Σε αυτήν την εργασία μελετήθηκε η συμπεριφορά της ηλεκτρικής ειδικής αγωγιμότητας συνεχούς, δειγμάτων πολυπυρρόλης και νανοσυνθέτων πολυπυρρόλης/5% w/w TiO2, συναρτήσει της θερμοκρασίας. Οι μετρήσεις πραγματοποιήθηκαν τόσο σε μόλις παρασκευασθέντα δείγματα, καθώς και στα ίδια δείγματα μετά από συγκεκριμένη παραμονή τους σε θερμοκρασία καταπόνησης για διαφορετικά χρονικά διαστήματα. Οι θερμοκρασίες καταπόνησης ήταν 100, 300 και 380Κ. Τα χρονικά διαστήματα στα οποία παρέμεναν τα δείγματα στη συγκεκριμένη θερμοκρασία καταπόνησης κάθε φορά, έβαιναν αυξανόμενα από 0 μέχρι 30 ώρες περίπου. Η θερμική καταπόνηση των δειγμάτων γινόταν σε ατμόσφαιρα δωματίου και σε αδρανή ατμόσφαιρα ηλίου. Η επιφάνεια των δειγμάτων μελετήθηκε με μικροφωτογραφίες SEM πριν και μετά την θερμική καταπόνηση. Τόσο για την καθαρή πολυπυρρόλη, όσο και για τα νανοσύνθετα πολυπυρρόλης/5% w/w TiO2 η αγωγιμότητα ακολουθεί την σχέση , η οποία ισχύει για την περίπτωση υλικού με δομή κοκκώδους μετάλλου. Στη δομή αυτή, αγώγιμες νησίδες πολυμερούς κατανέμονται τυχαία μέσα σε μονωτικό υλικό. Η παραπάνω σχέση ισχύει όταν οι μονωτικοί φραγμοί είναι αρκετά στενοί, έτσι ώστε οι φορείς αγωγιμότητας, λόγω φαινομένου σήραγγος, να περνούν από περιοχές μικρής επιφάνειας, εκεί όπου οι κόκκοι πλησιάζουν πολύ μεταξύ τους. Λόγω του μικρού μεγέθους αυτών των περιοχών διέλευσης, η συγκέντρωση των φορέων εκατέρωθεν του μονωτικού φραγμού εμφανίζει έντονες θερμικές διακυμάνσεις συνοδευόμενες από αντίστοιχες διακυμάνσεις της τάσης, οι οποίες τελικά καθορίζουν την διέλευση των φορέων (μοντέλο FIT – Fluctuation Induced Tunneling). Με βάση το μοντέλο FIT υπολογίστηκαν οι χαρακτηριστικές παράμετροι σ0, T1 και T0. Η παράμετρος σ0 αποτελεί μέτρο της αγωγιμότητας στο εσωτερικό των αγώγιμων νησίδων, η T1 εκφράζει το ύψος του φραγμού της δυναμικής ενέργειας, τον οποίο πρέπει να διασχίσει ο φορέας, ενώ το T0 σε συνδυασμό με την παράμετρο T1 επιτρέπουν τον υπολογισμό της απόστασης s μεταξύ των αγώγιμων νησίδων. Η κλίση των καμπύλων είναι μικρότερη (περίπου η μισή) για τα νανοσύνθετα από ότι για τα δείγματα καθαρής πολυπυρρόλης, τόσο σε ατμόσφαιρα δωματίου, όσο και σε αδρανή ατμόσφαιρα He. Αυτό ερμηνεύεται από το γεγονός ότι, η TiO2 έχει μεγαλύτερο ενεργειακό χάσμα (3.2eV) από την πολυπυρρόλη (2.5eV), οπότε η θερμική διέγερση των φορέων είναι πιο δύσκολη στα δείγματα νανοσυνθέτων. Με τη δομή κοκκώδους μετάλλου συμφωνεί και ο νόμος της θερμικής γήρανσης, , από τον οποίο προκύπτει γραμμικότητα της . Από την κλίση των ευθειών προκύπτει ότι η παρουσία της TiO2 επιβραδύνει τη γήρανση μειώνοντας την κινητικότητα των αλυσίδων του πολυμερούς. Από τις μικροφωτογραφίες SEM συνάγεται ότι η δομή, τόσο της πολυπυρρόλης, όσο και του νανοσυνθέτου δεν είναι συμπαγής, αλλά εμφανίζεται σαν ένα συσσωμάτωμα κόκκων με διαστάσεις 200–300nm. Οι διαστάσεις των νανοσωματιδίων της TiO2 προκύπτουν περίπου 20nm, όπως αναμένεται από τις προδιαγραφές της, ενώ οι διαστάσεις των αγώγιμων νησίδων της πολυπυρρόλης εκτιμώνται με βάση τις αντίστοιχες διαστάσεις των αγώγιμων νησίδων στην πολυανιλίνη, της τάξεως των 20-30nm. Το γεγονός ότι οι διαστάσεις των αγώγιμων νησίδων είναι περίπου ίσες με εκείνες των νανοσωματιδίων TiO2 σημαίνει ότι οι δεύτερες μπορούν να παρεμβάλλονται ανάμεσα στις πρώτες, πράγμα που δικαιολογεί τον ρυθμό μεταβολής του φραγμού δυναμικής ενέργειας, ο οποίος είναι μικρότερος στην περίπτωση του νανοσυνθέτου. Μια άλλη πληροφορία από τις μικροφωτογραφίες SEM είναι ότι, η θερμική καταπόνηση εξομαλύνει το ανάγλυφο της επιφάνειας και συντελεί στην συσσωμάτωση των κόκκων του υλικού. Η διαδικασία αυτή συμβαίνει με την απομάκρυνση του Cl- με μορφή HCl, γεγονός το οποίο μειώνει την αγωγιμότητα λόγω αποπρωτονίωσης των αλυσίδων του πολυμερούς. Αντίθετα, η ταυτόχρονη συσσωμάτωση των κόκκων του υλικού αυξάνει την αγωγιμότητα. Παρατηρούμε ότι συνυπάρχουν δύο ανταγωνιζόμενοι μηχανισμοί μεταβολής της ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας. Οι διαφορές στις ισόθερμες καμπύλες για θερμοκρασίες 100, 300 και 380Κ, σε περιβάλλον ατμοσφαιρικού αέρα, αφενός, και αδρανούς ατμόσφαιρας ηλίου αφετέρου, συνδέονται με τον ρόλο που παίζουν οι εξής παράγοντες: a) Η θερμοκρασία, η οποία καθορίζει την κινητικότητα των πολυμερικών