An intraspecific coat colour polymorphism exists in the genus Acomys. Some populations are dark and others are light-colored. Dark populations live in lava deserts, savannas and in the commensal habitat of Egypt. The subject of this thesis is to compare selected populations of Acomys in behavioral test of forced exploration. They are dark commensal, light secondary non-commensal, light non- commensal, and one dark non-commensal populations. The aim of this research is to find out whether the dark commensal populations of Acomys cahirinus differ in behavior from other populations and whether dark populations differ in behavior from light populations. According to the results, the observed behavioral parameters do not show significant differences between populations. The dark commensal populations of A. cahirinus did not differ significantly from other populations in exploratory behavior. But the dark populations preferred a dark background. No apparent differences in behavior between differently colored populations were found. However, the variability in tested behavior between populations was found. Key words: exploratory behavior, melanin, commensalism, comparative approach, open field test, Acomys

Text messaging is a significant social phenomenon that merits investigation. Communications theories are well suited to this type of research because text messaging serves as both mediated communication and interpersonal communication. This kind of research can also contribute to a deeper understanding of communication differences between genders. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether there are gender differences in the use of text messaging and, if so, what the differences are. Participants for the study were recruited via convenience sampling. The sample consisted of 27 participants ages 18--35; 14 were female and 13 were male. Data were collected from the participants via the focus group approach. Two of the groups consisted of females, and two of the groups consisted of males. Transcripts of the focus group sessions were analyzed using the constant comparative approach. This approach involves continually sorting through the data, comparing categories, and analyzing the resulting information. Areas of difference between the genders include selecting recipients, gathering information, seeking entertainment (trolling), ending relationships, arguing, seeking privacy and exclusion, using text shorthand and slang, remaining alert, and using text messaging for dating. These findings provide new insight in the areas of text messaging and gender studies.

At first sight in copyright, moral rights seem to form a less significant part compared with economic rights. However, new technology has strongly overwhelmed traditional moral rights regime and consequently, inherent but concealed conflicts between moral rights and other legitimate interests have become increasingly prominent. Notwithstanding recognition of moral rights doctrine shows much unevenness both theoretically and in legislation with different jurisdictions in the world, the rush of economic and informational globalization has prompted the convergence of sentiment on moral rights worldwide. There can be no doubt that the essence of copyright, whether moral part or economic part, is to keep a “balance”. How to strike such a balance in moral rights system is thus becoming the main task of this thesis. Drawing from typical countries’ legislation, this thesis applies a restrictive perspective, to depict the picture of a “balanced” moral rights regime to fit in current trend of globalization.

At first sight in copyright, moral rights seem to form a less significant part compared with economic rights. However, new technology has strongly overwhelmed traditional moral rights regime and consequently, inherent but concealed conflicts between moral rights and other legitimate interests have become increasingly prominent. Notwithstanding recognition of moral rights doctrine shows much unevenness both theoretically and in legislation with different jurisdictions in the world, the rush of economic and informational globalization has prompted the convergence of sentiment on moral rights worldwide. There can be no doubt that the essence of copyright, whether moral part or economic part, is to keep a “balance”. How to strike such a balance in moral rights system is thus becoming the main task of this thesis. Drawing from typical countries’ legislation, this thesis applies a restrictive perspective, to depict the picture of a “balanced” moral rights regime to fit in current trend of globalization.

A travers une étude interculturelle détaillée et comparée de la production théâtrale minoritaire canadienne et américaine, ma thèse cherche à mettre en lumière les les apports thématiques et esthétiques du théâtre multi-ethnicque nord-américain contemporain à la tradition anglo-américaine du 20ème siècle. Les communautés asiatiques, africaines et aborigènes sont retenues comme poste d'observation privilégié de l'expression esthétique de la condition multiculturelle postcoloniale dans le théâtre nord-américain de la période allant de 1972 à nos jours. Sur base d'un corpus de pièces de théâtre, ma recherche m'a permis de redéfinir les grandes articulations des notions d'hybridité, d'identité et de communauté/nation postcoloniale. Through a detailed cross-cultural approach of the English Canadian and American minority theatrical production, my thesis aims to identify the thematic and aesthetic contributions of multi-ethnic North American drama to the Anglo-American tradition of the 20th century. My study examines North American drama from the vantage points of African, Asian, and Native communities from 1972 until today. Relying on a number of case studies, my research opened up new avenues for rethinking the notions of hybridity and identity in relation to the postcolonial community/nation.

