Metal/organic/indium tin oxide (ITO) structures, including OLEDs, are demonstrated to contain multiple nonvolatile conductance states that can be programmed by the application of an external bias above a certain threshold voltage (Vth). These conductance states are stable and in turn can be probed by the use of a bias lower in value than Vth. The unbiased retention time of states is greater than several weeks, and more than 48,000 write-read-rewrite-read cycles have been performed with minimal degradation. It is found that the programming of a continuum of conductance states is possible, and techniques to do so are outlined. The electrical conductivity of the highest and lowest states can differ by six orders of magnitude. Switching speeds below 50 ns are shown, resulting in an energy requirement of about 100 pJ to switch from one conductance state to another. The memory phenomenon is shown to be influenced by the active layer thickness and anode/surface roughness while temperature dependence is limited. The electrical characteristics of these devices are consistent with metal diffusion or filament phenomena found in metal-insulator-metal structures, suggesting a possible mechanism by which the states are stored.Electroluminescent devices employing several new organic-inorganic lumophore-functionalized macromolecules are presented. In this study, macromolecules incorporating several lumophores covalently bonded to the vertices of a cubical core structure based on Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) in multiple configurations are implemented as light-emitting centers. The hole-transporting polymer poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and electron-transporting additive 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) are used as a two-part host to enhance the carrier transport in these simple solution-processed single-layer devices. A study of energy transfer in several systems is carried out to understand the requirements needed to create white-light emission from a single macromolecule. A single macromolecule incorporating twenty-one blue and one yellow lumophore is shown to exhibit field-independent stable white-light electroluminescence with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.31, 0.37). An external quantum efficiency of 0.55 percent and a maximum brightness of 1600 cd/m2 are attained with simple solution-processed single-layer devices. High solubility and ease of purification give these macromolecule white-light emitters advantages over their small molecule and polymeric type counterparts.

The skin conductance response is involved in the preparation for and response to stimuli with emotional significance. The neural mechanisms responsible for the generation of the skin conductance response are not well understood despite the common use of this signal as an index of emotional response. Data from anatomical, lesion, and neuroimaging studies in humans suggest that the amygdala, a component of the brain circuit for emotion, plays a critical role in the generation of the skin conductance response. Here we employ a novel combination of existing techniques to understand the stimuli that elicit skin conductance responses in the monkey and the neural mechanisms in the amygdala that participate in its generation. We recorded skin conductance responses in monkeys trained to perform a passive image viewing task. This paradigm is a staple of human emotion research but to date has not been adapted to the monkey. In addition, skin conductance responses to these stimuli were recorded in conjunction with single unit responses from the amygdala. This study addresses the relationship between the activity of single neurons recorded from identified nuclei of the monkey amygdala and autonomic responses. Neurons in multiple nuclei of the amygdala showed reliable changes in neuronal discharge prior to the skin conductance response. These neurons were primarily in the dorsal nuclei of the amygdala, which confirms predictions made from anatomical and neuroimaging data. It is suggested that these changes in neuronal discharge may correspond to the generation of this autonomic component of the expression of emotion.

Recent research has suggested that boredom is a construct that can be distinguished from similar affective states including apathy, anhedonia, and depression, using self-reports. The current study investigated whether boredom and sadness (an analogue for depression) are distinct in terms of their physiological signatures. State boredom and sadness were induced in a group of healthy participants while their physiological parameters of heart rate (HR), skin conductance (SCL), and cortisol levels were monitored. Results indicated that the autonomic nervous system response for both states can be characterized by directional fractionation, with boredom resulting in increased HR but decreased SCL relative to sadness. Cortisol levels were higher after the boring induction than the sad induction, indicating increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation for boredom. Overall, boredom appears to have a physiological signature that is distinguishable from a primary symptom of depression.

Calcium ions (Ca2+) are admitted into presynaptic nerve terminals through voltage gated calcium channels and diffuse to bind and activate the secretory vesicle discharge mechanism. Current research favors a highly ‘modal’ organization where the release sites are activated by one or a few closely apposed channels (Stanley, 1997). To fully understand the nanophysiology of transmitter release site activation, it is necessary to determine the rate of Ca2+ flux through individual channels at normal physiological external concentrations. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between CaV2.2 channel conductance and external Ca2+ across the physiological range. CONCLUSION: The conductance of the CaV2.2 channel was determined across the range of 1-100 mM [Ca2+]EXT . With 2 mM [Ca2+]EXT, the conductance was determined to be 2.76 ± 0.24 pS.

