Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre o escoamento de ar em dutos com múltiplas saídas que são identificados como caixas sopradoras, quando instalados em máquinas desaguadoras de celulose. Estas caixas auxiliam o processo de secagem conduzindo ar aquecido até um conjunto de orifícios que produzem jatos que são impingidos sobre as folhas de celulose fabricadas. É realizada revisão bibliográfica abordando processos e equipamentos de secagem, com foco no escoamento de ar, métodos para solução numérica de escoamentos, seus modelos e parâmetros, e abordagem semi-empírica para fluxos de ar na saída de dutos. O escoamento do ar no interior da caixa sopradora e nos jatos de saída são estudados através de simulação numérica, e de modelo semi-empírico. São propostas duas alternativas de geometria para estes dutos de modo que se garanta a maior uniformidade possível na vazão e na velocidade média do ar que saí através dos orifícios Na primeira alternativa considera-se que a seção transversal da caixa sopradora se mantém constante. Na segunda se considera que a seção transversal seja reduzida de modo uniforme ao longo da caixa sopradora. Um estudo experimental sobre o comportamento do escoamento de ar para caixas sopradoras em escala reduzida apresenta resultados que possibilitam validar um conjunto de valores numéricos obtidos na simulação e também estabelecer características para o escoamento de modo a atender o processo de secagem. Para cada alternativa são adotadas duas condições de vazão de ar. Os resultados obtidos pela da simulação numérica e modelagem semi-empírica validam um perfil geométrico adequado para que a caixa sopradora produza um conjunto de jatos nas suas saídas com valores de velocidade média. Um dos principais resultados foi obtido para a caixa com 275 orificios, na qual as velocidades médias estiveram dentro do intervalo de 32,5 m/s e 33,1 m/s, que representou um ótimo resultado em termos de balanceamento e uniformidade das vazões de ar. / This study presents an analysis about airflow in ducts with multiple outlets that are identified as blow boxes, when installed in pulp dewatering machines. These boxes work in the drying process leading heated air to a set of nozzles that produce air jets that are impinged against the pulp sheet. It is performed literature review about drying processes and equipment, with a focus on air flow, methods for numerical solution of airflows, their models and parameters, and semi-empirical approach about airflow at the outlets of the duct. The airflow inside the blow box and the output jets are studied by numerical simulation, and semi-empirical model. It is proposed two alternative geometries for these ducts in order to guarantee the greatest possible uniformity in flow rate, and in the average velocity of air jets. In the first alternative is considered that the cross section of the blow box remains constant. In the second one it is considered that the cross section is reduced uniformly along the blow box. An experimental study about the behavior of the airflow in blow boxes, using scaled models, presents results that can validate a set of numerical values obtained in the simulation and also establish characteristics for the drying process. For each alternative two conditions of airflow are adopted. The results obtained through numerical simulation and semi-empirical modeling validates an appropriate geometrical profile for the blow box in order to set the values of average speed within the range required by the drying process. One of the principal results, obtained for the case of boxes with 275 holes, was the average speed within the range of 32,5 m/s and 33,1 m/s, this range represents a great result in tterms of balance and uniformity of air flow.

For a structure designed to interact with the surrounding fluid, structural deformation under loads induced by fluid flows is an important factor to consider, and one which is traditionally difficult to account for analytically. Coupling the finite element method for structural analysis with the finite volume method for the determination of fluid response allows for accurate simulation of the pressure and shearing loads applied by the fluid onto the fluid-structure interface, while also determining localized structural displacements that would cause changes to the geometry of the interface. This work seeks to simulate the behavior of cylinders with varying heights and stiffnesses under external flows with low Reynolds numbers. To address structural deformation accurately in the simulation, a morphing and remapping algorithm is applied to the fluid-structure interface. With additional consideration for anisotropy in the structure's elasticity, these analyses could potentially support the development of flexible components that deform in predetermined ways under anticipated fluid loads, allowing for simpler and more efficient solutions to control flow scenarios that traditionally require moving components and control surfaces.