EditorialThe text doesn't have an abstract / El texto no presenta resumen

L'embryon humain est aujourd'hui au centre d'une multitude de préoccupations : personnelles, familiales, scientifiques, sociales, politiques et éthiques. Sa manipulation dans le cadre de la recherche scientifique constitue aujourd'hui une question controversée et polémique au Brésil et en France. En s'appuyant sur la théorie des représentations sociales, nous nous intéressons à comprendre comment des éléments contextuels façonnent la construction de l'embryon humain en tant qu'objet social. Nous avons entrepris un programme de recherche pluri-méthodologique afin d'étudier la production et l'actualisation des représentations concernant l'embryon humain et la recherche sur l'embryon humain en fonction des différentes dimensions contextuelles d'ordre cognitif et social au Brésil et en France. Ce programme s'inscrit dans une approche multi-niveaux des représentations sociales dont l'enjeu théorico-méthodologique est l'étude des phénomènes représentationnels dans différents lieux de production et d'actualisation (formation des savoirs et des attitudes, communications sociales, pratiques institutionnelles ; situations de naturalité et situations provoquées d'expression des représentations). Le croisement des différentes techniques nous permet d'accéder à des observations qui corroborent pour montrer l'incidence du social dans la construction de l'embryon humain en tant qu'objet de représentation et de statuer sur le caractère local/global de cette incidence. Nous discutons l'ensemble de ces résultats afin de montrer l'intérêt heuristique des représentations sociales dans les approches comparatives contextuelles en psychologie sociale et notamment dans le champ de la bioéthique. / The human embryo is at the center of a wide range of personal, familial, scientific, social, political and ethical concerns. Scientific use of the human embryo represents today a controversial issue in Brazil and France. Using the theory of social representations, we investigate how contextual elements shape the construction of the human embryo qua social object. We have undertaken a multi-methodological study to determine the production and realization of the representations regarding the human embryo and the scientific research on human embryos according to the different contextual dimensions of cognitive and social development in Brazil and in France. This program is a multi-level approach using social representations for which the theoretical and methodological challenge is the study of representational phenomena in different places of production and realization (construction of knowledge and attitudes, social communication, institutional practices; situations of naturalness and situations induced by the expression of the representations). The unification of different techniques has allowed us access to convergent observations that show the impact of the social construction of the human embryo qua represented object and to arbitrate the local / global character of that impact. In the discussion of the results we demonstrate the heuristic interest of the approach of social representations in the context of comparative approaches in social psychology, particularly in the field of bioethics.

La responsabilité pénale du dirigeant de société commerciale, même si elle n’est pas nouvelle en droit français, est d’actualité en droit algérien. Dans les deux droits, la gestion de la société commerciale n’est pas chose aisée, car il existe des risques pénaux pouvant déboucher sur la condamnation de son dirigeant. Ces risques constituent la préoccupation majeure du dirigeant qui peut facilement voir sa responsabilité pénale engagée. Cependant, cette responsabilité, réputée sévère et lourde, peut être adoucie, voire éteinte. Eneffet, dès lors qu’un dirigeant de société commerciale se trouve poursuivi pour violation des lois et des règlements, il cherche à justifier son acte de gestion par les moyens dont il dispose, afin de se protéger contre l’éventuelle mise en œuvre de sa responsabilité pénale. Ces moyens peuvent être classiques de portée générale, ou bien spécifiques au droit des sociétés commerciales tel que la délégation de pouvoirs. De plus, la dépénalisation du droit des sociétés commerciales permet elle aussi de limiter les poursuites pénales contre le dirigeant et encourage le développement de l’initiative économique. Les acteurs de la vie économique auront donc plus envie de se lancer dans leur projet d’entreprendre. / Criminal responsibility of the manager of a commercial company, and while it is not new in French law, it is topical in Algerian law. In both laws, management of the corporation is not easy, because there are criminal risks that could lead to the conviction of its leader. These risks are the major concern of the leader who can easily see criminal liability. However, this responsibility deemed severe and heavy, can be softened or off. Indeed, when a manager of commercial company is sued for violation of laws and regulations, it seeks to justify his act of management by the means available to protect against the possible implementation criminal responsibility. These means can be conventional, general or very specific to commercial companies such as delegation of authority. In addition, the decriminalization of the commercial companies’ law allows also to limit the criminal proceedings against the leader and encourages the development of economic initiative. The actors of the economy will therefore have no desire to engage in their project to undertake.