Calcium ions (Ca2+) are admitted into presynaptic nerve terminals through voltage gated calcium channels and diffuse to bind and activate the secretory vesicle discharge mechanism. Current research favors a highly ‘modal’ organization where the release sites are activated by one or a few closely apposed channels (Stanley, 1997). To fully understand the nanophysiology of transmitter release site activation, it is necessary to determine the rate of Ca2+ flux through individual channels at normal physiological external concentrations. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between CaV2.2 channel conductance and external Ca2+ across the physiological range. CONCLUSION: The conductance of the CaV2.2 channel was determined across the range of 1-100 mM [Ca2+]EXT . With 2 mM [Ca2+]EXT, the conductance was determined to be 2.76 ± 0.24 pS.

No description available.

Tidigare studier har visat på sambandet mellan oräddhet, psykopati, aggressivitet och antisocialt beteende. Denna studie undersökte fenotypiska och genetiska relationer mellan komponenter i the skin conductance fear conditioning task och i psykopatiska personlighetsdrag. Data hämtades från den longitudinella studien; Tvillingstudie om riskfaktorer för antisocialt beteende (RFAB) vid University of Southern California och data från pågående tillfälle 5 inkluderades i studien. Resultatet visade på betydelsen av både genetiska och icke-gemensamma miljö influenser förklarade variansen i obetingad respons. I överensstämmelse med tidigare forskning visade resultaten att individer som visade på högre nivåer av manipulativt och svekfullt beteende också uppvisade större brister i rädslobetingelser. / Previous studies have shown a relationship among fearlessness, psychopathy, aggression and antisocial behavior. This study examined the phenotypic and genetic relationships among components of the skin conductance fear conditioning task and psychopathic personality traits. Data were retrieved from a longitudinal study; the Twin Study of Risk Factor for Antisocial Behavior at the University of Southern California. The present study included data from the ongoing Wave 5. Results indicated the importance of both genetic and non-shared environmental influences in explaining the variance in the unconditioned response. Consistent with previous research, the results showed that individuals who displayed higher levels of manipulative and deceitful traits also showed deficits in fear conditioning.

主催：JST/CREST，Vrije University, ALTERRA, IBPC

主催：JST/CREST，Vrije University, ALTERRA, IBPC

The Saline Valley Conservancy District (SVCD) formed in 1980 to provide groundwater to communities in Saline and Gallatin, Counties, Illinois. Sulfate contamination from a nearby coal mine threatens the SVCD’s current well field. Three of the wells are reaching the end of their service and have elevated levels of sulfate. This study investigated multiple well configurations on three different parcels of land to find possible new well locations that do not recharge water directly from the mine site over a 50-year period. A steady-state finite difference groundwater flow model was created using Graphic Groundwater GIS (Krienert and Esling, 2016), a pre and post-processor for MODFLOW (Harbaugh, 2005) and MODPATH (Pollock, 2012). The calibration and sensitivity analysis followed methods from Esling et al. (2008). Hydraulic heads were calibrated to the land surface and a systematic sensitivity analysis varied recharge, hydraulic conductivity, and drain and river conductance to produce composite capture zones. Well locations must also meet SVCD requirements that would minimize distance from current water lines and consider properties they already owned. New wells also needed to be located in areas where the aquifer exceeds 25 m thick and be separated by 305 meters to minimize drawdown. This study also considered the effects of irrigation on the aquifer. Varying recharge, hydraulic conductivity and conductance within reasonable ranges created six capture zones for the proposed wells, each with different geometries. The capture zones were superimposed onto a map to make a composite capture zone which should contain the actual capture zone for the wells. Varying conductance caused subtle changes in capture zone geometry. Low values of conductance caused particle tracks to elongate. Irrigation wells and some proposed well locations caused substantial dewatering in one area of the aquifer. The study discovered several well configurations on each of the parcels that do not source water from the mine site over 50 years.