Electromigration (EM) and thermomigration (TM) reliability of Pb-free solder joints are emerging as critical concerns in advanced packages. In this study, EM and TM phenomena in Sn-2.5Ag solder joints with thick Cu or thin Ni under-bump metallurgy (UBM) were investigated. A series of EM tests were performed to obtain activation energy (Q) and current density exponent (n), and to understand failure mechanisms. Joule heating was also taken into account. Q and n values were determined as follows: for Cu UBM solders, Q = 1.0 eV and n = 1.5; for Ni UBM solders, Q = 0.9 and n = 2.2. Important factors limiting EM reliability of Pb-free solder joints were found to be UBM dissolution with extensive intermetallic compound (IMC) growth and current crowding. IMC growth without current stressing was found to follow the parabolic growth law whereas linear growth law was observed for Cu₆Sn₅ and Ni₃Sn₄ under high current stressing. For Cu UBM solders, the apparent activation energy for IMC growth was consistent with the activation energy for EM, which supports that EM failure was closely related to IMC growth. In contrast, for Ni UBM solders the apparent activation energy was higher than the EM activation energy. It was suggested that the EM failure in the Ni UBM solders could be associated with more than one mass transport mechanism. The current crowding effect was analyzed with different thicknesses of Ni UBM. It was found that the maximum current density in solder could represent the current density term in Black's equation better than the average current density. FEM studies demonstrated that current crowding was mainly controlled by UBM thickness, metal trace design, and passivation opening diameter. A large temperature gradient of the order of 10³ °C/cm was generated across the sample to induce noticeable TM and to compare its effect against that of EM. TM-induced voiding was observed in Ni UBM solders while UBM dissolution with IMC formation occurred in Cu UBM solders. However, the relative effect of TM was found to be several times smaller than that of EM even at this large temperature gradient. / text

This thesis examines the flow around bluff bodies placed at the floodplain edge in a compound, open channel. The floodplain edge location is associated with a strong shear layer between lower velocity floodplain flow and high velocity flow in the main channel. The drag force exerted by a bluff body is dependant on the way in which the flow separates around the body and subsequently recovers but the drag coefficients typically used to represent the effects of bluff bodies are based on experiments on bodies in geometrically simple channels. The differences induced in the wake structures and therefore in the drag coefficients of bluff bodies when they are placed in the shear layer at the floodplain edge are little understood. In this study, experimental data is gathered that allows direct comparison of the wakes of identical bluff bodies, both emergent (surface-piercing) and submerged, in simple and compound open channels. For the compound channel scenarios, for both single and multiple block arrangements, turbulence data is also reported. These results are augmented using a computational model based on the solution of the 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations, using a non-linear turbulence model. The results show that the changes induced in the wake structures due to their location at the floodplain edge of the compound channel can have a significant effect on the drag coefficient. For the emergent bodies, the proximity of the deep main channel flow is shown to impact in a complex manner upon the processes of reattachment and re-separation, changing the formation of vorticity in the wake. For the submerged bodies, this is complicated by asymmetry in the same processes on the block top. For both body types, separation on the main channel side results in the creation of a strong axial circulation at the floodplain edge and the decay of the wake is asymmetrically affected by the differing behaviour of the turbulence on the two sides.

CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) denotes the methodology used to assess thermodynamic data based on experiments as well as on first principles calculations. Essential for this method is the coupling of phase diagram and thermodynamic properties. It has been widely and successfully applied for decades in the field of materials science and engineering. Nevertheless, some shortcomings of the existing thermodynamic databases call for updated descriptions with improved thermodynamic modeling from unary, binary to ternary and higher-order systems. This thesis attempts to pioneer the development of a new generation of CALPHAD databases taking C-Co-Cr alloys with subsystems, unaries and binaries, as example. The present modeling and assessment work not only validate the new models applied in the development of the next, the 3rd, generation database, but also result in improved descriptions in a wider temperature range.In this 3rd generation database, thermodynamic descriptions are valid from 0 K up to high temperatures above liquidus. The Einstein model, rather than the polynomial basis functions used in the previous 2nd generation database, is applied to model the harmonic lattice vibration contribution to the heat capacity of condensed phases at low temperatures. In addition, terms describing the electronic excitations and anharmonic lattice vibrations, as well as the magnetic contribution, are added. A generalized two-state model is employed for the liquid phase to describe the gradual transition from the liquid to amorphous state. A revised magnetic model is adopted accounting for both the ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic states explicitly. A newly suggested method to avoid violating the 3rd law of thermodynamics is adopted for e.g. stoichiometric phases. However, there is still some concern as Nernst’s heat theorem which states that 𝑑𝐶𝑃/𝑑𝑇 is zero at 0 K is not obeyed. All solution phases are modelled within the framework of the compound energy formalism (CEF).The task of the thesis is to construct an updated self-consistent thermodynamic description of the C-Co-Cr system for the third generation CALPHAD databases. The improvement is significant from a modeling point of view when compared to the second generation database. A good agreement between the calculated thermodynamic properties and the experimental data is achieved. The reliability of the extrapolations of unary and binary systems into higher order systems is demonstrated. / <p>QC 20170529</p>

<p>Cilj istraživanja u okviru ove doktorske disertacije bio je da se ispita uticaj ekstrudiranja na funkcionalno hranivo, čija bi osnovna uloga bila povećanje sadržaja omega-masnih kiselina u ishrani životinja, a naročito &alpha;-linolenske kiseline (ALA). Za proizvodnju funkcionalnog hraniva upotrebljeni su laneno seme, kao nosilac funkcionalnih osobina i suncokretova sačma, koja je dodata da se spreči isticanje lanenog ulja tokom ekstrudiranja. Nezavisni parametri ekstrudiranja čiji je uticaj ispitivan bili su: brzina obrtanja puža ekstrudera (240, 360 i 590 o/min), kapacitet punjenja (16, 24 i 32 kg/h), vlaga polaznog materijala (7, 11,5 i 16 %) i ukupna povr&scaron;ina otvora na matrici (19,8, 39,6 i 59,4 mm2). Zavisno promenljive karakteristike (odzivi) dobijenog hraniva koje su praćene bile su: sadržaj HCN u hranivu, sadržaj ALA, sadržaj slobodnih masnih kiselina (SMK) i potro&scaron;nja energije.<br />Za modelovanje zavisnosti karakteristika hraniva od procesnih parametara ekstrudiranja primenjena je metoda odzivne povr&scaron;ine (RSM), a kori&scaron;ćen je Box-Behnken-ov dizajn (BBD) za četiri faktora na tri nivoa. Za svaki od pomenutih odziva definisan je polinom drugog reda i određeni su koeficijenti polinoma, a analizom varijanse potvrđena je tačnost ovih modela. Formirani modeli upotrebljeni su za optimizaciju procesa ekstrudiranja, sa ciljem da se postigne &scaron;to veća redukcija<br />cijanogenih glikozida u hranivu, uz &scaron;to vi&scaron;i sadržaj ALA i &scaron;to niže SMK i potro&scaron;nju energije. Da bi se zadovoljili svi postavljeni uslovi optimizacije, proces ekstrudiranja bilo je potrebno izvoditi pod sledećim uslovima: brzina obrtanja puža &ndash; 417,41 o/min, kapacitet punjenja &ndash; 32 kg/h, vlaga materijala &ndash; 13,39 % i ukupna povr&scaron;ina otvora na<br />matrici &ndash; 19,80 mm2.<br />Ovako dobijeno hranivo pokazalo je nizak sadržaj HCN, čiji je stepen redukcije u odnosu na početnu vrednost iznosio 76,20 %. Sa druge strane, sadržaj ALA smanjen je za svega 0,69 %, &scaron;to ukazuje da ekstrudiranje nije negativno uticalo na masnokiselinski sastav proizvedenog ko-ekstrudata.