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Yes / Extant research has established that environmental sustainability orientation (ESO) has a positive influence on performance outcomes. Nevertheless, several contingencies tend to affect the strength of this relationship. In this study, we draw on natural resource-based theory to introduce competitive strategies as moderators in the ESO-performance nexus. Using time-lagged data obtained from 269 firms in Ghana, this study finds that firms pursuing the differentiation strategy can positively boost performance outcomes with ESO than without differentiation strategy. We also find that firms can use the low-cost or the integrated strategy to get higher impact on performance with ESO respectively. Based on the results, firms in Ghana do not need differentiation strategy in order to boost the effect of ESO on financial performance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

A competição no mercado internacional com os produtores mundiais, pode ser uma fonte de excelentes oportunidades ou de perigosas armadilhas, como o desafio de difícil solução, representado pelos produtores mundiais de calçados com baixos custos de mão-de-obra, por exemplo, os chineses. A grande maioria dos produtores brasileiros de calçados está estabelecida em clusters, como na Europa os produtores italianos de calçados estão estabelecidos nos \"distretti\". Essas concentrações geográficas de fabricantes são normalmente formadas por empresas de pequeno e médio porte, todas enfrentando o mesmo problema, pois o custo da mão-de-obra é um dos principais custos relativos às atividades das empresas em geral, e principalmente das que operam com a produção baseada na utilização intensiva de mão-de-obra. E mesmo possuindo bom nível de qualidade em seus produtos, estão enfrentando sérias dificuldades financeiras e operacionais, e assim podem permanecer até o encerramento de suas atividades; como tem acontecido, a menos que possam encontrar uma solução organizacional; uma estratégia competitiva que permita concorrerem nas oportunidades dos mercados mundiais sem sofrer as constantes derrotas comerciais impostas pelos produtores chineses. O principal objetivo do presente trabalho, foi propor estratégia competitiva para a indústria calçadista brasileira, por meio da investigação dos principais fatores que estão influenciando a competitividade dos produtores brasileiros no mercado internacional de calçados, principalmente as estratégias adotadas no cluster de Franca. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma indústria de mão-de-obra intensiva, no cluster produtivo de calçados de Franca - SP, completada com informações de pesquisa realizada em tipo de cluster similar na Itália, o cluster calçadista de Verona. (Distretto Calzaturiero di Verona). A proposta final sugere as ações gerenciais e ferramentas para os melhoramentos estratégicos mais adequadas para possibilitar às empresas e outros participantes do cluster, aperfeiçoarem seu preparo para participar da competição de âmbito mundial com maiores chances de sucesso. Estas ações e ferramentas são a base para a proposta de estratégia competitiva, um assunto original na forma como é abordada, pois na literatura especializada não foi encontrado nenhuma tese específica sobre o assunto. / The international market footwear competition against worldwide producers can be for instance, a source of good opportunities as well as a source of threats like the very hard challenge to solve, represented by the low labor costs producers, like the Chinese footwear producers. Almost all footwear Brazilian producers are established in clusters like in Europe, the Italian footwear producers are established in the \"distretti\". These geographic footwear producers concentrations\' are normally composed by small and medium firms, all facing the same problem, as a labor cost is one of the main costs regarding all enterprises activities and mainly in those productive processes based on intensive use of labor. And these firms, despite of produce excellent quality level products, are in serious financial and operational difficulties, and in this situation they could remain up to the end of their operations, fact occurring too much times, unless can be found an organizational solution, one corporative, and business strategy allowing them to compete in all the world business market opportunities without suffer from being continuously overcame by the Chinese producers. The main purpose of this thesis, was to prepare a competitive strategic proposal for Brazilian footwear Industry, by means investigation of the main factors influencing the Brazilian producers\' competitiveness in the international footwear market, mainly the strategies adopted in the cluster of Franca. The research was performed in the intensive labor industry, the footwear industry, in the productive footwear cluster of Franca, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, completed with information from research in similar cluster\'s type in Italy, the footwear cluster of Verona (Distretto Calzaturiero di Verona). The final proposal, suggests the most suited managerial actions and tools, to strategic improvements, in order to make the firms and others actors in the clusters improve their skills to better play the game, and have much more chances to win. These actions and tools are the base for a strategic proposal , an original issue, since in the literature was not found any thesis specific about the subject.