No description available.

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is widely studied andused in the last years to replace the conventional numerical solvers forthe Navier-Stokes equations. In this work, a general introduction tofluid dynamics equations and the changes when the flow is a reactivemulti-species one will be given first. The lattice Boltzmann method andalgorithm will then be explained in details with the kinetic theorybehind, tested and validated for canonical test cases of doubly shearlayer flow in reactive and non-reactive flows. Finally the method willbe applied to simulate a non-reacting propane jet and the results willbe validated using experimental data. The objectives of this thesis are mainly: first a better understandingof the LBM, the combustion reactions, the jets and how they work, secondthe use of this method to produce a simple code that works for a basictest case, third validate this code with more developed methods, andfinally apply this method to simulate a more complex configuration whichis the non-reacting propane jet flame into co-flowing air / Gitter Boltzmann-metoden LBM studeras och används i stor utsträckning under de senaste åren för att ersätta de konventionella numeriska lösare för Navier-Stokes ekvationer.I detta arbete kommer en allmän introduktion till vätskedynamikekvationer och förändringarna när flödet är en reaktiv multiart att ges först.Gitter Boltzmann metod och algoritm kommer sedan att förklaras i detaljer med kinetisk teori bakom, testas och valideras för kanoniska testfall av dubbelt savskikt flöde i reaktiva och icke-reaktiva flöden.Slutligen kommer metoden att tillämpas för att simulera en icke-reagerande propanstråle och resultaten kommer att valideras med hjälp av experimentella data.\\ \\ Målen för denna avhandling är främst: först en bättre förståelse av LBM, förbränningsreaktionerna, jetstrålarna och hur de fungerar, för det andra användningen av denna metod för att producera en enkel kod som fungerar för ett grundläggande testfall, tredje validera denna kod med mer utvecklade metoder och slutligen tillämpa denna metod för att simulera en mer komplex konfiguration som är den icke-reagerande propanstrålelågan i co-flowing luft.

O controle de emissões em veículos pesados está em foco desde a década de 90, com a criação de regulamentações nacionais e internacionais que impõe limites cada vez mais rígidos para as concentrações de poluentes emitidos por estes veículos. O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias possui papel fundamental neste processo, buscando redução nos níveis de emissões com mínimo impacto negativo no desempenho e no consumo do veículo. Para tanto, o presente trabalho visa avaliar a influência da posição dos dutos de admissão de ar de cabeçotes de motores a combustão interna, especificamente em motores de ignição por compressão (MIC) de 4 válvulas, no escoamento de ar dentro do cilindro. O escoamento do ar e o movimento de swirl são fatores importantes para a mistura e distribuição do combustível injetado, e quando otimizados para uma queima melhor distribuída, contribuem para redução nos níveis de emissões. Procura-se investigar quais direções características dos dutos são determinantes para o escoamento e para o comportamento de swirl do motor através de simulações em fluidodinâmica computacional (Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD) utilizando o programa CD-adapco STAR-CCM+®. Os resultados de alguns dos cenários simulados são comparados a resultados de testes experimentais realizados em bancada de medição de swirl, no âmbito de outro trabalho sendo desenvolvido no mesmo grupo de projeto. / The emissions control in heavy-duty vehicles has been in focus since the 1990\'s, with the creation of national and international regulations which impose strict limits for pollutant concentrations released by these vehicles. The development of new technologies has a fundamental role in this process, aiming the reduction of emission levels with minimum impact on the performance and fuel consumption of the vehicle. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the influence of the position of intake ports in cylinder heads from internal combustion engines, specifically 4-valves compression-ignition (CI) engines, in the in-cylinder air flow. The air flow and swirl motion are important factors for the mixture and distribution of injected fuel, and when optimized for a better distributed combustion, contribute for the reduction of emission levels. This study investigates the characteristic directions of ports which are determinant for the air flow and swirl behaviour of the engine through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations using CD-adapco software STAR-CCM+®. The results from a group of simulated cases are compared to experimental test results from another project, developed on the same project group, performed in a swirl meter test rig.