αλυσίδων και τη διέγερση των φορέων αγωγιμότητας, καθώς και το ρυθμό διάχυσης και την ταχύτητα των χημικών αντιδράσεων με το οξυγόνο και την υγρασία του αέρα. Θα πρέπει να ληφθεί υπόψη ότι η θερμοκρασία υαλώδους μετάβασης Tg για την PPy, πάνω από την οποία συμβαίνουν συνεργατικές κινήσεις των αλυσίδων, ποικίλει ανάμεσα στους 250 και στους 400Κ και εξαρτάται από τη μέθοδο παρασκευής, τη φύση των προσμίξεων και τη θέση που καταλαμβάνουν μέσα στο υλικό, είτε συμμετέχοντας στη δομή της αλυσίδας, είτε σχηματίζοντας πλευρικούς κλάδους. b) Η ύπαρξη οξυγόνου και υγρασίας του ατμοσφαιρικού αέρα, τα οποία, όπως έχει αναφερθεί παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στον τεμαχισμό των αλυσίδων, ο οποίος καταστρέφει το συζυγή χαρακτήρα του υλικού. c) Η ύπαρξη TiO2, η οποία χαρακτηρίζεται από ενεργειακό χάσμα μεγαλύτερο από εκείνο της PPy και σε υψηλές θερμοκρασίες συντελεί στην μεταφορά οξυγόνου στο πολυμερές με αποτέλεσμα ανάλογο με εκείνο που προκαλεί το οξυγόνο του ατμοσφαιρικού αέρα. Ειδικότερα οι καμπύλες στους 100Κ δείχνουν τον καθοριστικό ρόλο του οξυγόνου και της υγρασίας στην μείωση της αγωγιμότητας σε ατμόσφαιρα δωματίου. Επί πλέον σε ατμόσφαιρα He αποκαλύπτουν μηχανισμό αύξησης της αγωγιμότητας. Στους 300Κ η παρουσία TiO2 εξασθενεί τον μηχανισμό βελτίωσης των αλυσίδων, διότι τα νανοσωματίδια μειώνουν την κινητικότητα και επομένως την διευθέτηση των πολυμερικών αλυσίδων και την αύξηση της αγωγιμότητας. Τα μέγιστα που παρατηρούνται στα πρώτα 10min αποδίδονται στη βελτίωση της διάταξης των αλυσίδων του πολυμερούς. Για μεγαλύτερους χρόνους επικρατούν οι καταστροφικοί μηχανισμοί γήρανσης, λόγω της παρουσίας οξυγόνου και υγρασίας, αλλαγές της δομής, οι οποίοι αποκόπτουν τους δρόμους διέλευσης των φορέων, με αποτέλεσμα την μείωση της αγωγιμότητας. Εξαίρεση αποτελεί η πολυπυρρόλη σε ατμόσφαιρα He, όπου η έλλειψη οξυγόνου και υγρασίας έχει σαν αποτέλεσμα τη αύξηση της αγωγιμότητας σε όλη τη διάρκεια της θερμικής καταπόνησης. Εντελώς διαφορετική είναι η συμπεριφορά του νανοσυνθέτου πολυπυρρόλης/5% w/w TiO2 στη θερμοκρασία των 300Κ σε ατμόσφαιρα He. Η μείωση της αγωγιμότητας με την θερμική καταπόνηση μπορεί να αποδοθεί στη μεταφορά οξυγόνου από την TiO2 στο πολυμερές, με αποτέλεσμα τον τεμαχισμό των αλυσίδων και τη μείωση της αγωγιμότητας. Τέλος, στους 380Κ η εμφάνιση του μέγιστου είναι λιγότερο έντονη και δείχνει ότι στη θερμοκρασία αυτή, υπερισχύουν πολύ περισσότερο οι καταστροφικοί μηχανισμοί, τόσο παρουσία ατμοσφαιρικού αέρα, όσο και αδρανούς He. / In this thesis, the DC specific conductivity was studied on polypyrrole (PPy) and polypyrrole/5% w/w TiO2 nanocomposite samples as a function of temperature. The measurements were carried out οn fresh as well as οn samples that had remained at an ageing temperature for specific time periods. The ageing temperatures were 100, 300 and 380K. The time periods for which the samples were aged started from 0 and led up to 30 hrs approximately. The thermal ageing was conducted in room atmosphere as well as in inert He. The surface of the samples was studied with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), before and after thermal treatment. Both for PPy and PPy/5% w/w TiO2 nanocomposites the specific DC conductivity follows the relation , which is valid in the case of materials with a granular metal structure. In this structure, conducting islands of polymer are randomly distributed in an electrically insulating substrate. The above relation is valid when the insulating barriers are narrow enough so that the charge carriers, because of the tunneling effect, can pass through regions of little area, where the grains are close to one another. Because of the small size of these regions, the density of carriers on either side of the insulating barrier exhibits intense thermal fluctuations, which are accompanied by corresponding fluctuations in voltage, which, in effect, determines the passage of carriers (Fluctuation Induced Tunneling model – FIT). Based on the FIT model, the characteristic parameters σ0, T1 and T0 were calculated. The parameter σ0 is a measure of the conductivity inside the conducting islands, T1 expresses the height of the potential energy barrier, which the