<br />Nakon proizvodnje ko-ekstrudata, pristupilo se ispitivanju njegove održivosti. U tu svrhu uzorci su skladi&scaron;teni u klima komori sa mogućno&scaron;ću kontrolisanog pode&scaron;avanja temperature, relativne vlažnosti i cirkulacije vazduha. Za praćenje održivosti proizvoda primenjen je modifikovan Schaal-oven test. Modifikacija metode sastojala se u pode&scaron;avanju relativne vlažnosti vazduha na konstantnu vrednost od 40 %, &scaron;to klasičnom metodom nije propisano. Ova vlažnost vazduha odabrana je na osnovu relativne vlažnosti koja je u trenutku eksperimenta izmerena u prostoriji. U cilju ispitivanja uticaja antioksidanasa na oksidativnu stabilnost proizvoda, uzorcima su dodavani komercijalni preparati karvakrol (200 mg/100 g koekstrudata), vitamin E (135 mg/100 g ko-ekstrudata) i sme&scaron;a ova dva antioksidansa. Za praćenje oksidativnih i hemijskih promena ko-ekstrudata, određivani su peroksidni broj (Pbr), SMK uzorcima su dodavani komercijalni preparati karvakrol (200 mg/100 g koekstrudata), vitamin E (135 mg/100 g i masnokiselinski sastav. Takođe su ispitane mikrobiolo&scaron;ke promene u koekstrudatu. Najsnažnije antioksidativno dejstvo u ovom eksperimentu imao je vitamin E, dok sme&scaron;a vitamina E i karvakrola nije pokazala sinergističko dejstvo. Sastav masnih kiselina se u toku skladi&scaron;tenja nije statistički značajno promenio. Sa druge strane, ekstrudiranje je pokazalo statistički značajan uticaj (p = 0,032) na redukciju ukupnog broja mikroorganizama u hranivu, a najniža vrednost ukupnog broja mikroorganizama (600 cfu/g) zabeležena je u uzorku sa dodatim karvakrolom.</p> / <p>The goal of the research in this thesis was to examine the effect of extrusion on functional feed compound, whose main role was to increase the content of omega-fatty acids in animal nutrition, especially &alpha;-linolenic acid (ALA). Flax seed, as the holder of the functional properties, and sunflower meal, as an adsorbent of linseed oil during extrusion, were used for the production of functional feed compound. Independent extrusion parameters studied in the experiment were: extruder screw speed (240, 360 and 590 rpm), loading capacity (16, 24 and 32 kg/h), the moisture content of the starting material (7, 11.5 and 16 % ) and the total die opening&rsquo;s area (19.8, 39.6 and 59.4 mm2). Dependent variables (responses) of the produced feed compound were: HCN content in coextrudate, ALA content, the content of free fatty acids (FFA) and energy consumption.<br />Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied in order to model mathematical dependence between co-extrudate characteristics and the independent process parameters. The experiments were designed according to Box-Behnken&#39;s design (BBD) with four factors, each at three levels. Second-order polynomial equation was<br />developed for each of these responses, and polynomial coefficients were determined. Accuracy of each model was confirmed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Formed polynomial models were used to optimize the extrusion process, with the aim of achieving high reduction of cyanogenic glycosides in feed compound, the highest content of ALA, as well as low FFA and low energy consumption. Obtained optimal conditions were: extruder srew speed - 417.41 rpm, loading capacity - 32 kg/h, moisture content of starting material - 13.39 % and the total die openings&rsquo; area<br />- 19.80 mm2.<br />Functional feed compound produced under these conditions showed a low concentration of HCN, and the degree of HCN reduction was 76.20 % compared to the starting HCN content. On the other hand, the ALA content was reduced by only 0.69 %, indicating that extrusion did not significantly affect the fatty acid composition of the produced co-extrudate.<br />The next step was investigation of stability of produced co-extrudate. For this purpose, the samples were stored in a climate chamber capable of setting temperature, relative humidity and air circulation. Modified Schaal-oven test was used to monitor the stability of the product. Modification of the method consisted in adjusting the relative humidity at a constant value of 40 %, which is not required by a classical method. Such a high humidity was selected based on the relative humidity at a constant value of 40 %, which is not required by a classical method. Such a high humidity was selected based on the relative humidity of air, which was measured in the experimental room at the moment. Commercial carvacrol (200 mg/100g of co-extrudate), vitamin E (135 mg/100 g of co-extrudate) and a mixture of these<br />two antioxidants were added to the samples in order to investigate the influence of antioxidants on the oxidative stability of the product. Peroxide value (PV), FFA and fatty acid composition were determined in order to monitor oxidative and chemical changes in co-extrudate. Microbial changes were also examined in the functional feed compound. The most powerful antioxidant effect in this experiment had vitamin E, and a mixture of vitamin E and carvacrol did not show a synergistic effect. The fatty acid compostion during storage was not significantly changed in any sample. On the other hand, extrusion process showed a statistically significant effect (p = 0.032) on the reduction of total number of microorganisms in feed, and the lowest value of the total number of microorganisms (600 cfu/g) was observed in the sample with added<br />carvacrol.</p>