This dissertation explores the interplay between competitive strategy and alliance network structure in explaining firm performance in highly volatile environments (e.g., personal computers or consumer electronics). In particular, I examine the following three questions: (1) Which competitive strategies enable firms to gain superior performance? (2) How do these strategies affect the firm‘s networking behavior and lead to the formation of particular network positions? (3) What optimal combinations of competitive strategies and network structures maximize firm performance? Firms can outperform rivals by pursuing two types of competitive strategies: advantage-creating and advantage-enhancing. Each of these strategies creates different needs, motivations, and opportunities for collaborative activity. Therefore, certain regularities in the firms‘ strategic behavior in the previous period can lead to distinctive and recognizable patterns of networking behavior in the future period, which in turn leads to predictable types of network structure. This study shows that firms with superior advantage-creating strategies become embedded in sparse network structures and are more likely to form non-equity alliances in the future period, whereas firms with strong advantage-enhancing tendencies become embedded in dense network structures with many equity-based alliances in the future period. However, if different strategies lead to formation of different types of network structure, are these tendencies beneficial for firm performance? If not, what is the optimal combination of competitive strategy and network structure that maximizes firm performance? I argue that network structure provides advantageous access to external resources that can both complement (enhance) the internal capabilities of the firm and substitute for the capabilities that a firm is lacking. I find that network structure plays both complementary and substitutive roles. However, my findings suggest dense network structure is more beneficial for firms that have superior either advantage-creating or advantage-enhancing capabilities, whereas firms with inferior internal capabilities can benefit more from a sparse network structure. I tested the proposed dynamic model on a sample of the largest 125 firms from computers and electronics industries that initiated 11,075 competitive actions and were embedded in a larger network of 36,766 alliances over 7 years.

以往之網際網路相關研究，並未就 Web 2.0一詞提出簡單明確且涵蓋廣泛之解釋，故本研究首先嘗試提出一 Web 2.0之通用意涵：「網路參與者更容易重組及排列網路元素的網際網路演化狀態。」，並將 Web 2.0從流行名詞轉而充分融入各網際網路服務的階段設定為後 Web 2.0時代。 近年來網際網路已經越來越朝向開放發展，而本研究發現開放的發展主要可分為三個階段：第一，於 Web 2.0時代以前，開放的機制即已奠定基礎，此階段主要的發展來自於技術與架構方面；第二，Web 2.0時代，開放的觀念與能力逐漸成熟，此階段的趨力主要來自於使用者與開發者社群之互動；第三，後 Web 2.0時代，企業之開放策略形成，正式進入商業與程序主導的開放階段。本研究並羅列混搭的類型，以之為涵蓋範圍，結合其成員及網路關係，試圖解構出網際網路的開放生態系。 在說明追求競爭優勢的傳統理論在 Web 2.0時代已經失效之後，本研究針對開放的動態策略互動進行脈絡化整理，建構出擴充超競爭理論的第五個競技場—開放競技場理論，其中，各動態策略互動之內涵與造成的影響分別為：使用者產生內容造成控制權移轉；開放內容混搭突破傳統網站壁壘；以開放 API 解放創新枷鎖；以開放平台收編第三方開發者；以開放社交資料收編中小型網站；以及資料可攜將所有高牆剷平。開放競技場的假想終點，就是一種所有服務、技術、內容，及資料等都完全開放的狀態。開放競技場的網際網路企業，一方面要追求開放以獲得競爭優勢，一方面又要避免達到沒有人有競爭優勢的完全開放狀態。 本研究並認為，台灣網際網路產業由於現存者的不作為，目前並未進入開放競技場，且因為缺乏開放競技場的動態策略互動經驗，廠商普遍而言難以進入超競爭之國際市場，僅能專注本地市場。 / Former Internet studies did not provide a simple and inclusive explanation to the concept of Web 2.0. Therefore, this study proposed a universal meaning of Web 2.0: "the Internet evolution stage in which its participants are more easy to reassemble and arrange Internet elements." Moreover, post Web 2.0 era is defined as the period when the buzzword of Web 2.0 becomes prevalent in Internet services. In recent years, the Internet is becoming more and more open. This study found that the development of openness can be divided into three stages. (1) Before Web 2.0, the open mechanism has already set its root. The development of this stage is a result of technology and architecture. (2) In Web 2.0 era, as the concept and capability of 'openness' are gradually mature, the driving force behind this stage involved the interaction of user and developer communities. (3) Following the formation of open strategy, the effects of business and process are predominant in post Web 2.0 era. The study has also listed the types of mashups, combining the players and their network relationships, to reconstruct the open ecosystem of the Internet. After showing that traditional theories in competitive strategy are invalid in Web 2.0 era, this study contextually discussed and organized the dynamic strategic interactions in open development, which expanded hypercompetition theory into its fifth arena, the open arena theory. The core ideas and consequences of the dynamic strategic interactions are as follows: (1) user generated content to shift the control; (2) content mashups to break the web strongholds; (3) open API to unleash the chains of innovation; (4) open platform to recruit third party developers; (5) open social data to absorb small and middle websites; (6) data portability to tear down all the walls. The end of open arena is supposed to be a status that all services, technologies, contents, and data are completely open to all. Businesses in open arena pursue openness to gain competitive advantages, while prevent total openness where no one has any competitive advantage. According to the study, since the inertia of the monopolistic incumbent, the Internet industry in Taiwan has not currently entered into the open arena. Lacking the experience of dynamic strategic interaction in open arena, it is generally difficult for businesses in Taiwan to tap into the global market, and thus limited to the local market.