Manoma, kad priešvaržybinis nerimas sukelia daugybę jutimų, kurie gali nulemti sportininko pasirodymo varžybose kokybę. Šie pojūčiai gali skirtis pasirinktos sporto šakos, lyties ir patyrimo aspektais. Sporto psichologai, treneriai, norėdami padėti sportininkui pasirodyti varžybose kuo geriau, privalo atsižvelgti į vyraujantį psichinės būsenos priešvaržybinį komponentą — fizinį , emocinį ar kognityvųjį. Jei sportininkui pavyks išlaikyti optimalią pusiausvyrą tarp psichinės būsenos prieš varžybas komponentų , jis galės mėgautis sėkmingais pasirodymais varžybose. Tyrime dalyvavo jaunimo (n=56) ir suaugusiųjų (n=53) amžiaus grupių regbininkai. Sportininkų nerimui ir stresui nustatyti buvo naudojama „Kiseliovo termometro“ ir „Suvokto streso skalė“, SCAT ir CSAI-2 anketos (anketų autoriai Martens et al., 1990), “Požiūrio į priešvaržybinį stresą” anketa (Марищук и Блудов, 1990), bei C. Spielbergo – J. Chanino nerimo lygio įvertinimo skalė (Марищук и Блудов, 1990). Tyrimo objektas – jaunimo ir suaugusiųjų amžiaus grupių regbininkų streso ir nerimo panašumai bei skirtumai. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti jaunimo ir suaugusiųjų amžiaus grupių regbininkų priešvaržybinio streso ir nerimo panašumus bei skirtumus. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti jaunimo ir suaugusiųjų amžiaus grupių regbininkų suvokto ir patiriamo priešvaržybinio streso lygį bei požiūrį į priešvaržybinį stresą. 2. Atskleisti jaunimo ir suaugusiųjų amžiaus grupių regbininkų priešvaržybinio nerimo (pažintinio, somatinio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / It is believed that pre-competition anxiety can cause a myriad feelings that determine the quality of athletic performance in competitions. These senses are different between sport events, gender and experience aspects. If sports psychologists and coaches want to help the athlete to appear in competitions as far as possible, they have to take into account the prevailing mental state before the competition component - physical, emotional or cognitive. If the athlete will be able to maintain an optimal balance between the mental state components before the race, it will be able to enjoy a successful performance in the competition. The study included youth (n=56) and adult (n=53) age groups of rugby players. Athletes anxiety and stress were used to determine by using "Kiseliov thermometer" and "perceived stress scale, the SCAT and the CSAI-2 questionnaire (response: Martens et al., 1990), "Precontest approach to stress" questionnaire (Марищук и Блудов, 1990), also C. Spielberg – Y. Hanin anxiety level measure scale (Марищук и Блудов, 1990). The object of research - Similarities and differences of precompetition stress and anxiety among youth and adult age groups rugby players The objective - to evaluate and compare similarities and differences of precompetition stress and anxiety among youth and adult age groups rugby players The research tasks: 1.Measure similarities and differences of precompetition stress and anxiety among youth and adult age groups rugby players. 2.To reveal... [to full text]

This essay maps and analyze the dynamic interaction between the regional and municipal levels. This is based on the case of Region Jönköpings län. The thesis is a qualitative document study that will focus on he municipalities and the region as unitary public actors and their public policy in the development area. The study material is public documents of the municipalities and the region that relates to municipl/regional development.  The essay is based on previous research dealing with New regionalism, Rescaling, Re-territorialization, the Competition state (konkurrensstaten) and New Public Governance. In addition, previous research also handles unity as a factor for regional development and local/regional conditions. Based on these, the study's theoretical approaches and frameworks have constructed and formed the basis of the interpretations for the study's issues.  The conclusions of the study are that the dynamics, attitudes and interactions between the region and its municipalities takes place in a complex system where ach actor's conditions, objectivies and ambitions determine how they view themselves, each other and the region as a whole. The conditions can include anything from the geographical situation, demographics, business composition and communications with the rest of the region. In addition, the municipalities' efforts to be competitive, attractive and distinctive can be linked to the societal developments of the past decades. It is about the impact explained by New regionalism, New Public Governance and the Competition state on the local/regional landscape within which the municipalities and the region reside, as well as creating a landscape where several actors, on several levels, share the same commitments, responsibilities and powers. Which gives us a complex game between regional unity and leadership, and a municipal effort to be singular.

1 Abstract Block exemptions are very specific institute of competition law but although they have existed in European law for many decades, their application is not well-known in public. Certain activities in an economic competition were generally considered distorting the free competition and thus being undesirable so the EU institutions decided to prohibit them unless otherwise provided. The cartels and state aid generally bring imbalance and unfair conditions in the internal market, but there are certain circumstances which justify their usage and allowance in some cases. The actions, which are allowed due to their specific circumstances and under certain conditions, are provided in the form of so called block exemptions. Block exemptions are issued in two areas of competition law, agreements between undertakings and state aid. Agreements between undertakings, i.e. cartels, which affect the business in the internal market, are prohibited by Art. 101 (1) TFEU and the block exemptions determine the categories of cartels which can be allowed. On the other side, the state aid is only considered as incompatible with the internal market in Art. 107 (1) TFEU. According to Art. 108 (1, 3) TFEU, the Commission has to be notified by Member States about every state aid which is scheduled to be provided in advance...

