorde grund i designprocessen. Vid vidare undersökningar av olika excentervikters design gav det ett önskat vibrationstryck på underdelen vid ett visst hydrauloljeflöde i hydraulmotorn. Resultatet var att det uppnådda vibrationstrycket låg inom 5% av trycket som angavs i kravspecifikationen, vilket uppdragsgivaren ansågs som godtagbart.

Målet med detta arbete var att ta fram ett nytt trådmagasin till Sund Birstas α-kompaktor som är bättre ur ett säkerhets- samt ekonomiskt perspektiv. En kompaktor är en bindmaskin som komprimerar och binder samman valstrådrullar för att förhindra trassel samt underlätta förvararing och fraktning. Trådmagasinets huvudsakliga uppgift är att hålla kompaktorns bindtråd konstant sträckt för att förhindra att trassel uppstår bakom kompaktorn. Under arbetets konceptgenereringsfas togs delkoncept fram för ackumulering av tråd, lyftmekanismer samt förflyttningsmekanisker. Därefter togs 12 helhetskoncept fram som utvärderades först vid ett seminarium med Sund Birsta för att få värdefulla insikter kring koncepten. Därefter utvärderades koncepten med en Pughs-matris där koncepten jämfördes utifrån kriterier från Sund Birsta samt krav från kravspecifikationen. Det koncept som valdes ut från utvärderingen är en konstruktion som tillåter att användaren trär tråden igenom magasinet från golvnivå samt bidrar till en sänkning med 33% på kraften kompaktorns matarverk matar tråden med. En elmotor hjälper till att hålla tråden sträckt samt ladda magasinet genom att lyfta upp två rörliga brythjul. Det slutgiltiga konceptet utvecklades ytterligare för att kunna möjliggöra att allt arbete ska ske från golvnivå och därmed öka säkerheten. En CAD-modell togs slutligen fram för att illustrera konceptets utformning och funktion. / The goal of this project was to develop a new wire magazine for Sund Birsta´s α-compactor that is better from a safety and economical perspective. A coil compactor is a binding machine that compresses and binds together rod wire coils to prevent tangling and facilitate storage and transportation. The wire magazines main task is to keep the compactor’s binding wire constantly tense to prevent tangling from occuring behind the compactor. During the projects concept generation phase, subconcepts for lifting mechanisms, accumulation of wire and movement mechanisms was sketched. Thereafter 12 overall concepts was developed which was evaluated first at a seminar with Sund Birsta to gain valueble knowledge regarding the concepts. The concepts was thereafter evaluated with a Pughs-matrix where the concepts was compared with each other regarding to how well they met the demands set by Sund Birsta and from the requirements specification. The concept which was chosen from the evaluation is a construction which lets the user pull the wire through the magazine from ground level, and it lowers the force required for the compactor´s feeding unit with 33%. A electric motor helps keeping the wire tense and load the magazine by lifting up two movable wire wheels.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar, do ponto de vista volumétrico, qual seria o número de giros necessário, no Compactador Giratório Superpave (CGS), para produzir corpos de prova com características similares aos produzidos com a energia 50 golpes no compactador Marshall, para misturas tipo Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) com volume de vazios igual a 4%. Como complemento, realizaram-se dosagens no CGS com 100 giros, visando avaliar o impacto do aumento da energia de compactação no teor de projeto, também para volume de vazios igual a 4%, em comparação aos CPs compactados com o número de giros equivalente à Marshall determinada anteriormente. Foram utilizadas duas faixas granulométricas de misturas SMA: a com Tamanho Máximo Nominal (TMN) 7,93 mm do DER-SP e a com TMN 12,5 mm da AASHTO. Para todas as misturas foram avaliadas as propriedades mecânicas de corpos de prova com 4% de volume de vazios. Dos resultados dos ensaios concluiu-se que o número de giros no CGS para produzir misturas com volume de vazios igual a 4% nos teores de asfalto de trabalho Marshall são similares para as duas faixas granulométricas utilizadas. Por outro lado, a dosagem com 100 giros no CGS reduziu significativamente o teor de asfalto de trabalho para as duas faixas estudadas em comparação com os teores de trabalho obtidos das dosagens Marshall e no CGS com os números de giros equivalentes. Com relação às propriedades mecânicas, as resistências à tração e os módulos de resiliência dos corpos de prova produzidos com 100 giros no CGS são, de uma maneira geral, um pouco menores que os valores obtidos nos corpos de prova compactados no compactador Marshall, independente da faixa granulométrica, porém maiores que os valores obtidos para a compactação giratória nas energias equivalentes. A vida de fadiga para a faixa mais fina é significativamente maior para os corpos de prova compactados com 100 giros em comparação com a