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Le compostage constitue un phénomène simple qui nécessite cependant un savoir-faire important puisque la réaction biologique est orientée par le contrôle de certains paramètres (température, oxygène, humidité) faisant intervenir de nombreux phénomènes couplés. Face à la complexité des mécanismes à étudier et dans le but d'optimiser le procédé industriel, l'utilisation d'un modèle de compostage semble donc pertinente afin de mieux comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu, d'identifier les effets des couplages entre les mécanismes et mettre en avant certains facteurs clés ou encore comparer différents scénarios. L'état de l'art des modèles de compostage montre qu'aujourd'hui, malgré le nombre important de modèles de compostage, il n'en existe aucun capable de prédire, avec une formulation en temps et en espace, la température, la concentration des gaz (oxygène, dioxyde de carbone, diazote, …), la teneur en eau, les transferts entre phase, la dégradation du substrat, et prenant en compte les modifications d'aération. Le développement d'un nouveau modèle a donc été nécessaire pour pouvoir prédire l'évolution de ces variables et étudier leur couplage dans le procédé. Pour cela, la technique de moyenne volumique, appliquée aux équations à l'échelle du pore, a été utilisée et a permis d'obtenir un modèle de compostage à l'échelle de Darcy. Ce modèle prend en compte une phase gazeuse, une phase liquide et une phase solide. La phase gazeuse comprend quatre espèces : oxygène, dioxyde de carbone, azote, et vapeur d'eau. Dans la phase liquide, seule l'eau est considérée. Le séchage est intégré au modèle sous la forme d'un terme d'échange entre les phases gazeuse et liquide. Enfin, un modèle biologique, inclus dans le modèle de compostage, permet de prendre en compte la dégradation du substrat. Celui-ci est divisé en trois fractions : rapidement biodégradable, lentement biodégradable et inerte. Les deux premières fractions sont solubilisées, fournissant une fraction rapidement hydrolysable. Cette fraction est supposée directement consommée par les bactéries. En compostage, procédé aérobie, la dégradation de la matière organique est associée à une consommation d'oxygène et production de dioxyde de carbone, d'eau et de chaleur. L'hypothèse d'équilibre local thermique et chimique a été supposée ici. Cependant, pour l'eau, les 2 approches (Equilibre Local (EL) et Non-Equilibre Local (NEL)) ont été testées numériquement. Les résultats ont montré que lorsque σ, le coefficient d'échange de masse entre la phase gaz et la phase liquide pour l'eau, est compris dans l'intervalle [1, 4], les approches EL et NEL sont équivalentes, avec des temps de calcul moindres pour le cas NEL. Ainsi, pour toutes les simulations, une écriture NEL a été adoptée avec une valeur de σ de 2.5. Des tests ont ensuite permis de montrer la consistance du modèle. Au vu du nombre important de paramètres, une analyse de sensibilité a ensuite été réalisée afin de déterminer quels sont les paramètres qui ont l'impact le plus important sur le procédé. Ainsi, l'analyse a mis en évidence qu'il faut être prudent quant aux valeurs utilisées pour la capacité calorifique, un coefficient de l'isotherme de sorption, de nombreux paramètres du modèles biologiques (ksH, krH, µmax, Xa,0, Tmax, Topt, Xi,0, Xrb,0) et la porosité. Enfin, les résultats fournis par le modèle ont été comparés aux résultats expérimentaux obtenus à l'échelle pilote 1/1000 en usant des conditions opératoires identiques. Les essais de compostage réels ont été réalisés par Veolia Environnement Recherches et Innovation sur un mélange de biodéchets des ménages et de déchets verts... / Composting may look like a simple process. However, it requires an important expertise, as the biological response is governed by the control parameters (temperature, oxygen, moisture content), involving many coupled phenomena. Given the complexity of the studied mechanisms and in order to optimize the process, using a composting model seems relevant to understand the mechanisms involved, identify the effects of coupling between these mechanisms, highlight some key factors or compare different scenarios, in order to optimize the industrial process. The state of the art of composting models in the literature shows that today, despite the large number of composting models, there is none that can predict, with a formulation in time and space, temperature, concentration of gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, ...), moisture content, transfers between phases, degradation of the substrate, and take into account the changes in aeration. The development of a new model was therefore necessary to predict the evolution of these variables and study their coupling in the process. The technique of volume averaging applied to the pore scale equations has led to a composting model at the Darcy-scale. This model takes into account a gas phase, a liquid phase and a solid phase. The gas phase includes four species: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapor. In the liquid phase, only water is considered. Drying is integrated into the model as an exchange term between gas and liquid phases. Finally, the biological model, included in the composting model, allows to take into account the degradation of the substrate. It is divided into three fractions: readily hydrolysable, slowly hydrolysable and inert. The first two fractions are hydrolized, providing a readily