carrier must overcome, whilst T0 in conjunction with parameter T1, allows the calculation of the distance s between the conducting islands. The slope of the curves is of lower value (about half) for the nanocomposites than for the pure PPy samples, both in room atmosphere measurements, as well as for inert He ones. This can be explained by the fact that TiO2 has a higher band gap (3.2eV) than polypyrrole (2.5eV), thus the thermal excitation is harder for nanocomposite samples. The thermal ageing law is in agreement with the granular metal model, from whom we can derive the linearity of . By the slope of the lines, we derive that the presence of TiO2 slows the ageing by diminishing the mobility of the polymer chains. By SEM microphotographs it is deducted that the structure, of both polypyrrole and the nanocomposites, is not compact, but appears as an aggregate of grains with diameters of 200-300nm. The dimensions of the TiO2 nanoparticles are about 20nm, as we expected by the specifications of the titania used, whilst the dimensions of the conducting islands of polypyrrole are estimated, based on the corresponding structures in conducting polyaniline, in the order of 20-30nm. The fact that the dimensions of the conducting islands are about the same as the size of the TiO2 nanoparticles, means that the latter can intervene between the islands, which can justify the rate of change of the height of the potential energy barrier that is smaller in the case of the nanocomposite. Another piece of information derived from the SEM microphotographs is that the thermal treatment acts to smooth the relief of the surface and contributes to the agglomeration of the material grains. This process happens with the removal of Cl- in the form of HCl, something that diminishes the conductivity because of deprotonation of the polymer chains. In contrast, the simultaneous agglomeration of the materials’ grains improves conductivity. We observe that there coexist two competing mechanisms of electrical conductivity change. The difference in the isothermal curves for temperatures of 100, 300 and 380K, in room atmosphere and in inert He, are linked to the role of these factors: a) The temperature, which determines the mobility of the polymer chains and the excitation of the carriers, as well as the rate of diffusion and the speed of chemical reactions with oxygen and moisture of the air. We have to consider that the glass transition temperature Tg of PPy, above which cooperative movements of the chains occur, varies between 250 and 400K and is strongly dependant on the method of synthesis, the nature of the dopants and their position in the material, either contributing in the chain structure or by forming side chains. b) The existence of oxygen and moisture of the atmosphere, which, as we have mentioned, play an important role in the scission of polymer chains that destroys the conjugated character of the material. c) The existence of TiO2, which is characterized by a higher bang gap than PPy, in higher temperatures contributes to the transfer of oxygen to the polymer leading to the same result as the oxygen of atmospheric air. Especially, the isothermal curves for 100K show the determining role o oxygen and moisture to the diminishing of the conductivity in ambient atmosphere. In addition, in He atmosphere they reveal a conductivity improving mechanism. At 300K, the presence of TiO2 weakens the mechanism responsible for the improvement of conductivity, because the nanoparticles diminish the mobility and therefore the ordering of polymer chains and the increase of conductivity. The maxima that are observed during the first 10min are attributed to the improvement of the chain ordering of the polymer. For longer times, the ageing mechanisms dominate, due to the presence of oxygen and moisture, changes in the structure that sever the carrier pathways, result in diminishing of the conductivity. An exception to the above is the case of pure PPy in inert he atmosphere, where the lack of oxygen and moisture results in the increase of conductivity during all of the ageing process. Completely different behaviour is observed in the PPy/5% w/w TiO2 nanocomposites at 300K in He atmosphere. The diminishing of the conductivity with ageing can be attributed to the transfer of oxygen from TiO2 to the polymer, resulting in scission of the chains and lowering of the conductivity values. In conclusion, at 380K, the appearance on a maximum is less intense and it shows that at this temperature, the conductivity reducing mechanisms are far more dominant, both in room atmosphere as well as in inert He.

