Study objectives: Examine ambulance personnel’s perceptions of skills / training and knowledge with regards to the existing mechanical / manual compressions and frequency of training during a work shift. Do ambulance personnel think that mechanical compressions increase survival? Are there concerns that the device could damage the patient? Design: A cross-sectional study, quantitative approach with qualitative elements was conducted. Methods: Questionnaire form, which was answered by 44 ambulance personnel in an ambulance organisation in Sweden. Participants were on a scale of 1-5 to select how they agree with the claims of the study form and also submit their own comments. The questions were compiled with SPSS 17.0. A content analysis was conducted of participants' comments. Results: Ambulance personnel believe that practice is necessary, but that in general this training is not carried out frequently enough. The training is not prioritised. Colleagues are overwhelmingly positive when spontaneous training is initiated. Better procedures and training materials mentioned as a factor strengthening conditions. It is considered equally important to have good knowledge of the performance of manual chest compressions, not relying solely on the mechanical ones. No one expressed any immediate concerns that mechanical chest compressions could cause damages, but stated that mechanical chest compressions do make a difference in a positive way in comparison to the manual ones. Conclusion: Exercise is not prioritized. Exercise routines should be reviewed. Availability of training material and its quality can be optimized. There is a need to identify attitudes to exercise and is important to find ways to create motivation and practice pleasure.

L’écosystème médiatique canadien est en pleine ébullition. La fragmentation des marchés rend graduellement obsolète le concept de télévision généraliste. Le numérique amène une netamorphose de la consommation et de l’usage que nous faisons des plateformes traditionnelles. S’ajoute un effritement des revenus publicitaires et des parts de marchés. Comme ses compétiteurs, la Société Radio-Canada (SRC) doit se réinventer. Un défi de taille s’ajoute à son fardeau : son budget se voit considérablement diminué depuis les cinq dernières années. Alors que les attentes envers la SRC sont hautes à cause de son mandat défini par la Loi sur la radiodiffusion, mais aussi par les exigences du CRTC, certains observateurs commencent à craindre que la société de la Couronne n’arrive plus à réaliser son mandat. Dès lors, une bataille de l’opinion publique s’est mise en branle. Nous avons identifié quatre acteurs qui sont appelés à réagir à cette situation. À l’aide de l’analyse de discours, nous nous sommes intéressés à la composition des différents discours, des trames narratives de chacun et de leur place dans la sphère publique. Nous cherchons à déterminer les liens et les dichotomies entre les différents discours afin de mieux comprendre comment et pourquoi les acteurs ont su transmettre les informations nécessaires à leur position dans l’enjeu.

Les microalgues présentent un vrai potentiel d’innovation dans les principaux secteurs industriels tel que l’énergie, l’agroalimentaire, la cosmétique et la santé. Elles sont considérées comme étant la solution privilégiée pour répondre aux besoins énergétiques futurs et ainsi permettre une transition des énergies fossiles vers les énergies renouvelables. Néanmoins, les systèmes de production à grande échelle à partir de microalgues nécessitent encore des améliorations afin de les rendre économiquement compétitifs et durables tout en préservant l’environnement.Ainsi, l’objectif de cette thèse consiste à évaluer une nouvelle voie pour l’extraction de composés d’intérêt à partir de microalgues et de caractériser leur performance en termes d’efficacité d’extraction. L’utilisation combinée de champs électriques pulsés, et de compressions mécaniques (à travers un système microfluidique dédié) en tant que prétraitements à l’extraction de composés lipidiques, riches en énergie, produits par la microalgue Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a donc été étudiée. Les mécanismes mis en jeu, à l’échelle de la cellule, ont été mis en évidence.Ce projet de thèse s’est déroulé dans le contexte d’une collaboration entre les laboratoires SATIE de l’ENS Paris-Saclay et LGPM de CentraleSupélec Paris-Saclay.Les résultats obtenus ont permis de confirmer le potentiel des technologies utilisées dans l’amélioration du rendement d’extraction de l’huile algale. Cette étude démontre notamment le rôle important de la paroi cellulaire de l’algue en tant qu’obstacle à une extraction optimale. Une étude approfondie de sa réponse physiologique aux prétraitements et aux conditions de stress est proposée. / Microalgae have a real potential in the innovation of the main industrial sectors such as energy, food, cosmetics and health. They are considered as a promising solution to meet future energy needs and thus enable a transition from fossil to renewable energies. Nevertheless, large scale production systems using microalgae still need improvements to become economically competitive and sustainable while preserving the environment.Thus, the aim of this thesis is to evaluate an innovative approach for the extraction of compounds of interest from microalgae and characterize their performance in terms of extraction efficiency. The effect of combining pulsed electric fields and mechanical compressions (through a dedicated microfluidic system) as pretreatments for the extraction of lipids, energy-rich compounds produced by the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, was therefore studied. The mechanisms involved, at the cellular scale, were highlighted.This project took place in the context of a collaboration between the laboratories SATIE of ENS Paris-Saclay and LGPM of CentraleSupélec Paris-Saclay.The obtained results have confirmed the potential of the technologies to improve the algal oil extraction. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the important role of the algae’s cell wall as an obstacle to an optimal extraction. A comprehensive study of the microalgae’s physiological response to pretreatments and stress conditions is proposed.