assimilable soluble fraction. It is this fraction that is directly consumed by bacteria. In a composting process, degradation of organic matter is associated with oxygen consumption and production of carbon dioxyde, water and heat. The assumption of thermal and chemical local equilibrium was assumed in this work. However, for water, the two approaches (Local Equilibrium (LE) and Local Non-Equilibrium (LNE)) have been numerically tested. The results showed that when , the water mass exchange coefficient between gas and liquid phases, ranges from 1 to 4 s-1, the LE and LNE approaches are equivalent, with less computing time for the LNE case. Thus, for all future simulations, it was decided to adopt a LNE approach with a value of equal to 2.5 s-1. Tests were then carried out to show the consistency of the model. Given the large number of parameters, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the parameters that have the greatest impact on the process. This analysis showed that one must be cautious about the values used for the heat capacity, a coefficient of the sorption isotherm, many parameters from the biological model (ksH, krH, μmax, Xa,0, Tmax, Topt, Xi,0, Xrb,0) and porosity, because these are the parameters that affect mainly the process. Finally, the results provided by the model were compared with experimental results obtained at a pilot scale of 1/1000 using identical operating conditions. The composting experiments were carried out by Veolia Environment Research and Innovation with a mixture of household biowaste and green waste. The results on the 1/1000 scale pilot showed that the model is good at capturing the average change in temperature and concentration during the process. The temperature at the central point in particular is very well reproduced by the model. The same applies to the assessment of organic matter degradation. Simulations at industrial scale (1/1) have also been carried out. They have given promising results.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barretto_vcm_dr_jabo.pdf: 364350 bytes, checksum: f015dad17989bbca79656ebee759afb5 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Foram conduzidos experimentos em casa de vegetação e em condições de campo, com os seguintes objetivos: a) avaliar o efeito de doses de composto de resíduos de indústria de celulose e papel na fertilidade do solo, no desenvolvimento, na produção de matéria seca e na concentração e acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas de um clone de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla; b) avaliar os efeitos da aplicação em diferentes épocas de dois resíduos da indústria de celulose e papel (lodo ativado e não decomposto e dregs + grits), no desenvolvimento das árvores, produção de madeira e acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas de um clone de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. As principais conclusões foram: a) A aplicação de composto de resíduos de indústria de celulose e papel (CRICP) propiciou ganhos em altura aos 60 dias após o plantio em colunas de PVC, em diâmetro do coleto e em produção de biomassa das plantas de eucalipto aos 120 dias. O CRICP resultou em aumento no valor de pH e nos teores de Ca e Mg do solo. Também elevou os teores de P, K e Na no solo. A concentração nas folhas e o acúmulo de P, K, Ca e S aumentaram com a aplicação do composto; b) Os resíduos da fábrica de celulose e papel são eficientes corretivos da acidez do solo. A aplicação de 8 t ha-1 de dregs + grits no plantio proporcionou maior crescimento em diâmetro e produção de madeira de eucalipto do que a aplicação de 15 t ha-1 de lodo ativado não decomposto. Essa dose e elevou os teores de Ca e Mg e a porcentagem de saturação por bases de Latossolo Vermelho distrófico para valores adequados para uma produtividade de madeira de 40 m3 ha-1 ano-1, aos 6,5 anos, quando aplicados no plantio ou três meses após o mesmo. / Experiments in greenhouse and field were carried out with the objectives: a) to evaluate the effect of industrial residues from pulp and paper mill compost rates on soil fertility, on development, on dry matter production and nutrient contents and accumulation in the leaves of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clone; b) to evaluate the application effects in different times of two industrial residues from pulp and paper mill (cellulose sludge and dregs + grits) on tree development, wood production and nutrient accumulation in the leaves of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clone. The main conclusions were: a) the industrial residues from pulp and paper mill compost (IRPPMC) application promoted increases on height at 60 days after planting, on stem diameter and on biomass production of eucalypt plants at 120 days. The IRPPMC increase the pH value and Ca and Mg soil content. The P, K, and Na soil content also increased. The P, K, Ca e S contents and accumulation in the leaves were increased with compost application; b) industrial residues from pulp and paper mill are efficient in the liming of soil acidity. The application of 8 Mg ha-1 of dregs + grits promoted major growth on diameter and on wood production of eucalypt that 15 Mg ha-1 of activated sludge in combination with chemical fertilizer application. This dose increased Ca and Mg and the base saturation of Red Latosol (Oxisol) to adequate values to reached 40 m3 ha-1 ano-1 wood productivity, at 6,5 years, when application was in the plantation or three months later.