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal investigar as estratégias competitivas em empresas de móveis para uso residencial, situadas no pólo industrial da região de Votuporanga – SP. Como objetivo secundário busca-se aferir a integração da estratégia competitiva com a de produção e, conseqüentemente, apontar os fatores estruturais e infra-estruturais de processo produtivo que dão suporte a essa integração. Para isso, realizou-se revisão bibliográfica dos conceitos de estratégias competitivas e de produção, além de um estudo da história e características da indústria moveleira no Brasil e da região de Votuporanga - SP. Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa de campo em onze empresas que consistiu de um levantamento descritivo exploratório. Os resultados da pesquisa revelaram que a maioria das empresas é considerada pequena, as quais mantêm linhas variadas de móveis retilíneos com estilo tradicional. A comercialização ocorre em um mercado amplo com pouca ou nenhuma diferenciação do produto, caracterizando a atuação da estratégia competitiva de menor custo. Os objetivos de desempenho de produção mais praticados pelas empresas são a qualidade do produto final e o custo. Contudo, os dados analisados indicaram a ausência de sistemas de medidas e a utilização de programas de treinamento voltados para a gerência da qualidade, que sustentam a esta prioridade competitiva. Além disso, encontraram-se diversos fatores que poderiam impedir o alinhamento da estratégia competitiva de menor custo com a prioridade competitiva custo. Não obstante, verificou-se que algumas decisões de produção tenderam a influenciar a redução do custo de fabricação. Concluiu-se que essas decisões são planejadas visando o curto prazo, inexistindo, assim, técnicas e práticas precisas para alcançar vantagens competitivas de menor custo no médio e longo prazos. / This work aims at investigating the existence of competitive strategies within the Home Wooden Furniture Industry at the industrial cluster in the city of Votuporanga (SP). As a secondary objective, the integration of competitive strategies with the production strategy were assessed, so that structural and infra structural factors of the productive process for this integration could be pointed out. To this end, a survey on the concepts of competitiveness and production strategies was presented as well as an overview on the Brazilian furniture companies history and characteristics, especially that of Votuporanga area. A case study was carried out on 11 furniture factories at Votuporanga area, which consisted of a descriptive-exploratory methods. The results have shown that the majority of the factory is considered small industry, which produce a varied number of straight line-like furniture of traditional style. The trading occurs in a broad market with little (or none) product differentiation, which is a clear indication of the ‘least cost’ competitive strategy. The production performance objectives pointed out by the companies were the quality and the lowest cost. However, the data analysis has shown the lack of both measurement systems and employment of training programmes towards quality management which could support competitive priority of quality. Moreover, there have been found some impeding factors for the alignment of the least cost competitive strategy with the production performance objective of lowest cost. Nonetheless, it has been noticed that some decisions adopted in the production line seemed to have influenced the reduction on manufacturing costs. Then, it can be inferred that such decisions are only envisaged for the short run, where neither precise techniques nor practices take place. This prevents competitive advantages of lowest cost from being achieved on either a medium or a long run.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-09-13T18:28:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivan Luis Agnelli Torretta.pdf: 5527353 bytes, checksum: d02bd2e9d44bdb9f687ab69dddc3ee91 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T18:28:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivan Luis Agnelli Torretta.pdf: 5527353 bytes, checksum: d02bd2e9d44bdb9f687ab69dddc3ee91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-27 / This dissertation investigated the current state of the organizational culture and style of competitive strategy adopted by a large financial institution in the national financial system that operates as a conglomerate, in order to verify the existence of relationship between the two variables. The survey results confirmed the relationship hypothesis proposed in the theoretical framework used, and presented the cultural type perceived as "hierarchical", characterized by being focused on the domestic environment, enhance the stability, strong monitoring and internal control. Perceived competitive strategy was "defensive" characterized by conservatism, strong control mechanisms and low risk exposure. Cultural type perceived to be desired was the "group" characterized by enhancing the ties established by its members and the teamwork that, according