compactação Marshall e para a faixa mais grossa manteve-se na mesma ordem de grandeza da obtida para a compactação Marshall. Para as misturas ensaiadas, não foi constatado influência da compactação no dano causado pela umidade induzida / The aim of the work was to investigate, in terms of volumes properties, which would be the number of gyrations required in the Superpave Gyrations Compactor (SGC), to produce samples with characteristics similar to the energy produced with 50 blows in the Marshall Compactor, for Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures with voids content equal to 4%. As a complement, samples designed in the SGC with 100 gyrations, were made to evaluate the impact of increased compaction energy in the binder content, also for voids content equal to 4%, compared to the samples compacted with a number of gyrations equivalent to Marshall, as previously determined. It was used two different aggregates gradations for SMA mixtures: Nominal Maximum Size (NMS) 7,93 mm of the DER and the NMS 12,5 mm of the AASHTO. The mechanical properties of all samples were evaluated with voids content of 4%. The number of gyrations in the SGC to produce mixtures containing voids content equal to 4% for the Marshall`s binder content are similar for both aggregates gradations used. On the other hand, the SMA mixture design with 100 gyrations reduced the binder content for both gradations in comparison with the binder content obtained from Marshall Compaction and SGC with the equivalent number of gyrations. Concerning mechanical properties, the tensile strength and resilient modulus of the samples produced with 100 gyrations in the SGC are, generally, slightly lower than the values obtained with the samples compacted in the Marshall compactor, independent of the aggregate gradations, but higher than the values obtained with the samples compacted with a equivalent energy in the SGC. The fatigue life for the fine gradation (NMS=7,93mm) is significantly higher for the samples compacted in the SGC with 100 gyrations compared with the Marshall compaction, and for the coarse gradation (NMS=12,5 mm) remained in the same order of magnitude that of the Marshall compaction. It was not observed any influence of the compaction method in the induced damage caused by moisture

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal investigar, do ponto de vista volumétrico, qual seria o número de giros necessário, no Compactador Giratório Superpave (CGS), para produzir corpos de prova com características similares aos produzidos com a energia 50 golpes no compactador Marshall, para misturas tipo Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) com volume de vazios igual a 4%. Como complemento, realizaram-se dosagens no CGS com 100 giros, visando avaliar o impacto do aumento da energia de compactação no teor de projeto, também para volume de vazios igual a 4%, em comparação aos CPs compactados com o número de giros equivalente à Marshall determinada anteriormente. Foram utilizadas duas faixas granulométricas de misturas SMA: a com Tamanho Máximo Nominal (TMN) 7,93 mm do DER-SP e a com TMN 12,5 mm da AASHTO. Para todas as misturas foram avaliadas as propriedades mecânicas de corpos de prova com 4% de volume de vazios. Dos resultados dos ensaios concluiu-se que o número de giros no CGS para produzir misturas com volume de vazios igual a 4% nos teores de asfalto de trabalho Marshall são similares para as duas faixas granulométricas utilizadas. Por outro lado, a dosagem com 100 giros no CGS reduziu significativamente o teor de asfalto de trabalho para as duas faixas estudadas em comparação com os teores de trabalho obtidos das dosagens Marshall e no CGS com os números de giros equivalentes. Com relação às propriedades mecânicas, as resistências à tração e os módulos de resiliência dos corpos de prova produzidos com 100 giros no CGS são, de uma maneira geral, um pouco menores que os valores obtidos nos corpos de prova compactados no compactador Marshall, independente da faixa granulométrica, porém maiores que os valores obtidos para a compactação giratória nas energias equivalentes. A vida de fadiga para a faixa mais fina é significativamente maior para os corpos de prova compactados com 100 giros em comparação com a compactação Marshall e para a faixa mais grossa manteve-se na mesma ordem de grandeza da obtida para a compactação Marshall. Para as misturas ensaiadas, não foi constatado influência da compactação no dano causado pela umidade induzida / The aim of the work was to investigate, in terms of volumes properties, which would be the number of gyrations required in the Superpave Gyrations Compactor (SGC), to produce samples with characteristics similar to the energy produced with 50 blows in the Marshall Compactor, for Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures with voids content equal to 4%. As a complement, samples designed in the SGC with 100 gyrations, were made to evaluate the impact of increased