This thesis focuses on video watermarking robust against geometric attacks and video compressions. In addition to the requirements for an image watermarking algorithm, a digital video watermarking algorithm has to be robust against advanced video compressions, frame loss, frame swapping, aspect ratio change, frame rate change, intra- and inter-frame filtering, etc. Video compression, especially, the most efficient compression standard, H.264, and geometric attacks, such as rotation and cropping, frame aspect ratio change, and translation, are considered the most challenging attacks for video watermarking algorithms. In this thesis, we first review typical watermarking algorithms robust against geometric attacks and video compressions, and point out their advantages and disadvantages. Then, we propose our robust video watermarking algorithms against Rotation, Scaling and Translation (RST) attacks and MPEG-2 compression based on the logpolar mapping and the phase-only filtering method. Rotation or scaling transformation in the spatial domain results in vertical or horizontal shift in the log-polar mapping (LPM) of the magnitude of the Fourier spectrum of the target frame. Translation has no effect in this domain. This method is very robust to RST attacks and MPEG-2 compression. We also demonstrate that this method can be used as a RST parameters detector to work with other watermarking algorithms to improve their robustness to RST attacks. Furthermore, we propose a new video watermarking algorithm based on the 1D DFT (one-dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform) and 1D projection. This algorithm enhances the robustness to video compression and is able to resist the most advanced video compression, H.264. The 1D DFT for a video sequence along the temporal domain generates an ideal domain, in which the spatial information is still kept and the temporal information is obtained. With detailed analysis and calculation, we choose the frames with highest temporal frequencies to embed the fence-shaped watermark pattern in the Radon transform domain of the selected frames. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by video compression standards MPEG-2 and H.264; geometric attacks such as rotation, translation, and aspect-ratio changes; and other video processing. The most important advantages of this video watermarking algorithm are its simplicity, practicality and robustness.

This thesis focuses on video watermarking robust against geometric attacks and video compressions. In addition to the requirements for an image watermarking algorithm, a digital video watermarking algorithm has to be robust against advanced video compressions, frame loss, frame swapping, aspect ratio change, frame rate change, intra- and inter-frame filtering, etc. Video compression, especially, the most efficient compression standard, H.264, and geometric attacks, such as rotation and cropping, frame aspect ratio change, and translation, are considered the most challenging attacks for video watermarking algorithms. In this thesis, we first review typical watermarking algorithms robust against geometric attacks and video compressions, and point out their advantages and disadvantages. Then, we propose our robust video watermarking algorithms against Rotation, Scaling and Translation (RST) attacks and MPEG-2 compression based on the logpolar mapping and the phase-only filtering method. Rotation or scaling transformation in the spatial domain results in vertical or horizontal shift in the log-polar mapping (LPM) of the magnitude of the Fourier spectrum of the target frame. Translation has no effect in this domain. This method is very robust to RST attacks and MPEG-2 compression. We also demonstrate that this method can be used as a RST parameters detector to work with other watermarking algorithms to improve their robustness to RST attacks. Furthermore, we propose a new video watermarking algorithm based on the 1D DFT (one-dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform) and 1D projection. This algorithm enhances the robustness to video compression and is able to resist the most advanced video compression, H.264. The 1D DFT for a video sequence along the temporal domain generates an ideal domain, in which the spatial information is still kept and the temporal information is obtained. With detailed analysis and calculation, we choose the frames with highest temporal frequencies to embed the fence-shaped watermark pattern in the Radon transform domain of the selected frames. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by video compression standards MPEG-2 and H.264; geometric attacks such as rotation, translation, and aspect-ratio changes; and other video processing. The most important advantages of this video watermarking algorithm are its simplicity, practicality and robustness.