Orientador: Carlos José Leopoldo Constantino / Banca: Aldo Eloizo Job / Banca: Patrícia Alexandra Antunes / Banca: Neri Alves / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais, PosMat, tem caráter institucional e integra as atividades de pesquisa em materiais de diversos campi da Unesp / Resumo: Esta dissertação apresenta o estudo do crescimento (em escala nanométrica) e morfológica (em escala micrométrica) de filmes finos fabricados segundo a técnica Layer-by-Layer (LbL) contendo ftalocianina tetrasulfonada de níquel, polímeros condutores, o polímero poli(alilamina hidroclorada) (PAH), e gomas naturais. Três sistemas foram investigados: i) filmes LbL de NiTsPc e PAH; ii) filme LbL de NiTsPc, PAH e gomas naturais e iii) filmes LbL dos polímeros condutores polianilina (PANI) e poli(o-metoxianilina) (POMA) com gomas naturais. As gomas utilizadas neste trabalho foram extraídas das árvores cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale), chichá (Sterculia striata), caraia (Sterculia urens) e angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa Benth). As caracterizações destes filmes foram realizadas por meio das técnicas de espectroscopia eletrônica utilizando absorção na região do ultravioleta-visível (UV-vis), espectroscopia vibracional por espalhamento micro-Raman e por absorção na região do infravermelho (IV) com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram que, somente os filmes de NiTsPc e PAH em pH 8,5 e os filmes de NiTsPc, PAH e gomas naturais apresentaram crescimento controlado, uniformidade morfológica e química. / Abstract: This dissertation presents the study of growth (in nano-scale thickness) and morphology (micrometric scale) of thin films produced using the Layer-by-Layer technique (LbL) containing nickel tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine, conducting polymers, the polymer poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), and natural gums. Three systems were investigated: i) LbL films of NiTsPc and PAH; ii) LbL films of NiTsPc, PAH and natural gums and iii) LbL films of the conducting polymers polyaniline (PANI) and poly (o-methoxyaniline) (POMA) with natural gums. The gums used in this work were obtained from the cashew (Anacardium occidentale), chicha (Sterculia striata), caraia (Sterculia urens) and angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa Benth) trees. The characterizations of the LbL films were made using the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy through micro-Raman scattering and Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) absorption. The results showed that only the LbL films of NiTsPc and PAH at pH 8.5 and the LbL films of NiTsPc, PAH and natural gums present controlled growth and morphological and chemical uniformity. / Mestre

A proposta deste projeto de pesquisa constitui-se a partir das inquietações oriundas da experiência clínica com adolescentes, em situação de conflito com a lei, tendo seu início através da parceria entre Associação Clínica Freudiana, Juizado da Infância e da Juventude e Prefeitura de São Leopoldo-RS. A partir da escuta de três adolescentes encaminhados para tratamento devido à condição de agentes de atos violentos - seja em relação à depredação de patrimônio público e privado, seja por comportamentos que demarcam o uso da violência perante o semelhante, materializada através de agressões físicas, furtos e roubos - supõe-se que a violência na adolescência se dá enquanto resposta dos adolescentes, mediante o lugar que estes ocupam no contexto social contemporâneo. De um lado, destaca-se a condição de desamparo destes adolescentes frente à radical fragilidade de uma função paterna, para servir de continência diante dos impasses subjetivos