Cette présente recherche se situe dans le cadre des études contrastives. Elle recouvre, dans une perspective d’analyse, en matière de traduction d’une oeuvre littéraire du thaï au français, en particulier sur l’utilisation des temps verbaux. Puisque des différences importantes existent entre ces deux langues qui ne sont pas linguistiquement proches, il y a souvent des difficultés dans la traduction de l’expression du temps d’une langue à l’autre. En la matière, la principale différenciation réside dans le fait que le thaï, langue sans morphologie, possédant des mots invariables, exprime le temps par l’adjonction de morphèmes. De plus, le thaï utilise le système temporel primaire avec trois temps principaux : présent, passé et futur. Au contraire, pour le français, langue flexionnelle, le verbe transporte avec lui la marque de temps, et dès lors, chaque forme verbale indique un temps grammatical : une forme verbale fait référence au moment où se déroule le procès. L’expression de temps en français se sert des temps divisés en des époques de sous-divisions, dont le système temporel secondaire. Le thaï utilise des moyens très différents pour se référer aux moments du déroulement des événements par rapport au système du français. Alors, les objectifs de cette recherche sont d’étudier les systèmes qui commandent l’usage des temps verbaux de chaque langue afin de chercher des formes équivalentes. Nous espérons que cette recherche constituera un bon point de départ pour des études de linguistique comparée thaï – français / The present research is situated in the domain of contrastive studies. It covers, in an analytical perspective, the translation of a literary work from Thai to French and in particular the use of verb tenses. Since these two languages are not linguistically close and are significantly different, difficulties arise when translating the expression of tenses from one language to the other. The main difference comes from the fact that Thai language, which does not have any inflectional morphology and possesses invariable words, expresses tenses by addition of morphemes. Furthermore, Thai uses the primary tense system of three main moments : past, present and future. On the contrary, in French, which is an inflectional language, the verb carries the tense mark, and as such, every verbal form indicates a grammatical tense : a verbal form indicates the moment at which the process occurs. To express tenses, French uses tenses which are divided into periods which include the secondary temporal system. Compared to the French tense system, Thai language uses different ways of expressing the moments at which an event occurs. Therefore, the objectif of this reserach is to study the system which commands the usage of verbal tenses of each language in order to find equivalent forms. We hope that this research will provide a good starting point for comparative linguistics studies between Thai and French

Streptomycetes are soil filamentous Gram-positive bacteria that produce wide variety of pigments and biologically active substances including macrolides. Some of them are used as very efficient antibiotics and strong antifungal agents in medicine, others have became useful tools for staining biomembranes and detecting cholesterol via their internal fluorescence. Actinomycete Streptomyces durmitorensis (wild type strain MS405T ) is a bacteria isolated from Durmitor National Park in Montenegro soil samples. It produces secondary metabolite that has been identified as 32,33-didehydroroflamycoin (DDHR) closely related to the macrolides roflamycoin and generaly used filipin. DDHR exhibits cytototoxic activity against mammalian cells and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain EGY48. In addition it has interesting fluorescence properties allowing visualization of some membrane components. DDHR interacts with biomembranes, causes their disintegration leading to changes of the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton organization and in higher concentrations it causes cells necrosis. DDHR-sterol interaction in cell membranes decreases fluorescence intensity of DDHR. The compound is able to fluorescently stain aberrant lysosomes and could be therefore potentially used in diagnostics of some lysosomal storage disease.