A simulação computacional de membranas biológicas, em particular membranas formadas por bicamadas lipídicas, é uma área de grande interesse na atualidade. Enquanto simulações moleculares são bastante populares, a simulação na escala de uma célula inteira requer modelos baseados na mecânica dos meios contínuos. Essas membranas apresentam um comportamento de fluido viscoso incompressível bidimensional. Além disso, as formas de equilíbrio são bem explicadas pela energia de Canham-Helfrich, que depende da curvatura da membrana. Neste trabalho, um novo método de simulação de membranas viscosas, baseado em elementos finitos, é apresentado. Ele se inspira no conceito de James Clerk Maxwell de elasticidade fugaz, o qual é usado para adaptar técnicas bem estabelecidas de simulação de membranas elásticas. Trata-se do primeiro método a levar em conta, de maneira rigorosa, o aspecto viscoso da membrana, que é dominante na escala de tamanho de uma célula biológica, além da sua característica de fluido incompressível / The computational simulation of biological membranes, in particular of those made of lipid bilayers, is currently an area of great interest. While molecular simulations are quite popular, the simulation on the scale of a whole cell requires models based on continuum mechanics. Those membranes behave like a bidimensional incompressible viscous fluid. Furthermore, the equilibrium shapes are well explained by means of the Canham-Helfrich energy, which depends on the curvature of the membrane. In this work, a novel finite element based method for the simulation of viscous membranes is presented. It is inspired by James Clerk Maxwells concept of fugitive elasticity, which is used to adapt well established simulation techniques for elastic membranes. This is the first method to take into account, in a rigorous fashion, the viscous aspect of the membrane, which is dominant at the length scale of a biological cell, in addition to its characteristics as an incompressible fluid

O trabalho desenvolvido nesta tese propõe a aplicação do método da expansão em funções hierárquicas elaborado por Zienkiewics e Morgan (1983), para a solução das equações de conservação da massa (continuidade), conservação da quantidade de movimento (Navier-Stokes) e conservação da energia, para fluidos compressíveis em duas dimensões e em alta velocidade. Esse método consiste no emprego do método de elementos finitos utilizando a formulação Petrov-Galerkin, conhecido como SUPG (“Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin"), desenvolvido por Brooks e Hughes (1982), aplicado em conjunto com uma expansão das variáveis em funções hierárquicas. A fim de testar e validar o método numérico proposto, assim como o programa computacional elaborado, foram simulados alguns casos conhecidos da literatura. Os casos estudados foram os seguintes: teste de Continuidade; teste de convergência e estabilidade; problema do degrau de temperatura e problema do choque oblíquo, onde o objetivo desse último caso era, basicamente, verificar a captura da onda de choque pelo método numérico desenvolvido. Através dos casos estudados e em função dos resultados obtidos nas simulações realizadas, conclui-se que o objetivo desse trabalho foi alcançado de maneira satisfatória, pois os resultados obtidos com o método desenvolvido nesse trabalho foram qualitativamente e quantitativamente bons, quando comparados com os resultados teóricos. / The Thesis develops a new application for the Hierarchical Function Expansion Method, proposed by Zienkiewics and Morgan (1983), for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible fluids in two dimensions and in high velocity. This method is based on the finite elements method using the Petrov-Galerkin formulation, know as, SUPG (Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin) developed by Brooks and Hughes (1982), and applied in conjunction with the expansion of the variables into hierarchical functions. To test and validate the numerical method proposed as well as the computational program developed some cases whose theoretical solution are known simulated. These cases are the following: continuity test; stability and convergence test; temperature step problem; and several oblique shocks. The objective of the last cases is basically to verify the capture of the shock wave by the method developed. The results obtained in the simulations of the cases performed with the proposed method were good both qualitatively and quantitatively when compared with the teorethical solutions. This allows us to conclude that the objective of this Thesis was satisfactorily reached.