Chest compressions in cardiopulmonary resuscitation are of utmost importance although not without a risk. Many injuries are described but the incidence of these is hard to define due to methodological differences. It is strenuous to perform chest compressions and therefore mechanical chest compressions have been looked upon with interest. This thesis presents new insights on the panorama and incidence of injuries in modern CPR and a comparison of safety and efficacy between manual chest compressions and mechanical chest compressions with the LUCAS™ device. We also evaluated if computed tomography could be an aid in the detection of these injuries. Two pilot trials were conducted and one presented no difference in early survival with 26% and 31% having return of spontaneous circulation when comparing manual chest compressions with the LUCAS device in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The other revealed no difference in autopsy-detected injuries. A third multicentre autopsy trial revealed that in patients treated with manual chest compressions 78.3% had at least one injury and 63.9% had at least one rib fracture. The corresponding numbers for patients treated with the LUCAS device was 92.8% (p = 0.002) and 77.7% (p=0.022). Sternal fractures occurred in 54.2% and in 58.3% of the cases treated with manual chest compressions and the LUCAS device respectively (p = 0.556). The median number of rib fractures was 7 in the group receiving manual chest compressions and 6 in the group receiving chest compressions with the LUCAS device. In 31 cases a computed tomography was conducted prior to autopsy and we found a very strong correlation in the discrimination of patients with or without rib fractures (kappa=0.83). Mean difference between the two methods in detecting rib fractures was 0.16. The detection of other injuries did not have a strong correlation. In conclusion there is no difference in early survival between the two methods and mechanical chest compressions adds 14-15% more patients with rib fractures but the amount of rib fractures, sternal fractures and other injuries is equal. CT can aid but not replace autopsies in the detection of these injuries.

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This thesis focuses on video watermarking robust against geometric attacks and video compressions. In addition to the requirements for an image watermarking algorithm, a digital video watermarking algorithm has to be robust against advanced video compressions, frame loss, frame swapping, aspect ratio change, frame rate change, intra- and inter-frame filtering, etc. Video compression, especially, the most efficient compression standard, H.264, and geometric attacks, such as rotation and cropping, frame aspect ratio change, and translation, are considered the most challenging attacks for video watermarking algorithms. In this thesis, we first review typical watermarking algorithms robust against geometric attacks and video compressions, and point out their advantages and disadvantages. Then, we propose our robust video watermarking algorithms against Rotation, Scaling and Translation (RST) attacks and MPEG-2 compression based on the logpolar mapping and the phase-only filtering method. Rotation or scaling transformation in the spatial domain results in vertical or horizontal shift in the log-polar mapping (LPM) of the magnitude of the Fourier spectrum of the target frame. Translation has no effect in this domain. This method is very robust to RST attacks and MPEG-2 compression. We also demonstrate that this method can be used as a RST parameters detector to work with other watermarking algorithms to improve their robustness to RST attacks. Furthermore, we propose a new video watermarking algorithm based on the 1D DFT (one-dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform) and 1D projection. This algorithm enhances the robustness to video compression and is able to resist the most advanced video compression, H.264. The 1D DFT for a video sequence along the temporal domain generates an ideal domain, in which the spatial information is still kept and the temporal information is obtained. With detailed analysis and calculation, we choose the frames with highest temporal frequencies to embed the fence-shaped watermark pattern in the Radon transform domain of the selected frames. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by video compression standards MPEG-2 and H.264; geometric attacks such as rotation, translation, and aspect-ratio changes; and other video processing. The most important advantages of this video watermarking algorithm are its simplicity, practicality and robustness.