Orientador: Sérgio Valiengo Valeri / Banca: Miguel Luís Menezes Freitas / Banca: Iraê Amaral Guerrini / Banca: Rinaldo César de Paula / Banca: Mara Cristina Pessôa da Cruz / Resumo: Foram conduzidos experimentos em casa de vegetação e em condições de campo, com os seguintes objetivos: a) avaliar o efeito de doses de composto de resíduos de indústria de celulose e papel na fertilidade do solo, no desenvolvimento, na produção de matéria seca e na concentração e acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas de um clone de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla; b) avaliar os efeitos da aplicação em diferentes épocas de dois resíduos da indústria de celulose e papel (lodo ativado e não decomposto e dregs + grits), no desenvolvimento das árvores, produção de madeira e acúmulo de nutrientes nas folhas de um clone de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. As principais conclusões foram: a) A aplicação de composto de resíduos de indústria de celulose e papel (CRICP) propiciou ganhos em altura aos 60 dias após o plantio em colunas de PVC, em diâmetro do coleto e em produção de biomassa das plantas de eucalipto aos 120 dias. O CRICP resultou em aumento no valor de pH e nos teores de Ca e Mg do solo. Também elevou os teores de P, K e Na no solo. A concentração nas folhas e o acúmulo de P, K, Ca e S aumentaram com a aplicação do composto; b) Os resíduos da fábrica de celulose e papel são eficientes corretivos da acidez do solo. A aplicação de 8 t ha-1 de dregs + grits no plantio proporcionou maior crescimento em diâmetro e produção de madeira de eucalipto do que a aplicação de 15 t ha-1 de lodo ativado não decomposto. Essa dose e elevou os teores de Ca e Mg e a porcentagem de saturação por bases de Latossolo Vermelho distrófico para valores adequados para uma produtividade de madeira de 40 m3 ha-1 ano-1, aos 6,5 anos, quando aplicados no plantio ou três meses após o mesmo. / Abstract: Experiments in greenhouse and field were carried out with the objectives: a) to evaluate the effect of industrial residues from pulp and paper mill compost rates on soil fertility, on development, on dry matter production and nutrient contents and accumulation in the leaves of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clone; b) to evaluate the application effects in different times of two industrial residues from pulp and paper mill (cellulose sludge and dregs + grits) on tree development, wood production and nutrient accumulation in the leaves of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla clone. The main conclusions were: a) the industrial residues from pulp and paper mill compost (IRPPMC) application promoted increases on height at 60 days after planting, on stem diameter and on biomass production of eucalypt plants at 120 days. The IRPPMC increase the pH value and Ca and Mg soil content. The P, K, and Na soil content also increased. The P, K, Ca e S contents and accumulation in the leaves were increased with compost application; b) industrial residues from pulp and paper mill are efficient in the liming of soil acidity. The application of 8 Mg ha-1 of dregs + grits promoted major growth on diameter and on wood production of eucalypt that 15 Mg ha-1 of activated sludge in combination with chemical fertilizer application. This dose increased Ca and Mg and the base saturation of Red Latosol (Oxisol) to adequate values to reached 40 m3 ha-1 ano-1 wood productivity, at 6,5 years, when application was in the plantation or three months later. / Doutor

La valorisation des déchets par le compostage et la méthanisation est encouragée par les politiques de l'UE. Cependant, ces technologies de recyclage des déchets sont confrontées à un défi crucial en matière de libération et de contrôle des émissions de gaz odorants. En effet, la pollution par les odeurs est la principale cause d'opposition du public au traitement des déchets, ce qui a entraîné la fermeture et des poursuites en justice pour les unités de traitement des déchets. À l'heure actuelle, les inventaires des émissions d'odeurs et de produits chimiques pour appuyer les plans de gestion des odeurs et de la pollution atmosphérique font défaut, en raison de la complexité des évaluations des odeurs, impliquant généralement des analyses sensorielles et chimiques. L'objectif de cette thèse était donc de caractériser de manière détaillée les émissions de gaz et les odeurs lors du processus de compostage. À cette fin, les émissions d’odeurs et de polluants ont tout d’abord été étudiées au cours des différentes étapes opérationnelles du processus de compostage, à savoir le stockage, la phase active, le retournement et la maturation. Les résultats ont montré que la phase active et le retournement jouent un rôle essentiel dans les générations de nuisances olfactives causées principalement par les composés soufrés volatils (CSV). Des efforts supplémentaires ont ensuite été consacrés à la caractérisation des émissions de gaz au cours de la phase active de compostage de quinze déchets solides et du digestat, permettant ainsi de corroborer l’importance des CSV sur la production d’odeurs lors du compostage et de différencier l’impact des émissions de gaz sur les odeurs en fonction des matières premières des déchets. La dernière partie de ce travail de recherche a été consacrée à la corrélation des mesures sensorielles et chimiques, par le biais de méthodes de régression simple et multiple visant à faciliter et à renforcer le contrôle des odeurs dans les unités de traitement des déchets. Notamment, un modèle des moindres carrés partiels améliore la prévision de la concentration d'odeurs grâce à