compaction energy in the binder content, also for voids content equal to 4%, compared to the samples compacted with a number of gyrations equivalent to Marshall, as previously determined. It was used two different aggregates gradations for SMA mixtures: Nominal Maximum Size (NMS) 7,93 mm of the DER and the NMS 12,5 mm of the AASHTO. The mechanical properties of all samples were evaluated with voids content of 4%. The number of gyrations in the SGC to produce mixtures containing voids content equal to 4% for the Marshall`s binder content are similar for both aggregates gradations used. On the other hand, the SMA mixture design with 100 gyrations reduced the binder content for both gradations in comparison with the binder content obtained from Marshall Compaction and SGC with the equivalent number of gyrations. Concerning mechanical properties, the tensile strength and resilient modulus of the samples produced with 100 gyrations in the SGC are, generally, slightly lower than the values obtained with the samples compacted in the Marshall compactor, independent of the aggregate gradations, but higher than the values obtained with the samples compacted with a equivalent energy in the SGC. The fatigue life for the fine gradation (NMS=7,93mm) is significantly higher for the samples compacted in the SGC with 100 gyrations compared with the Marshall compaction, and for the coarse gradation (NMS=12,5 mm) remained in the same order of magnitude that of the Marshall compaction. It was not observed any influence of the compaction method in the induced damage caused by moisture

Esta pesquisa apresenta um estudo acerca da viabilidade do uso do Compactador Giratório Superpave (CGS) no ensaio de compactação de solos e mostra também um paralelo entre o ensaio de compactação Proctor e o ensaio de compactação no CGS. Para isso, foi selecionado um solo argiloso para ser submetido a ensaios de compactação Proctor e a ensaios de compactação com uso do compactador giratório. Nos ensaios com CGS foram utilizadas três tensões normais (200, 400 e 600 kPa) e corpos de prova de 1000g e 1800g. Também foi avaliado o comportamento mecânico de corpos de prova, moldados estaticamente e por amassamento, por meio dos ensaios de compressão simples, resistência a tração por compressão diametral e triaxial cíclico. No final, foi sugerido um procedimento de compactação de solos no CGS. Nos ensaios com o CGS, verificou-se que os valores de massa específica aparente seca (MEAS) (a) foram muito menores para os ensaios com 200 kPa que aqueles apresentados nas tensões de 400 kPa e 600 kPa; (b) apresentaram diferenças muito pequenas entre os ensaios de 400 e 600 kPa; (c) foram maiores para os CPs de 1000g que para os CPs de 1800g e (d) não tiveram ganho expressivo após 75 giros. A comparação entre as curvas de compactação Proctor e do CGS mostrou que os ensaios no CGS com tensão normal de 400 kPa e 600 kPa atingiram a massa específica seca máxima (MEAS máx) do Proctor Intermediário, mas não a do Proctor Modificado. Quanto aos ensaios mecânicos, os corpos de prova moldados no CGS apresentaram, de maneira geral, melhores resultados de resistência à compressão simples e resistência a tração por compressão diametral, enquanto que para o MR, observou-se uma tendência de melhor desempenho dos CPs moldados estaticamente. / This research presents the feasibility for using the Superpave Giratory Compactor (SGC) in soils compaction and a comparative evaluation between Proctor\'s and SGC\'s compaction processes. In order to evaluate the SGC compactor, a clayey soil was submitted SGC compaction tests at three normal stress (200, 400 and 600 kPa) and two different weight specimens (1000 and 1800 g). Mechanical tests to determinate the compression and tensile strength and resilient modulus were done on specimens compacted statically and by kneading. Additionally, it is suggested a compaction protocol test on SGC. About SGC\'s result tests indicated that dry densities values (a) at 200 kPa were lower than those obtained at 400 and 600 kPa; (b) at 400 and 600 kPa did not exhibit important variations (c) of 1000g specimens were higher than the 1800g ones and (d) did not increases after 75 number of gyrations. Regarding to mechanical properties, it can be detected that, in general, compression and tensile strength of SGC\'s specimens were better than the specimens compacted statically ones, and, as resilient modulus, specimens compacted statically had better perform than SGC\'s specimens