This dissertation is about the changes in the regulation of labour migration in the Czech Republic, specifically between the period of economic boom in 2007 and 2008 and the beginning of the global economic and financial crisis. The developments of labour migration processes and policies were studied in relation to the political economy of foreign direct investment and the rise of the competition state in the Czech Republic. The materialisation of these developments resulted in the Czech Republic's further integration into the global labour market. Labour migration policy changes in the case of the Green Card project, however, did not confirm the thesis that the Czech Republic's migration policy eventually became subordinated to the competition state project. Not only did the Ministry of Industry and Trade lack bureaucratic capital in the field of migration regulation but also, there were tensions between different notions of the competition state project while 'migration management' was reorganised in the interest of the Ministry of the Interior. Closely following struggles over the regulation of labour migration in the administrative and political fields, this dissertation contributes to literature on the labour migration perspective of the competition state. The migration crisis is studied from...

This thesis is empirically grounded in New Zealand's restructuring of unemployment and taxation policy in the 1980s and 1990s. Theoretically it is inspired by a post-Marxist discourse analytical approach that focuses on discourses as political strategies. This approach has made it possible, through an analysis of changing citizenship discourses, to understand how the neoliberalisation of New Zealand's citizenship regime proceeded via debate and struggle over unemployment and taxation policy. Debates over unemployment and taxation in New Zealand during the 1980s and 1990s reconfigured the targets of policy and re-ordered social antagonism, establishing a neoliberal citizenship regime and centring political problematic. This construction of a neoliberal citizenship regime involved re-specifying the targets of public policy as consumers and taxpayers. In exploring the hegemonic discourse strategies of the Fourth Labour Government and the subsequent National-led governments of the 1990s, this thesis traces the process of reconfiguring citizen subjectivity initially as 'social consumers' and participants in a coalition of minorities, and subsequently as universal taxpayers in antagonistic relation to unemployed beneficiaries. These changes are related back to key discursive events in New Zealand's recent social policy history as well as to shifts in the discourses of politicians that address the nature of the public interest and the targets of social policy. I argue that this neoliberalisation of New Zealand's citizenship regime was the outcome of the hegemonic articulatory discourse strategies of governing parties in the 1980s and 1990s. Struggles between government administrations and citizen-based social movement groups were articulated to the neoliberal project. I also argue that in the late 1990s, discursive struggle between the dominant parties to define themselves in difference from each other reveals both the 'de'contestation of a set of neoliberal policy prescriptions, underscoring the neoliberal political problematic, and the privileging of a contributing taxpayer identity as the source of political legitimacy. This study shows that the dynamics of discursive struggle matter and demonstrates how the outcomes of discursive struggle direct policy change. In particular, it establishes how neoliberal discourse strategies evolved from political discourses in competition with other discourses to become the hegemonic political problematic underscoring institutional practice and policy development.

This study explores the socio-economic development path of the former Trucial State of Dubai, now an economic powerhouse within the Federal State of the United Arab Emirates. This thesis emanated out of the researcher’s need to understand the development trajectory of Dubai from the perspective of a development discourse, as literature and debates on the city’s developmental trajectory have generally focused on micro-and macro-economic variables and a sectoral emphasis without considering the total and complex development matrix. The author proposes a rentier, developmental and competition (RDC) Model as a basis for understanding the state-led social and economic development of the Emirate of Dubai. Empirically, the study examines a whole raft of home-grown social and economic development policies that fall exclusively within the domain of the Dubai Strategic Plans (DSPs). Conceptually, the thesis argues that although the Dubai Inc model has successfully changed the socio-economic landscape of the Emirate, nevertheless, a soft underbelly of the model displays the exploitative nature of unbridled free market capitalism. Methodologically, triangulation backed up the qualitative research methodology by utilising a mixed-methods approach to enhance the richness of the research. Specific data collection methods used included in-depth semi-structured interviews and non-participative observation, supported by documentation analyses of relevant documents. The research findings unambiguously demonstrated that the socio-economic transformation of Dubai, between 1998 and 2008, was a result of the aforementioned hybrid model, which this thesis uses as its theoretical framework. The conclusion drawn from the study is that there is no one path to development; the Government of Dubai is cognisant of that and has thus used the capacity of the state to transform the once impoverished and marginalised sheikhdom into a ‘commodified’ city-corporate entity. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Developmental Studies)

This study explores the socio-economic development path of the former Trucial State of Dubai, now an economic powerhouse within the Federal State of the United Arab Emirates. This thesis emanated out of the researcher’s need to understand the development trajectory of Dubai from the perspective of a development discourse, as literature and debates on the city’s developmental trajectory have generally focused on micro-and macro-economic variables and a sectoral emphasis without considering the total and complex development matrix. The author proposes a rentier, developmental and competition (RDC) Model as a basis for understanding the state-led social and economic development of the Emirate of Dubai. Empirically, the study examines a whole raft of home-grown social and economic development policies that fall exclusively within the domain of the Dubai Strategic Plans (DSPs). Conceptually, the thesis argues that although the Dubai Inc model has successfully changed the socio-economic landscape of the Emirate, nevertheless, a soft underbelly of the model displays the exploitative nature of unbridled free market capitalism. Methodologically, triangulation backed up the qualitative research methodology by utilising a mixed-methods approach to enhance the richness of the research. Specific data collection methods used included in-depth semi-structured interviews and non-participative observation, supported by documentation analyses of relevant documents. The research findings unambiguously demonstrated that the socio-economic transformation of Dubai, between 1998 and 2008, was a result of the aforementioned hybrid model, which this thesis uses as its theoretical framework. The conclusion drawn from the study is that there is no one path to development; the Government of Dubai is cognisant of that and has thus used the capacity of the state to transform the once impoverished and marginalised sheikhdom into a ‘commodified’ city-corporate entity. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Developmental Studies)