la composition chimique des gaz émis. / Waste valorization through composting and methanization are actively promoted by the EU policies. However, these waste recycling technologies face a crucial challenge regarding the release and control of odorous and hazardous gas emissions. Indeed, odor pollution is the principal cause for public opposition to waste processing, leading to the closure and lawsuits for waste treatment units. Currently, there is a lack of odor and chemical emissions inventories to support odor and air pollution management plans due to the complexity of odor assessments, generally involving sensory and chemical analysis. Hence, the aim of this PhD thesis was to characterize extensively the gas emissions and odors released during the composting process. To this end, the patterns of odor and pollutant emissions were first traced throughout different operational stage of composting process, namely, storage, active phase, turning and curing. The results showed that the active phase and turning played a pivotal role in odor nuisance generations which were mainly caused by volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). Then, further efforts were focused on characterizing the gas emissions released along the composting active phase of fifteen solid wastes and digestate. The results corroborated the relevance of VSC on odors production during composting and enabled to differentiate the odor impact of gas emissions as a function of the wastes’ feedstock. The last part of this research work was devoted to correlate both, sensory and chemical measurements, through univariate and multivariate regression analysis to ease and strength odor monitoring in waste treatment units. Notably, a partial least squares model improved odor concentration prediction based on the chemical composition of emitted gases.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-29T13:01:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCIÉDNA MARIA DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 1926061 bytes, checksum: 90e9838f36093c3fdfa4deba4ea79fcd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-29T13:01:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FRANCIÉDNA MARIA DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 1926061 bytes, checksum: 90e9838f36093c3fdfa4deba4ea79fcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / Os resíduos agroindustriais geralmente apresentam grandes concentrações de materiais orgânicos que, se manejados de forma inadequada, podem poluir e/ou contaminar o solo, a água e o ar. Os processos de compostagem têm se estabelecido como formas eficientes de minimizar a problemática ambiental e de reduzir o volume de resíduos sólidos orgânicos descartados de forma ambientalmente incorreta. O principal objetivo deste trabalho consiste em quantificar os resíduos sólidos orgânicos do setor de hortifrúti do Mercado Público de Pombal-PB, assim como averiguar a viabilidade de produção de composto orgânico através do emprego da técnica da compostagem aeróbica em ambiente aberto. Para isso realizou-se pesagens diárias, durante quatro semanas, dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos gerados no setor de hortifrúti do Mercado Público de Pombal-PB, além do mais, foi montada uma pilha de compostagem com os resíduos orgânicos recolhidos no local de estudo e verificado o grau de maturação do composto orgânico final. O diagnóstico final resultante da pesquisa foi que são produzidos no referido setor uma média de 82,12 kg de resíduos orgânicos diariamente. Para avaliar a maturação do composto foram utilizados os parâmetros de temperatura, relação C/N, condutividade elétrica e pH. Os quais apresentaram resultados satisfatórios de maturação quando comparado com o que determina a Portaria N° 01/83 do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento indicando que estes simples métodos são considerados seguros para verificação de processos de compostagem conduzidos em regiões sujeitas às condições semiáridas, mostrando-se eficiente para o tratamento de resíduos agroindustriais. / Agro-industrial wastes generally have large concentrations of organic materials which, if handled improperly, can pollute and / or contaminate soil, water and air. Composting processes have been established as efficient ways to minimize environmental problems and to reduce the volume of organic waste disposed of in an environmentally incorrect way. The main objective of this work is to quantify the organic solid waste of horticulture of the Public Market of Pombal -PB, as well as to investigate the viability of organic compost production through the use of the aerobic composting technique in the open environment. For this, It was performed daily weightings for four weeks of the organic solid waste generated in the horticulture sector of the Public Market of Pombal-PB, in addition, a compost pile was assembled with the organic residues collected at the study place and the degree of maturation of the final organic compound was verified. The final diagnosis resulting from the research was that an average of 82.12 kg of organic waste is produced daily. To evaluate the maturation of the compound, the parameters of temperature, C / N ratio, and electrical conductivity epH were used. It presented satisfactory maturation results when compared to that determined by Ordinance No. 01/83 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, indicating that these simple methods are considered safe for verification of composting processes conducted in regions subject to semi-arid conditions, being efficient for the treatment of agro industrial residues.