to the association proposed the theoretical framework, correspond to the reactive strategy outlined in the strategy of absence of condition only with promoting strategic nature of action in cases of concrete existence of any threat from its competitors. The theoretical framework for the verification of the perceived and desired cultural type was the model of Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983) that allows a cultural comparative study from the core values that predominate in the company. For the analysis of competitive strategy was used Miles model and Snow (2003) that typifies the competitive strategy in four configurations, according to certain corporate behaviors present in the organization. To relate the cultural typology to competitive strategy measured, it used the association proposed by Quinn and McGrath (1985) that relates these two proposals for cultural and strategic typology used in this study / estratégia competitiva adotada por uma grande instituição financeira do Sistema Financeiro Nacional que opera como conglomerado, com o objetivo de verificar a existência de relação entre as duas variáveis. O resultado da pesquisa reproduziu a hipótese de relacionamento proposta no referencial teórico utilizado, e apresentou o tipo cultural percebido como “hierárquico”, caracterizado por ser voltado ao ambiente interno, valorizar a estabilidade, forte monitoramento e controle interno. A estratégia competitiva percebida foi a “defensiva” caracterizada pelo conservadorismo, fortes mecanismos de controle e baixa exposição a riscos. O tipo cultural percebido como desejado foi o “grupal” caracterizado por valorizar os laços estabelecidos pelos seus integrantes e o trabalho em equipe que, de acordo com a proposta de associação do referencial teórico, corresponderia à estratégia reativa descrita na condição de ausência de estratégia, apenas com a promoção de ações de cunho estratégico nos casos da existência concreta de alguma ameaça de seus concorrentes. O referencial teórico para a verificação do tipo cultural percebido e desejado foi o modelo de Quinn e Rohrbaugh (1983) que permite um estudo comparativo cultural a partir dos principais valores que predominam na empresa. Para a análise da estratégia competitiva foi usado o modelo de Miles e Snow (2003) que a tipifica a estratégia competitiva em quatro configurações, de acordo com determinados comportamentos corporativos presentes na organização. Para relacionar a tipologia cultural com a estratégia competitiva mensurada, foi utilizada a associação proposta por Quinn e McGrath (1985) que relaciona estas duas propostas de tipologia cultural e estratégica utilizadas neste trabalho

Por que a indústria editorial está empreendendo a difusão do livro digital quando esse padrão tecnológico perturba o regime de proteção e enforcement do copyright? Se a duplicação da criação intelectual e sua transmissão simultânea por meio de um arquivo digital inviabiliza o aparato coercitivo que ampara o enforcement do copyright, emerge daí um paradoxo. Por que precisamos dessa proteção jurídica? A questão central desta dissertação busca responder como a alocação de recursos na indústria editorial revela as escolhas estratégicas específicas para apropriação de lucros. Este trabalho é conduzido como uma pesquisa exploratória multidisciplinar por meio dos referenciais da economia histórica, economia do conhecimento, economia neoinstitucional, sociologia econômica e estratégia. Após a introdução, o trabalho foi desenvolvido em cinco partes. Os quatro capítulos iniciais desenvolvem quatro ensaios teóricos correlacionados em que, por diferentes perspectivas, busca-se elucidar o efeito resultante (positivo ou negativo) da proteção da propriedade intelectual sobre bem-estar social e sobre os mecanismos contratuais e estratégias empregados pelos agentes econômicos em reação ao delineamento jurídico copyright. O último capítulo encerra o trabalho com três pesquisas empíricas. Com o intuito de capturar os efeitos de diferentes ambientes institucionais é feita uma análise institucional comparativa entre quatro países (Brasil, Estados Unidos, França e Reino Unido) no período entre 1999 e 2010, buscando compreender como as organizações alocam recursos para apropriar lucros. A partir dos principais determinantes desta mudança tecnológica as características da regulação de copyright norte-americana e seu peso e influência no comércio internacional de bens intelectuais, na ação estratégica de dois agentes poderosos, a Amazon , Apple e Google e, finalmente, na existência de valor econômico representado pelas obras públicas existentes em domínio público que podem ser capturadas e ofertadas no formato digital - conclui-se que antes de almejar lucro, a indústria editorial busca acordar uma nova organização setorial para a criação e a distribuição de excedentes que vai impactar em uma nova forma de especialização e coordenação da produção. O presente estudo desenvolve uma abordagem de business history, colocando-se como uma interface entre a economia da propriedade intelectual, a análise institucional e a organização da firma e dos mercados / Why is the book business adopting and diffusing the digital book technology when this standard is supposed to disturb the enforcement of the copyright regime? If the digital reproduction of intellectual work is also