Invasive fungal infections are prevalent and often deadly in immunocompromised patients. There continues to be a pressing need for the development of novel antifungal compounds since there are currently only 13 compounds licensed for the treatment of invasive fungal infections and antibiotic-resistant strains have been emerging. CAY-1 is an antifungal steroidal saponin which was isolated from the fruit of the cayenne pepper plant in 0.1% yield. In Vitro studies of CAY-1 have shown it to be an effective antifungal agent against sixteen pathogenic fungal strains and it showed no cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells up to 100 ìg/mL. The development of a practical synthesis of CAY-1 will potentially allow for further exploration of its medicinal utility and provide the opportunity to synthesize derivatives of CAY-1 which could be investigated in structure-activity relationship studies. To this end, methods for the preparation of they CAY-1 aglycone and pentasaccharide moieties have been investigated. Through this work, several partially protected stereoisomers of the CAY-1 aglycone have been prepared which can be used for the synthesis of saponin derivatives of CAY-1 for structure-activity relationship studies. Definitive characterization of one of these isomers, 3á-hydroxy-(22S, 25R)-5á-spirostan-2â-yl acetate, was achieved by X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, a quantitative inversion of the C-3 stereochemical configuration of this compound was achieved via an acetate group migration of the corresponding mesylate. The possibility of competition between the acetate migration and substitution mechanisms with various nucleophiles was explored. The results, however, indicate that this inversion only occurs via the acetate migration. Additionally, the CAY-1 pentasaccharide synthesis poses two significant challenges. First, these results demonstrate that the central 2, 3-branched portion can be synthesized efficiently from a partially protected glucopyranosyl acceptor since the C-2 and C-3 alcohols differ in their reactivity in glycosylation reactions. The second challenge is the ƒÀ-(1¨4) linkage to the galactosyl acceptor which significantly increases the complexity of the synthesis as compared to literature reported syntheses of other branched oligosaccharides. Nonetheless, this ƒÀ-(1¨4) linkage was achieved using a disarmed trichloroacetimidate glucosyl donor.

Cette étude est une approche des divers problèmes que soulève la traduction du figement. Elle se fond sur le cas concret de la traduction français-arabe en analysant un corpus bilingue constitué d’expressions figées en français (langue source) et de leur traduction en arabe (langue cible). Notre travail s’organise en deux parties : dans la première, nous étudions la notion de figement, les différentes structures qu’elle recouvre et la notion de traduction avec les concepts qui lui sont liés à travers les théories linguistiques et traductologiques du 20e siècle. Dans la deuxième partie, nous analysons notre corpus, d’abord pour vérifier qu’il représente bien la catégorie du figement, ensuite pour connaître les stratégies adoptées par le traducteur pour traduire les expressions figées. Le corpus est extrait à partir des articles français du Monde diplomatique et leur traduction en langue arabe dans le même journal / This study is an approach to various problems raised bu the translations of frozen expressions. It is founded on the specific case of the french-arabic translation by analyzing a bilingual corpus composed of idioms in French (source language) and their Arabic translation (targuet language). Our work is organized in two parts ; in the first we study the notion of rigidification and the various structures that it covers, and olso the notion of translation with related concepts through 20th century linguistic and translational theories. In the second part we analyze our corpus : first to make sure it really represents frozen expressions, then to know the strategies adopted by the translator to translate idioms. The corpus is extracted from the articles appeared in the French edition of the le Monde diplomatique and their translations into Arabic in the same newspaper