Esta pesquisa apresenta um estudo acerca da viabilidade do uso do Compactador Giratório Superpave (CGS) no ensaio de compactação de solos e mostra também um paralelo entre o ensaio de compactação Proctor e o ensaio de compactação no CGS. Para isso, foi selecionado um solo argiloso para ser submetido a ensaios de compactação Proctor e a ensaios de compactação com uso do compactador giratório. Nos ensaios com CGS foram utilizadas três tensões normais (200, 400 e 600 kPa) e corpos de prova de 1000g e 1800g. Também foi avaliado o comportamento mecânico de corpos de prova, moldados estaticamente e por amassamento, por meio dos ensaios de compressão simples, resistência a tração por compressão diametral e triaxial cíclico. No final, foi sugerido um procedimento de compactação de solos no CGS. Nos ensaios com o CGS, verificou-se que os valores de massa específica aparente seca (MEAS) (a) foram muito menores para os ensaios com 200 kPa que aqueles apresentados nas tensões de 400 kPa e 600 kPa; (b) apresentaram diferenças muito pequenas entre os ensaios de 400 e 600 kPa; (c) foram maiores para os CPs de 1000g que para os CPs de 1800g e (d) não tiveram ganho expressivo após 75 giros. A comparação entre as curvas de compactação Proctor e do CGS mostrou que os ensaios no CGS com tensão normal de 400 kPa e 600 kPa atingiram a massa específica seca máxima (MEAS máx) do Proctor Intermediário, mas não a do Proctor Modificado. Quanto aos ensaios mecânicos, os corpos de prova moldados no CGS apresentaram, de maneira geral, melhores resultados de resistência à compressão simples e resistência a tração por compressão diametral, enquanto que para o MR, observou-se uma tendência de melhor desempenho dos CPs moldados estaticamente. / This research presents the feasibility for using the Superpave Giratory Compactor (SGC) in soils compaction and a comparative evaluation between Proctor\'s and SGC\'s compaction processes. In order to evaluate the SGC compactor, a clayey soil was submitted SGC compaction tests at three normal stress (200, 400 and 600 kPa) and two different weight specimens (1000 and 1800 g). Mechanical tests to determinate the compression and tensile strength and resilient modulus were done on specimens compacted statically and by kneading. Additionally, it is suggested a compaction protocol test on SGC. About SGC\'s result tests indicated that dry densities values (a) at 200 kPa were lower than those obtained at 400 and 600 kPa; (b) at 400 and 600 kPa did not exhibit important variations (c) of 1000g specimens were higher than the 1800g ones and (d) did not increases after 75 number of gyrations. Regarding to mechanical properties, it can be detected that, in general, compression and tensile strength of SGC\'s specimens were better than the specimens compacted statically ones, and, as resilient modulus, specimens compacted statically had better perform than SGC\'s specimens

We consume more and more which also have led to an increase in the waste we most handle. In public environment, common solution have been to increase the size of the waste bin, but that’s not always an option. To big and it may interfere with the environment it placed in. Another approach is to compress the disposed waste and so increase the waste bins capacity without increasing the volume of the wastebin itself. BigBelly is one product which have embraced this apprach. It is a solar driven compressing waste bin commonly seen in big cities around the world. The problem is that some miner municipalities and private companies still are in need of a solution but don’t have the resources to obtain BigBellys or other similar solutions. One way to approach this market is to develop a waste bin without the electric usually expensive components and develop a less expensive compressible waste bin that’s still an effective choice. To understand the needs, both of those who dispose of waste publicly but also those who manage the waste bins, have interviews, observations, questionaries and focus groups been used to gather valuable data. This data have then been remade in terms of user needs and ranked according to importance by the users themselves and the project manager. Some highly ranked needs are: the waste bin is steady and robust, the waste bin can only be opened by those who handle/empty the waste bins, a manual compression can be performed by those who throw the waste, and a manual compression can be performed without any major effort.  By the method Design by analogies and a workshop held at Luleå University of Technology was ideas created. The three concepts with the highest potential were selected via Pugh’s selection matrix and tested according to efficiency and effectivity. The concept with the highest result was developed in Simens NX a CAD-program and then used as a template for the construction of a functional prototype. By testing and analyzing the prototype a product specification could be created. The final result, which is based on the prototype and the specification, consist of two rendered waste bins, developed towards compression in public environment. The compactor is based on a scissor-lift design modified to expand and so compress waste by gravity and contract by the energy of the users. Both models are estimated to enhance the capacity of 170-200% compared with a waste bin none-compressing waste bin of the same size. Model 1 requires a force of 196N from the user during use while model 2 requires force of 123N.