O trabalho desenvolvido nesta tese propõe a aplicação do método da expansão em funções hierárquicas elaborado por Zienkiewics e Morgan (1983), para a solução das equações de conservação da massa (continuidade), conservação da quantidade de movimento (Navier-Stokes) e conservação da energia, para fluidos compressíveis em duas dimensões e em alta velocidade. Esse método consiste no emprego do método de elementos finitos utilizando a formulação Petrov-Galerkin, conhecido como SUPG (“Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin”), desenvolvido por Brooks e Hughes (1982), aplicado em conjunto com uma expansão das variáveis em funções hierárquicas. A fim de testar e validar o método numérico proposto, assim como o programa computacional elaborado, foram simulados alguns casos conhecidos da literatura. Os casos estudados foram os seguintes: teste de Continuidade; teste de convergência e estabilidade; problema do degrau de temperatura e problema do choque oblíquo, onde o objetivo desse último caso era, basicamente, verificar a captura da onda de choque pelo método numérico desenvolvido. Através dos casos estudados e em função dos resultados obtidos nas simulações realizadas, conclui-se que o objetivo desse trabalho foi alcançado de maneira satisfatória, pois os resultados obtidos com o método desenvolvido nesse trabalho foram qualitativamente e quantitativamente bons, quando comparados com os resultados teóricos. / The Thesis develops a new application for the Hierarchical Function Expansion Method, proposed by Zienkiewics and Morgan (1983), for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for compressible fluids in two dimensions and in high velocity. This method is based on the finite elements method using the Petrov-Galerkin formulation, know as, SUPG (Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin) developed by Brooks and Hughes (1982), and applied in conjunction with the expansion of the variables into hierarchical functions. To test and validate the numerical method proposed as well as the computational program developed some cases whose theoretical solution are known simulated. These cases are the following: continuity test; stability and convergence test; temperature step problem; and several oblique shocks. The objective of the last cases is basically to verify the capture of the shock wave by the method developed. The results obtained in the simulations of the cases performed with the proposed method were good both qualitatively and quantitatively when compared with the teorethical solutions. This allows us to conclude that the objective of this Thesis was satisfactorily reached.