Sidman e colaboradores demonstraram que por meio do procedimento matching-to-sample foi possível estabelecer o que foi chamado de leitura com compreensão. O estudo de Canovas, Queiroz, Debert e Hübner (aceito) também demostrou leitura por meio do procedimento Go/no-go com estímulos compostos. No estudo de Canovas et al. (aceito), oito crianças (entre 4 e 5 anos) foram expostas ao Pré-teste da relação CD (relação entre palavra impressa e o nome da palavra falada pelo participante), Pré-treino (estímulos familiares), Treino das relações AB (palavra ditada e figura) e AC (palavra ditada e figura), Teste das relações emergentes BC (figura e palavra impressa) e CB (palavra impressa e figura) e ao Pós-teste CD. Durante o Treino, responder diante dos estímulos compostos relacionados e não responder diante dos compostos não relacionados foi seguido de consequências reforçadoras. Responder diante dos compostos não relacionados e não responder diante dos relacionados foi seguido de tela preta. Todos participantes demostraram as relações emergentes testadas (BC, CB e CD). Apesar dos resultados positivos obtidos por Canovas et al. (aceito), não se pode afirmar que o Treino das relações AB e AC foi responsável pela emergência da leitura com compreensão (relações BC, CB e CD) pois não foram pré-testadas as relações BC e CB. Considerando que os estímulos utilizados por Canovas et al. (aceito) são estímulos que podem estar presentes no dia a dia das crianças, pré-testar as relações BC e CB, além da CD, permitiria assegurar que todas as relações, que permitem falar em leitura com compreensão, emergiram apenas após o Treino AB e AC. O presente estudo replicou o estudo de Canovas et al. (aceito) e acrescentou ao Pré-teste as relações BC e CB. Além disso, foi utilizado o delineamento de sondas múltiplas entre conjuntos de estímulos com o objetivo de controlar aprendizagens extras experimentais. No Experimento 1, as tentativas de Pré-testes e Pós-testes foram intercaladas com tentativas familiares de Pré-treino. Participaram do Experimento 1 cinco crianças (entre 4 e 5 anos). Apenas um dos cinco participantes apresentou as relações emergentes BC, CB e CD nos Pós-testes dos Conjuntos 1 e 2. Um segundo participante apresentou apenas as relações BC e CB no Pós-teste do Conjunto 1. Outros dois participantes apresentaram apenas a relação CD nos Pós-testes dos Conjuntos 1 e 2 e um último participante teve a atividade experimental interrompida. Os resultados negativos nos Pós-testes do Experimento 1 pareceram refletir, não uma falha na transferência, mas um efeito da extinção durante os testes. Diante disso, realizou-se o Experimento 2 com o procedimento One-shot no qual o número de tentativas nas sessões de testes das relações BC, CB e CD foram reduzidos comparado ao Experimento 1. Participaram do Experimento 2 três crianças (entre 4 e 5 anos). Todos participantes apresentaram todas as relações emergentes testadas (BC, CB e CD) apenas nos Pós-testes. Os resultados obtidos no Experimento 2 indicaram que o procedimento de One-shot pemitiu que as relações condicionais emergentes fossem produzidas. Portanto, o procedimento Go/no-go com estímulos compostos foi efetivo para estabelecer leitura com compreensão / Sidman and colleagues demonstrated that it was possible to establish what they called reading comprehension with the matching-to-sample procedure. The study of Canovas, Queiroz, Debert and Hübner (accepted) also showed reading using the go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli. In this study, eight children (between 4 and 5 years old) were exposed to CD relations Pretests (printed word and the name of the word spoken by the participant), Pretraining with familiar stimuli, Training of AB relations (dictated word and figure) and AC relations (dictated word and printed word), Tests of BC emergent relations (figure and printed word) and CB relations (printed word and figure) and CD Posttest. During Training, responding to the related compound stimuli and not responding to the unrelated compound were followed by reinforcers. Responding to the unrelated compounds and not responding to the related was followed by a black screen. All children demonstrated emergent relations in the final tests (BC, CB and CD). Although positive results were obtained by Canovas et al. (accepted), it can not be said that the emergent relations were produced by AB and AC training because the BC and CB relations were not pretested. Considering that the stimuli utilized by Canovas et al. (accepted) are stimuli that may be present in children\'s daily lives, pretesting the BC and CB relations, besides CD, would provide assurance that all the relations, which allow reading comprehension, would emerge only after the AB and AC. The present study replicated Canovas et al. (accepted) study and added BC and CB relations to the pretests. In addition, the multiple probes design between sets of stimuli was used to control extra experimental learning. In Experiment 1, the Pretest and Posttest trials were interspersed with Pre-training familiar trial. Five children (between 4 and 5 years old) participated in Experiment 