In off-grid holiday homes, alternative toilet solutions are needed. There is a wide range of dry toilet systems, where urine-diverting systems and incineration toilets are common solutions. Urine-diverting dry toilets require that users need to manage generated fecal fractions. This is often done by private composting or through municipal latrine bucket pick-ups. In this project, fecal management for holiday homes in Sweden is examined from three perspectives by (1) studying the biological phenomenon with composting and how a compost should be managed to generate rich humus, whilst minimizing greenhouse gas emissions associated with the act of composting, (2) examine current user experiences associated with latrine compost management, and (3) map out current latrine management systems, including laws and regulations. The goal was to develop a user-friendly concept for fecal management for urine-diverting toilets, based on this research. The project was carried out in collaboration with Harvest Moon, a company focused on the development of innovative and refined dry toilet systems. The project was initiated with a literature review, the examination of current fecal management systems, and interviews with composting experts and researchers. The background research showed that there is no such thing as perfect compost management since it depends on what end goals the users have. Research also showed that frequently turning the pile, increases ammonia (NH3) emissions, but reduces methane (CH4) formation. Furthermore, biochar can be added as a bulking agent to aerate the compost mass, and aid the hygienization process of such a mass, since it binds e.g., hormones. Regarding composting methods, a static passively aerated compost is not the fastest process but has the least compost mass reduction, which is desired when using it as a soil enhancer. In addition, it requires the least management. This method was therefore chosen for further development. Furthermore, since temperature and moisture are easily measured with sensors, it was deemed interesting to implement such sensors in a final concept, to alleviate management for the user. To assure that the final concept would reflect user needs and wishes, a phase of user studies was then initiated. The studies showed that users generally see latrine compost more as something to take care of, rather than as a resource, and therefore have no interest in using composted humus. The research also showed that because many municipalities require 2-year storage of the material in the composter, users experienced scheduling issues, which ultimately led to an inefficien composting system. The third perspective that was investigated, was the management systems of today and how they are regulated by laws. Each municipality has its own requirements on how latrine composts should be managed. These requirements are based on the Environmental Code, as well as Naturvårdsverket’s recommendation for the implementation of the law. Apart from the compilation of these regulations, this investigation showed that pyrolysis, as well as the centralization of hygienized feces, could be future alternatives to latrine composting and latrine pickup. But due to the short Time-to-Market, and the project's limited time scope, product development towards system innovation was deemed unrealistic within this project.  Insights from these three perspectives created a framework for the concept development phase, which was finalized with building a full-scale functional prototype. During detailed design, the concept was further developed in CAD. The final concept presented in this project is a modular, user-friendly latrine compost that can be adapted to follow different municipal regulations. It has an inner mesh that aerates the compost mass to reduce methane gas formation. The mesh is constructed with hexagonal perforated acid-proof steel. The composter has a push latch mechanism on the lid together with two gas struts, which makes it easy to open since the user only needs to push the lid once, for it to open. Temperature and moisture sensors make it easier for the user to manage their compost correctly, and a front door allows for ergonomic emptying of the finished compost humus. Future development to reduce production costs, simplify the construction, continue the CAD model development, find suitable sensors, develop product instructions as well as perform user tests with the physical prototype should be further investigated. / I fritidshus som saknar kommunalt avlopp behövs alternativa toalettlösningar. Det finns en rad olika torra toalettsystem, där