This thesis focuses on video watermarking robust against geometric attacks and video compressions. In addition to the requirements for an image watermarking algorithm, a digital video watermarking algorithm has to be robust against advanced video compressions, frame loss, frame swapping, aspect ratio change, frame rate change, intra- and inter-frame filtering, etc. Video compression, especially, the most efficient compression standard, H.264, and geometric attacks, such as rotation and cropping, frame aspect ratio change, and translation, are considered the most challenging attacks for video watermarking algorithms. In this thesis, we first review typical watermarking algorithms robust against geometric attacks and video compressions, and point out their advantages and disadvantages. Then, we propose our robust video watermarking algorithms against Rotation, Scaling and Translation (RST) attacks and MPEG-2 compression based on the logpolar mapping and the phase-only filtering method. Rotation or scaling transformation in the spatial domain results in vertical or horizontal shift in the log-polar mapping (LPM) of the magnitude of the Fourier spectrum of the target frame. Translation has no effect in this domain. This method is very robust to RST attacks and MPEG-2 compression. We also demonstrate that this method can be used as a RST parameters detector to work with other watermarking algorithms to improve their robustness to RST attacks. Furthermore, we propose a new video watermarking algorithm based on the 1D DFT (one-dimensional Discrete Fourier Transform) and 1D projection. This algorithm enhances the robustness to video compression and is able to resist the most advanced video compression, H.264. The 1D DFT for a video sequence along the temporal domain generates an ideal domain, in which the spatial information is still kept and the temporal information is obtained. With detailed analysis and calculation, we choose the frames with highest temporal frequencies to embed the fence-shaped watermark pattern in the Radon transform domain of the selected frames. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by video compression standards MPEG-2 and H.264; geometric attacks such as rotation, translation, and aspect-ratio changes; and other video processing. The most important advantages of this video watermarking algorithm are its simplicity, practicality and robustness.

The standard first aid for a heart attack resulting in cardiopulmonary arrest is effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Chest compressions are most commonly performed on a flat surface with the rescuer kneeling next to the victim with one hand on top of the other on the sternum and elbows straight. This technique of being on the ground may be challenging for those without the mobility and strength to get up and down from the ground. In 2005, the American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines listed “pedal”, or heel, compression as an acceptable alternative to standard chest compressions (Trenkamp & Perez, 2015). That same year, the recommended depth of a compression increased from 3.8 cm to 5.0 cm (Trenkamp & Perez, 2015). To attain such a depth, extra force and strength arerequired. The heel method may be especially reasonable for those rescuers who cannot attain the floor and those who do not have the cardiovascular or muscular strength to perform traditional chest compressions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of performance of hands only (HO) versus the combination (CO) of hands only plus pedal CPR on the electrocardiogram, including heart rate and heart rhythm. The subjects utilized in this investigation were six men and nine women between 56 and 71 years of age from San Luis Obispo County in California. Subjects underwent two trials with at least a 15 hour rest period in between but no more than one week. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the Combination (CO) trial or the Hands Only (HO) trial. When they came back for their second trial, they did the trial that they did not do the first time. On average, participants were able to sustain the combination of HO plus pedal CPR longer (9.47 minutes) than they were able to perform standard HO CPR (9.02 minutes) but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.16). Mean maximum heart rate was 133 ± 23.7 bpm during the CO trial and 125.4 ± 21.9 bpm during the HO trial (p=0.12). Mean percentage of the HR reserve was 75.1% during the CO trial and 61.1% during the HO trial (p=0.09). Mean RPE was not significantly different between CO and HO trials (p=0.2124), nor between genders (p=0.42090). However, for both trials combined the mean RPE was significantly greater at 5 minutes of CPR (4.45 ± 0.53) than at 2 minutes of CPR (3.38 ± 0.31), (p It may take time for individuals to accept pedal CPR as a viable resuscitation method. With the majority of sudden cardiac arrests occurring in the home among older adults in society, it is important to recognize that pedal CPR is an acceptable method and that a rescuer may have this choice if they either need a break from standard CPR or if they can not attain the ground.