Orientador: Nilson Tadeu Mascia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T14:29:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Forti_NadiaCazarimdaSilva_M.pdf: 2737779 bytes, checksum: ef0859d0c54102ccc7c7df3f3e38f2b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: O desenvolvimento tecnológico do projeto em estruturas de madeira permitiu melhorar o conhecimento de suas propriedades mecânicas e dos sistemas de conexões em estruturas. Estruturas mistas de madeira com concreto ou aço e os reforços do material com fibras de polímeros estruturais passaram a ser realidade. As estruturas mistas, constituídas por materiais de diferentes propriedades mecânicas associados, são uma solução alternativa às estruturas de uso corrente na construção civil. Essa medida busca obter redução de custos de construção, mantendo também a segurança estrutural, com um desempenho arquitetônico e ambiental vantajoso. A integração de uma estrutura mista deve-se, em geral, à eficiência do sistema de ligação, podendo ser do tipo rígido ou flexível. Esse sistema é responsável por transmitir a força de cisalhamento longitudinal na interface dos dois materiais combinados ao longo do comprimento da viga e também, impedir o desprendimento vertical dos mesmos. Esta pesquisa contribui para a análise do comportamento mecânico de vigas mistas de três maneiras: via programa de elementos finitos bidimensionais, via resolução analítica das equações de equilíbrio e via a equação do princípio dos trabalhos virtuais. A última abordagem foi concebida a partir de pesquisas de teoria das estruturas, expandindo seus conceitos para vigas mistas. A formulação proposta satisfaz as equações de equilíbrio mostrando-se consistente e seus resultados são condizentes com dados experimentais. Essa formulação pode ser facilmente integrada a códigos de elementos finitos requerendo apenas elementos unidimensionais / Abstract: The technologycal development of the design in wood structures has improved the knowledge of the material mechanical properties and the connection systems applied to structures. Composite structures of wood with concrete or steel and structural reinforcement using polymer fibers have become a reality. These structures, constituted by associating materials with different mechanical properties are an alternative solution for current using structures in civil construction. This arrangement aims at obtaining a reduction of construction costs also maintaing the structural safety with advantageous environmental and architectural performance. The integration of a composite structure is, in general, due to the efficiency of the connection system that can be rigid or flexible type. This system is responsible to transfer the longitudinal shear force on the interface of the associated materials along the beam length and to avoid the vertical detachment of them as well. This research contributes to the analysis of the mechanical performance of the composite beams in three ways: bidimensional finite element program, analytical solution of the equilibrium equations and virtual work principle equation via. The last approach was conceived from structural theory researches, expanding their concepts for composite beams. The proposal formulation fulfils the equilibrium equation showing to be consistent and the results fit with the experimental data. This formulation can be easily integrated to a finite element procedure requiring unidimensional elements only / Mestrado / Estruturas / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

I Sverige står bostadssektorn för mer än en tredjedel av landets energianvändning. Byggnader måste minska sin energianvändning för att således kunna uppfylla framtida lagkrav om maximal tillåten energianvändning, men också för att minska påverkan till global uppvärmning. Ytterligare en problematik som råder, däribland i Sverige, är bostadsbrist. Kommunala bostadsbolag står inför utmaningen att kunna bygga bostäder snabbt, billigt och miljövänligt för att minska bostadsbristen i landet. Ett sätt att studera två av tre hållbarhetsaspekter vid val av framtida bostadsbyggande är att utföra en livscykelanalys (LCA) och livscykelkostnadsanalys (LCC) kring de tilltänkta husen. LCA:er indikerar vilken miljöpåverkan en produkt förorsakar under dess livslängd. LCC:er avser att studera vilka kostnader produkter ger upphov till under en given analysperiod. Det svenska kommunala bostadsbolaget Stångåstaden AB står inför utmaningen kring bostadsbrist och vill bygga hållbara bostäder. Bostadsbolaget har önskat en jämförande LCA och LCC av två verkliga flerbostadshus som de genom ramavtal kan upphandla, detta är utgångspunkten för denna studie. Den ena byggnaden har stomme av betong, den andra har stomme av trä. Husen är tänkta att placeras i utkanten av Linköping, Sverige. Studien har valt att analysera miljöpåverkan från husens olika livscykelfaser samt kostnader över analysperioden 50 år. Utöver detta studeras även vilka energieffektiviseringsåtgärder (EEÅ) till byggnaderna som är optimala att genomföra för att öka den termiska prestandan hos huskonstruktionerna. Från litteraturen finns det relativt få studier som kombinerar både LCA och LCC för vanligt förekommande hustyper i städer. I dess standardfall påvisade resultatet från LCA:n att huset med betongkonstruktion hade något lägre påverkan i sex av sju studerade miljöpåverkanskategorier, jämfört med flerbostadshuset i trä. Resultatet skilde sig lite åt då annan typ av indata användes. Vad gäller kostnader under husens livslängd var huset i trä ungefär 20 % dyrare jämfört med huset med betongkonstruktion. Trots annan typ av indata var träkonstruktionen dyrare än betongkonstruktionen. Med en kalkylränta på 7,5 % var det inte lönsamt att genomföra EEÅ för husen, med halverad kalkylränta blev det dock lönsamt att tilläggsisolera krypgrunden i huset med trästomme. Fler studier behöver utföras för att generalla slutsatser ska kunna dras kring vilket konstruktionsmaterial som är mest hållbart. Denna studie baseras på två specifika fall. Samma resultat kan eventuellt inte förväntas för andra byggnader med stomme i betong och trä. / The residential sector accounts for more than a third of the energy use in Sweden. To reduce the energy use of buildings is a necessity in order to meet future regulationof maximum allowable energy, but also important to reduce the impact on global warming. Another complexity arising in Sweden is the shortage of accommodation. Municipal housing corporations face the challenge of constructing residences fast, cheap and with concern of environmental effects in order to reduce the shortage of accommodation. One way of assessing two of the three aspects of sustainability when looking at future construction of residential buildings is to carry out a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and a Life Cycle Cost Assessment (LCCA). An LCA can indicate what kind of environmental impact a product causes over its lifetime and the LCC allows for assessing what types of costs are associated with the product. For the municipal housing corporation Stångåstaden AB the shortage of accommodation is a reality and their mindset is sustainable construction of residences. This study was conducted upon request from Stångåstaden who wanted a comparative LCA and LCCA between two prefabricated multi-residential buildings that are available to them through a framework agreement. The first building has a concrete foundation and the second one is made of wood. The houses are planned to be placed at the outskirts of Linköping, Sweden. The focus of this study has been to comparatively assess the environmental impact from the different life cycle phases and the economic costs of the two buildings during a time period of 50 years. Moreover, the thesis also analyze the optimal retrofit strategy for the buildings in order to find the optimal (lowest) life cycle cost. Furthermore, the current literature has conveyed relatively few studies that combine both LCA and LCC methodology for house types that are common in most towns. The result from the LCA indicated that the house with concrete construction had a little less impact in six of the seven studied environmental impact categories compared to the house made of wood. The result differed slightly when the input data were changed. Regarding the LCCA the house made of wood was roughly 20 % more expensive than its concrete counterpart. Changing the input data revealed no difference in the result. With an interest rate of 7,5 % no retrofits were profitable for either building, however reducing the interest rate to half its original value made it cost optimal to increase the floor insulation for the house made of wood. More studies should be conducted to be able to draw general conclusions regarding which construction material that is the most sustainable. This thesis is based on two specific and real cases. The same result could possibly not be expected from other studies comparing buildings with concrete and wood construction.