The thesis deals with the design of the tandem roller with autonomous control. The proposal takes into account the technical nature of the machine and conceptual image of construction equipment intended for compaction work . To solve this problem the basic characteristic elements of autonomous means have been defined and subsequently applied to the proposal. An ergonomic aspect when operating and servicing the machine also has been taken into account. The final draft has been prepared and described in the practical part.

[pt] O liner é um elemento de extrema importância no processo construtivo de um aterro sanitário, pois funciona como uma barreira capaz de impedir a percolação de agentes contaminantes através do subsolo. Os liners ou camadas impermeabilizantes são geralmente construídos a partir de materiais que possuem baixa permeabilidade. A escolha de um material adequado, assim como o controle dos processos construtivos são indispensáveis para garantir um bom desempenho da camada impermeabilizante. O processo de compactação é de extrema importância neste tipo de obra geotécnica. Os ensaios de compactação realizados em laboratório têm como objetivo reproduzir as condições de campo, no entanto, em numerosos casos há diferenças importantes entre os mecanismos de compactação utilizados, na preparação do material antes do processo de densificação e nas características das amostras, o que gera como conseqüência discrepâncias nos valores de permeabilidade de campo com os de laboratório. O objetivo principal do presente estudo é avaliar experimentalmente a influência de dois mecanismos diferentes de compactação (dinâmico, com o Proctor Normal e estático, com o método de compactação por pisoteamento) nos valores de permeabilidade de um solo coluvionar e de um composto orgânico para seu eventual uso em um liner. Os ensaios foram realizados em corpos de prova com diferentes teores de umidade, preparados com solo coletado no campo Experimental II da PUC-Rio, com composto orgânico produzido a partir do processo de compostagem da grama do Aeroporto Internacional Galeão (RJ), e com misturas em diferentes proporções de ambos os materiais. / [en] The liner is one of the most important elements in a sanitary landfill project, since it works as a barrier capable to impede seepage of pollutant substances through the subsurface. This element is usually built with materials that have low permeability. The choice of the right material as well as the control and supervision of the constructive processes are fundamental to achieve a good liner performance. The compaction process is extremely important in this type of geotechnical impoundment. Laboratory compaction intends to reproduce the field conditions; however, in some cases, there happen to be important differences between the compaction mechanisms used, the preparation of the material before the densification process and the specimens characteristics, which cause discrepancies between the permeability values obtained in the field and the ones obtained in the laboratory. The main objective of this study is to evaluate experimentally the effect of two different compaction mechanisms (dynamic, with standard Proctor and static, with the kneading compaction method) in the hydraulic conductivity of a colluvionar soil and an organic compound for their eventual use in a liner. The tests were executed using specimens with different water contents, prepared with colluvionar soil extracted from the Experimental Field II at the PUC-Rio, with the organic compound, and with mixtures of both materials in different proportions.

The operating motion of a ground compactor uses high power vibrations to improve mechanical properties of a compacted ground. This motion gives a good base for the vibration analysis with an aid of Signal Processing. In this thesis, the motion of a bottom plate in a compactor is of the main interest. The thesis concerns usage of two main spectral analyzing tools, Power Spectrum estimators and Power Spectral Density estimators, presenting advantages and disadvantages in the application of a vibration analysis. Moreover, an influence of two window applications, a Flattop window, and a Hanning window, is described in relation to both analyzing approaches. The results present problems that occur when a vibration with a present modulated frequency is analyzed and how a Power Spectral Density estimator arise in a more consistent estimate over analyzed vibration spectrum. What is more, an Ordinary Deflection Shapes for a simplified bottom plate model, under different motion excitations, are presented at the end of this thesis, giving a better view of the operational motion of an analyzed system.