followed by simultaneous and ubiquitous distribution and making it even harder to enforce the mechanisms that bounds the copyright a paradox emerges as a consequence. Why is this legal regulation necessary? We pursue to investigate the research question how the publishing business resource allocation strategy is correlated to profit appropriation. This dissertation is developed as a multidisciplinary effort based on the theoretical pillars within economic history, knowledge economy, neoinstitutional economics, sociology economics and strategy. After introduction, the work is divided in five chapters. The four initial chapters develop four correlated theoretical essays, with different lenses, aimed to search how the system of intellectual property rights affects, positively and negatively, the welfare and the strategic and contractual mechanisms carried by the economic agent as a reaction towards the copyright legal system. The final chapter concludes the research with three empirical investigations. Four different institutional environments - Brazil, France, United Kingdom and United States are comparatively evaluated in order to capture the effects of the industry resource allocation strategy and its relation to profit appropriation. The conclusion is that the main drivers of technology change - the special features of the North American regulation and its major importance on international trade, the strategic impact of major players, Amazon Apple and Google, and the large number of works available in the public domain to be captured - it is argued that the publishing business is not necessarily seeking to make a profit in the short term but gearing into a new production and distribution arrangement which is going to result in a new system of rent creation and distribution. This research is developed as a business history narrative, positioned within the fields of economics of intellectual property rights, institutional analysis and the study of firm and market organization.

Mostra a importância da integração dos sistemas de gestão de produção (ERP, MES e SCADA), a fim de se integrar todos os processos de negócios de uma organização, desde o nível operacional até o nível estratégico. Relata a relevância de se ter, aliado aos sistemas de gestão da produção, sistemas de medição de desempenho, que possam auxiliar no processo de tomada de decisão. Desenvolve, utilizando uma relação de causa e efeito, uma rede de relacionamento entre indicadores de desempenho, a partir de dados coletados automaticamente do chão de fábrica em empresas de manufatura discreta que utilizam processos de usinagem, apontando o impacto de cada indicador nas cinco dimensões competitivas de manufatura. Define a fórmula de cada indicador de desempenho a partir da análise conceitual destes indicadores, e identifica quais dos sistemas (ERP, MES ou SCADA) seriam mais adequados para fornecer tais indicadores. / Shows the importance of the integration of production planning and control systems (ERP, MES ou SCADA), in order to integrate all the business process of an organization from the operational level to the strategic level. Mention the significance of having performance measurement systems associated with production planning and control systems in order to help the decision process. Develop, using a cause and effect analysis, a performance measures relationship net from automatic shop floor data collection in discrete manufacturing enterprise, pointing out the impact of each indicator, in the five manufacturing competitive strategy. Define the formula of each performance measures from the conceptual analysis of this measures, and identify which of this systems (ERP, MES and SCADA) would be suitable to provide such measures.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:19:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006-Roberto Jorge Cruz de Aragao.pdf: 1167621 bytes, checksum: 504c0a97a2d0a08c192d3a507c5e3d1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-23 / Eficient Strategy Empresarial with Instrument to This work is a case study, accomplished with the residential customers of the mirror company FALMEC, of the sector of cookelectrodomestics. The objective was to verify if the competitive market strategy employed by the researched company, based on the differentiation of products and services, was properly noticed by their customers from the moment of purchase, as a motivation factor, as well as, in the use of their services. Thus, the conception of competitive strategy, based on Michael Porter, was adopted in this research, mainly in regard to the differentiation strategy, which was the central point of analysis. / Este trabalho desenvolveu um estudo de caso, realizado junto aos clientes residenciais da empresa espelho FALMEC do setor de eletrodom?sticos de coc??o. O mesmo teve como objetivo verificar se a estrat?gia competitiva de mercado adotada pela empresa pesquisada, lideran?a no segmento elevado, a qual est? baseada na diferencia??o de produtos e servi?os, devidamente percebida pelos seus clientes desde o momento da compra, enquanto fator motivante, bem como, na utiliza??o de seus servi?os. Para tanto, adotou-se nesta pesquisa a concep??o de estrat?gia competitiva baseada em Michael Porter, principalmente no que diz respeito ? estrat?gia de diferencia??o a qual foi o ponto central de an?lise.