1. Only one of the five participant showed emergence relations BC, CB and CD in Posttest of Sets 1 and 2. A second participant presented only the emergence relations BC and CB in Posttest of Set 1. Two other participants showed only the CD relation in the Posttests and one last participant had the experimental activity interrupted. The negative results in the Posttests of Experiment 1 seemed to reflect, not a failure in the transfer, but an effect of extinction during the tests. Thus, Experiment 2 was realized with the One-shot procedure in which the number of trials in the test sessions of BC, CB and CD was reduced compared to Experiment 1. Three children (4 and 5 years old) participated in Experiment 2. All participants showed all emergence relations (BC, CB and CD) only in Posttests. The results obtained in Experiment 2 indicated that One-shot procedure allowed for emergent conditional relations to be produced. Therefore, the go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli was effective to establish reading comprehension

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram obter um processo de pasteurização da polpa de juçara embalada em bolsas plásticas (100 mL) de alta, a fim de minimizar a degradação das antocianinas, mantendo as propriedades nutricionais e organolépticas do produto, com viabilidade técnica e econômica para as comunidades tradicionais e agricultores familiares. Para tanto se avaliou a degradação da antocianina e a atividade enzimática presente na polpa de juçara, submetida à acidificação e pasteurização depois de embalada; armazenada por 60 dias; e monitorou-se a qualidade da polpa mediante análises físicas, químicas e sensoriais. A polpa foi acidificada com ácido cítrico a pH 4,0. A outra parte não sofreu processo de acidificação. Em seguida, a polpa foi embalada em sacos de polipropileno diferenciado. Por fim, as polpas, acidificadas com ácido cítrico a pH abaixo de 4,0 e não acidificada, foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: armazenada sob refrigeração a 6 °C; armazenada sob congelamento a -17 °C; pasteurizada a 80 °C por 5 minutos e armazenada sob refrigeração a 6 °C; pasteurizada a 80 °C por 5 minutos e armazenada sob congelamento a -17 °C; Num segundo momento, após a realização das análises do primeiro processo, a polpa embalada foi pasteurizada em tacho com aquecimento a gás, com água à temperatura de fervura - 97°C. A polpa foi mantida a esta temperatura por um (1) minuto. A acidificação e armazenamento foram realizados da mesma forma que no primeiro processo. A polpa de juçara manteve-se estável por 45 dias de armazenamento refrigerado e congelado para todos os tratamentos. Sensorialmente, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. Considerando-se a estabilidade da polpa, sua aceitação sensorial e o uso da refrigeração como alternativa ao congelamento, a pasteurização em tacho a 97°C se torna uma possibilidade às comunidades extrativistas. / The objectives of this study were to obtain a pasteurization process the juçara pulp packed in plastic bags (100 mL) high barrier in order to minimize anthocyanin\'s degradation, maintaining the organoleptic and nutritional properties of the product, technical and economic feasibility for the traditional communities and family farmers. For that we evaluated the anthocyanin\'s degradation and the enzymatic activity present in the juçara pulp, subjected to acidification, after pasteurization packed; stored for 60 days; and monitored to pulp quality by physical, chemical and sensory analysis. The pulp was acidified with citric acid to pH 4.0. The other part has not undergone the process of acidification. Then the pulp was packed in bags of different polypropylene. Finally, pulps, acidified with citric acid at pH below 4.0 and not acidified were treated as follows: stored under refrigeration at 6 ° C, stored in a freezer at -17 ° C, pasteurized at 80 ° C for 5 minutes and stored in a refrigerator at 6 ° C, pasteurized at 80 ° C for 5 minutes and stored under freezing at -17 ° C. Subsequently, after the analyzes of the first process, the pulp was pasteurized in packaged pot with heating the gas with water at boiling temperature - 97 ° C. The pulp was held at this temperature for one (1) minute. Acidification and storage were carried out in the same way as the first process.The juçara pulp remained stable for 45 days of cold and frozen storage for all treatments. No significant difference was found between treatments by sensorial analysis. Considering the stability of the pulp, its sensory acceptance and use of alternative freezing cooling, the packet pasteurization becomes a possibility by extractive communities.