__Les réflexions sur le FLE en Angola sont envisagées dans le cadre historique, sociolinguistique et pédagogique. Elle a pour objectif la mise en place d’un dispositif du FLE niveau A1 vers A2 et B1 vers B2 en vue d’aider les enseignants du FLE qui se trouvent en difficultés d’améliorer leurs pratiques et aux étudiants de mieux s’approprier le FLE.La recherche porte sur une problématique spécifique qui est les difficultés langagières des étudiants en FLE qui nous interpelle et nous nous sommes posés les questions suivantes : dans quelle mesure les difficultés langagières des étudiants seraient en lien avec les difficultés des enseignants peu formés pour enseigner le français langue étrangère.Qui enseigne ? Quelle est sa formation ? Comment enseigne-t-il ? À qui enseignent-ils ?Les réponses à ces questions ont nécessité l’élucidation des plusieurs concepts. Ce travail a privilégié une approche comparative avec des vidéographies de classe et des entretiens. Nous avons décrit les activités de classe en nous intéressant à la fois à la circulation des savoirs et surtout à l’analyse des gestes professionnels des professeurs de nos institutions universitaires. Ainsi, deux types d’analyse ont été privilégiés à savoir linguistique et didactique.La thèse a vérifié l’hypothèse selon laquelle la didactique du français langue étrangère permet d’élaborer des savoirs linguistiques et culturels adaptés au contexte angolais, de pallier les difficultés dans l’activité enseignante et de faire des apprenants les acteurs de leur propre apprentissage. ________________________________________ ______________________________________ / French as a Foreign Language (with the French acronym FLE) in Angola is first considered in its historical, socio-linguistic and pedagogic contexts. This thesis focuses on teaching methods with the objective of proposing a teaching strategy for FLE from level A1 to A2 and from B1 to B2. The aim is to assist those FLE teachers who find themselves in difficulty to improve their practice as well as to increase students’ mastery of FLE. The research centres on the specific problem which is the language difficulties of the poor results that students achieve in FLE, which is a cause for concern and has led to the following questions: to what extent the language difficulties of students would be linked to the difficulties of teachers who are poorly trained to teach French as a foreign language? Who are the teachers? What training have they received? How do they teach? Whom do they teach to? The answers to these questions have required the clarification of linguistic concepts and different aspects within linguistics. This study has adopted a comparative approach using video recordings of classes and interviews. We have described classroom activities with a focus on the exchange of knowledge and in particular on an analysis of the professional practice of teaching staff in our university institutions. Two types of analysis have thus been undertaken: linguistic and pedagogic. The results confirm the hypothesis that the approach adopted in teaching French as a Foreign Language allows the acquisition of linguistic and cultural knowledge appropriate to the Angolan context, overcomes difficulties faced by teachers and enables learners to take an active role in the own learning.

Dans l’Égypte pré- et protodynastique (3900-2700 av. J.-C.), l’imagerie anthropomorphe occupe une place de prime importance. Relevant de trois modes de communication – iconographique, ambigu et écrit – ces figurations humaines sont reproduites sur un large éventail de types de supports. Tandis que les études se focalisent habituellement sur une catégorie de source, ce travail se concentre sur un motif précis, la figure anthropomorphe, et propose ainsi une approche transversale de l’imagerie anthropomorphe pré- et protodynastique. Ainsi, cette étude vise à déterminer l’évolution des représentations anthropomorphes au cours de ces périodes, à travers elles, à dévoiler la manière dont se concevaient les premiers Égyptiens. La recherche se fonde sur l’élaboration de typologies des figures humaines et des motifs associés, couplée à une étude statistique des données ainsi réunies. Les résultats de ce travail ont permis de révéler une évolution chronologique des figurations humaines, avec une nette rupture se dessinant entre Prédynastique et Protodynastique. Cette transition est à mettre en lien avec l’introduction d’une monarchie royale, provoquant une dichotomie entre documentations royale et privée en raison d’une mainmise de l’État sur l’expression artistique. Les figurations anthropomorphes témoignent par ailleurs de l’émergence, outre l’identité collective préexistante, d’une identité personnelle, gage d’une individualisation grandissante. / During the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods (3900-2700 B.C.), anthropomorphic imagery is a theme of prime importance in Egyptian art. Human figures coming from the iconographic, ambiguous and written modes of communication are depicted on a large range of sources. While most of the studies focus on a single type of document, this work concentrates on a particular pattern, the human figure, by proposing a transversal approach of the anthropomorphic imagery. Therefore, this study aims to constrain the evolution of the human depictions during these periods. Through the inspection of the human figures, the study also aims to unravel the way the first Egyptians conceptualised themselves. This work is based on the creation of typologies for the human figures and associated patterns, analysed using statistical tools.The results reveal a chronological evolution of the human figures, with a distinct rupture between the Predynastic Period and the Early Dynastic Period. This transition relates to the introduction of a royal monarchy. This introduction causes a dichotomy between royal and private documentations owing to the appropriation of the art by the state. Besides, the anthropomorphic figures show the appearance of a personal identity in addition to the pre-existent collective identity. This feature is evidence of an increasing individuation.