Landslides cause significant damage to property and human lives throughout the world. Rainfall is the most common triggering factor for the occurrence of landslides. This dissertation presents two novel methodologies for assessment of rainfall-triggered shallow landslide hazard. The first method focuses on using remotely sensed soil moisture and soil surface properties in developing a framework for real-time regional scale landslide hazard assessment while the second method is a deterministic approach to landslide hazard assessment of the specific sites identified during first assessment. In the latter approach, landslide inducing transient seepage in soil during rainfall and its effect on slope stability are modeled using numerical analysis. Traditionally, the prediction of rainfall-triggered landslides has been performed using pre-determined rainfall intensity-duration thresholds. However, it is the infiltration of rainwater into soil slopes which leads to an increase of porewater pressure and destruction of matric suction that causes a reduction in soil shear strength and slope instability. Hence, soil moisture, pore pressure and infiltration properties of soil must be direct inputs to reliable landslide hazard assessment methods. In-situ measurement of pore pressure for real-time landslide hazard assessment is an expensive endeavor and thus, the use of more practical remote sensing of soil moisture is constantly sought. In past studies, a statistical framework for regional scale landslide hazard assessment using remotely sensed soil moisture has not been developed. Thus, the first major objective of this study is to develop a framework for using downscaled remotely sensed soil moisture available on a daily basis to monitor locations that are highly susceptible to rainfall- triggered shallow landslides, using a well-structured assessment procedure. Downscaled soil moisture, the relevant geotechnical properties of saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil type, and the conditioning factors of elevation, slope, and distance to roads are used to develop an improved logistic regression model to predict the soil slide hazard of soil slopes using data from two geographically different regions. A soil moisture downscaling model with a proven superior prediction accuracy than the downscaling models that have been used in previous landslide studies is employed in this study. Furthermore, this model provides satisfactory classification accuracy and performs better than the alternative water drainage-based indices that are conventionally used to quantify the effect that elevated soil moisture has upon the soil sliding. Furthermore, the downscaling of soil moisture content is shown to improve the prediction accuracy. Finally, a technique that can determine the threshold probability for identifying locations with a high soil slide hazard is proposed. On the other hand, many deterministic methods based on analytical and numerical methodologies have been developed in the past to model the effects of infiltration and subsequent transient seepage during rainfall on the stability of natural and manmade slopes. However, the effects of continuous interplay between surface and subsurface water flows on slope stability is seldom considered in the above-mentioned numerical and analytical models. Furthermore, the existing seepage models are based on the Richards equation, which is derived using Darcy’s law, under a pseudo-steady state assumption. Thus, the inertial components of flow have not been incorporated typically in modeling the flow of water through the subsurface. Hence, the second objective of this study is to develop a numerical model which has the capability to model surface, subsurface and infiltration water flows based on a unified approach, employing fundamental fluid dynamics, to assess slope stability during rainfall-induced transient seepage conditions. The developed model is based on the Navier-Stokes equations, which possess the capability to model surface, subsurface and infiltration water flows in a unified manner. The extended Mohr-Coulomb criterion is used in evaluating the shear strength reduction due to infiltration. Finally, the effect of soil hydraulic conductivity on slope stability is examined. The interplay between surface and subsurface water flows is observed to have a significant impact on slope stability, especially at low hydraulic conductivity values. The developed numerical model facilitates site-specific calibration with respect to saturated hydraulic conductivity, remotely sensed soil moisture content and rainfall intensity to predict landslide inducing subsurface pore pressure variations in real time.

O controle de emissões em veículos pesados está em foco desde a década de 90, com a criação de regulamentações nacionais e internacionais que impõe limites cada vez mais rígidos para as concentrações de poluentes emitidos por estes veículos. O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias possui papel fundamental neste processo, buscando redução nos níveis de emissões com mínimo impacto negativo no desempenho e no consumo do veículo. Para tanto, o presente trabalho visa avaliar a influência da posição dos dutos de admissão de ar de cabeçotes de motores a combustão interna, especificamente em motores de ignição por compressão (MIC) de 4 válvulas, no escoamento de ar dentro do cilindro. O escoamento do ar e o movimento de swirl são fatores importantes para a mistura e distribuição do combustível injetado, e quando otimizados para uma queima melhor distribuída, contribuem para redução nos níveis de emissões. Procura-se investigar quais direções características dos dutos são determinantes para o escoamento e para o comportamento de swirl do motor através de simulações em fluidodinâmica computacional (Computational Fluid Dynamics - CFD) utilizando o programa CD-adapco STAR-CCM+®. Os resultados de alguns dos cenários simulados são comparados a resultados de testes experimentais realizados em bancada de medição de swirl, no âmbito de outro trabalho sendo desenvolvido no mesmo grupo de projeto. / The emissions control in heavy-duty vehicles has been in focus since the 1990\'s, with the creation of national and international regulations which impose strict limits for pollutant concentrations released by these vehicles. The development of new technologies has a fundamental role in this process, aiming the reduction of emission levels with minimum impact on the performance and fuel consumption of the vehicle. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the influence of the position of intake ports in cylinder heads from internal combustion engines, specifically 4-valves compression-ignition (CI) engines, in the in-cylinder air flow. The air flow and swirl motion are important factors for the mixture and distribution of injected fuel, and when optimized for a better distributed combustion, contribute for the reduction of emission levels. This study investigates the characteristic directions of ports which are determinant for the air flow and swirl behaviour of the engine through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations using CD-adapco software STAR-CCM+®. The results from a group of simulated cases are compared to experimental test results from another project, developed on the same project group, performed in a swirl meter test rig.