urinsorterande och förbränningstoaletter är vanliga lösningar. Urinsorterande torrtoaletter kräver att användaren själv tar hand om genererade fekalier. Detta görs genom antingen privat latrinkompostering eller kommunal hämtning av latrin. I detta projekt undersöks fekaliehantering för fritidshus i Sverige från tre perspektiv genom att (1) studera biologiska fenomen i en kompost och hur en kompost ska hanteras för att få en rik humus, samt minimera växthusgasutsläpp som bildas vid just kompostering, (2) undersöka användarupplevelsen vid hantering av latrinkomposter idag, samt (3) kartlägga nuvarande system för latrinhantering, inklusive rådande lagar och förordningar. Målet med projektet var att utveckla ett användarvänligt koncept för fekaliehantering från urinsorterande toaletter, baserat på denna forskning. Projektet genomfördes i samarbete med Harvest Moon, ett företag som arbetar med att utveckla innovativa och estetiskt tilltalande torrtoalettsystem. Projektet inleddes med att studera litteratur, undersöka befintliga fekaliehanteringssystem, samt att intervjua komposteringsexperter och forskare inom området. Efter denna bakgrundsforskning kunde slutsatsen dras att det inte finns en perfekt komposthantering, då det beror på de mål som användaren har. Forskningen visade också att ju mer man vände kompostmassan, desto mer ökade utsläppen av ammoniak (NH3), dock minskade bildningen av metan (CH4). En annan insikt var att biokol kan tillsättas för att lufta, samt hjälpa till att hygienisera kompostmassan, då det binder till sig till exempel hormonrester. Gällande komposteringsmetoder så är en statisk passivt luftad kompost inte den snabbaste processen, men den leder till minst kompostreduktionen, vilket är bra om målet är att använda det komposterade materialet som jordförbättrare. Dessutom kräver det den minsta hanteringen av användaren. Denna metod valdes därför för vidareutveckling av slutkoncept. Slutligen, eftersom både temperatur och fukt lätt går att mäta med sensorer, så ansågs det intressant att implementera dessa typer av sensorer i ett slutkoncept i och med att det skulle kunna underlätta hanteringsprocessen för användaren. För att säkerställa att det slutliga konceptet skulle återspegla vad användarna behöver och önskar, inleddes sedan en fas av användarstudier. Användarstudierna visade att användare i allmänhet ser latrinkompost mer som något de måste ta hand om, än som en resurs, och har därmed inget intresse av att ta vara på det materialet som har komposterats. Studierna visade också att på grund av att många kommuner kräver två års lagring av materialet i fekaliekomposten, upplevde användare svårigheter med att få till en bra rutin kring hanteringen, vilket bidrog till att hela latrinhanteringssystemet fungerade sämre. Det tredje perspektivet som undersöktes inom projektet var hur systemen för latrinhantering ser ut idag, samt hur och av vilka lagar de regleras. Varje kommun har egna krav på hur en latrinkompost ska hanteras. Dessa krav är baserade på Miljöbalken, liksom Naturvårdsverkets rekommendationer gällande den praktiska implementeringen av Miljöbalken. Utöver sammanställningen av dessa regelverk visade studien att pyrolys, alternativt centralisering av hygieniserade fekalier, skulle kunna vara framtida alternativ till kompostering eller kommunal hämtning av latrin. Men på grund av den korta Time-to-Market för denna produkt, samt projektets begränsade tidsram ansågs produktutveckling mot systeminnovation vara orealistisk inom detta projekt. Insikter från dessa tre perspektiv bildade ett ramverk för konceptutvecklingsfasen, som avslutades med byggandet av en fullskalig funktionsprototyp. Under detaljutvecklingen fortsattes utvecklingen av konceptet i CAD. Det slutgiltiga konceptet som presenteras i projektet är en modulär, användarvänlig latrinkompost som går att anpassa till att följa olika kommunala regler. Den har en inre struktur som luftar kompostmaterialet för att minska bildandet av metangas. Strukturen består av hexagonalt perforerat syrafast stål. Komposten har en push latch mekanism på locket tillsammans med två gasfjädrar, vilket gör det enkelt att öppna eftersom användaren endast behöver trycka locket för att det ska öppnas. Temperatur- och fuktsensorer gör det lättare för användaren att hantera sin kompost korrekt, och en främre dörr möjliggör ergonomisk tömning av färdigt kompostmaterial. Framtida utveckling för att minska produktionskostnaderna, förenkla konstruktionen, vidareutveckla CAD-modellen, hitta lämpliga sensorer, utveckla användarinstruktioner, samt genomförandet av användartester med funktionsprototypen bör vidare undersökas.