decorrentes do processo adolescer, demarcando assim uma impossibilidade de conter e situar limites aos excessos pulsionais e ímpetos de violência. Isto faz com que os adolescentes sintam-se encurralados numa trágica lógica especular, na medida em que eles supõem que, do ponto ao qual este outro o espia, recai insígnias de morte, levando-os a formular a hipótese que este requer a sua perda. De outro, os adolescentes evidenciam estar jogados na solitária rede do individualismo contemporâneo, no qual, ao mesmo tempo em que encarnam ideais narcísicos, por cristalizarem uma espécie de estética juvenil globalizada, demonstram a angústia diante do desejo de busca de reconhecimento e autonomia. Esta investigação baseia-se no método de pesquisa psicanalítica. Para análise das questões propostas, serão utilizados, enquanto corpus de pesquisa, os atendimentos clínicos e as entrevistas com os pais, adotando-se a construção de caso como modelo metodológico aplicável à pesquisa psicanalítica. Nosso objetivo é problematizar os mecanismos potencializadores da adolescência infratora, no contexto social contemporâneo, e interrogar as possibilidades de direção de tratamento psicanalítico com adolescentes em situação de conflito com a lei. / The proposal of this research project consists from the inquietute from the clinic experience with adolescents, in a situation of conflict with the law, having its begining through the partnership between Freudian Clinic Association, Judgeship of Childhood and of Juvenile and Mayor of São Leopoldo - RS. From the listening of three adolescents led to treatment due to the condition of violents acts by agents – either concerning the depredation of the public and private patrimony or for behaviours that delimit the use of physical violence before the peer, materialized through physical agressions, robbery and thefts – one supposes that the violence in the adolescence occurs while response to the adolescents, meantime the place that these take in the contemporaneus social context. On the one hand, one detaches the condition of abandonment of these teenagers face the radical fragility of a paternal function, to serve as moderation in front of the subjectives dilemmas due to the process of reaching the state of adolescence, delimiting thus an impossibility to contain and situate limits to the excess of impulsiveness and impetus of violence. This makes the adolescents feel corralled in a splendid logic tragic, in the way that they suppose that, from the point of view that this other spies him, relapses into death insignias, leading them to formulate the hypothesis that this request its loss. On the other hand, the adolescents evidenced to be left in the solitary chain of the contemporary individualism, in which, at the same time that personify narcissistics ideals, for criticizing a sort of globalized juvenile esthetics, demonstrate an anxiety in front of the desire of recognition and autonomy. This investigation is based in the psychoanalist research method. For the analysis of the proposed questions, the clinics appointments and the interviews with their parents will be taken into consideration, while corpus of the research, one adopting the case as methodological model aplicable to the psychoanalitic research. Our goal is put in doubt the powerful mechanisms of the violator adolescent, in the contemporaneous social context, and inquire the possibilities of conducting the psychoanalist treatment with adolescent in situation of conflicts with the law.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:28:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santim_rh_me_ilha.pdf: 3013361 bytes, checksum: 9c0ba8507c697ecca7db1980615ec2b6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os polímeros são muito conhecidos por serem materiais de fácil processamento, leveza, isolantes elétricos e até mesmo térmicos. Essas propriedades viabilizaram várias aplicações tecnológicas desde utensílios domésticos à indústria. No fim do século passado as pesquisas voltaram-se em busca de energias renováveis e novos materiais que associassem as vantagens dos polímeros com as propriedades elétricas dos metais. Com essas pesquisas surgiu uma nova classe de polímeros chamada de Polímeros Condutores Intrínsecos (PCIs) que dispõem de boas propriedades de condução elétrica inerente ao material. Esses PCIs podem ser sintetizados em forma de fibras ou filmes, sozinhos ou com vários outros polímeros para formar blendas com diferentes propriedades. O polipirrol (PPy) é um PCI que proporciona altas condutividades elétricas e boa estabilidade oxidativa, algo difícil de se conseguir com essa classe de polímeros. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar amostras de PPy por dois métodos de síntese química: convencional (em solução aquosa) e microemulsão com dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS – surfactante e dopante). No primeiro método foi variada a razão molar de monômero/oxidante e no segundo variou-se as razões molares de monômero/oxidante/dopante. Para o estudo dessas amostras foram realizadas análises estruturais, morfológicas, térmicas, ópticas e elétricas. De maneira geral, as amostras que apresentaram melhores características morfológicas, ópticas e de condutividade elétrica, foram as obtidas no processo químico em microemulsão, de tal maneira que, quanto maior a quantidade de SDS e menor a temperatura, menor foi o tamanho das partículas de PPy, maior a conjugação das cadeias e maior a dopagem com SDS. / The polymers are known to be materials easy processed, slight, electrical insulators and even heat. These properties made possible many technological applications, from household items to the industry. At the end of last century the polls turned in search of renewable energy and new materials that combines the benefits of polymers with the electrical properties of metals. With these studies emerged a new class of polymers called Intrinsic Conducting Polymers (PICs) that have good electrical conduction properties inherent to the material. These PICs can be synthesized in the form of fibers or films, either alone or with various other polymers to form blends with different properties. The polypyrrole (PPy) is a PIC that provides high electrical conductivity and good oxidative stability, something difficult to achieve with this class of polymers. This study aimed to synthesize PPy samples by two methods of chemical synthesis: conventional (aqueous solution) and microemulsion SDS (dodecilsulfate of sodium – surfactant and dopant). In the first method was varied the molar ratio of monomer/oxidant and the second was varied molar ratios of monomer/oxidant/dopant. For the study of these samples were performed structural analyses, morphological, thermal, optical and electrical. In general, samples that showed better morphological characteristics, optical and electrical conductivity were obtained in the chemical process of microemulsion, such a way that the larger the amount of SDS and the lower the temperature, the smaller the particle size of PPy, the greater the conjugation of chains and the higher the doping with SDS.

Nous étudions l'utilisation de l'électronique organique à l'interface du tissu nerveux pour des applications in vitro et in vivo. Le principal objectif est la fabrication d’interfaces neuronales flexibles pour enregistrer l'activité électrophysiologique de cellules neuronales sur de longues durées. À cette fin, nous utilisons du parylène-C comme substrat et le polymère conducteur poly(3,4-éthylène dioxythiophène):poly(styrène sulfonate) pour réduire l'impédance de l'interface cellule/électrode. En utilisant nos matrices de microélectrodes, nous montrons comment améliorer le rendement d'enregistrement avec un modèle 3D in vitro. La formation de clusters cellulaires 3D augmente considérablement le nombre d’enregistrements de potentiels d’action unitaires. In vivo, nous démontrons la fabrication de sondes de support en polymères biodégradables sur nos capteurs flexibles en utilisant une combinaison de polymères alcool polyvinylique et poly(lactique-co-glycolique). Alors que notre support d’insertion en PVA fournit la rigidité nécessaire à la pénétration, le revêtement PLGA retarde la dissolution du support afin de placer précisément les capteurs à l'intérieur du cerveau. Cela nous permet d’enregistrer en profondeur et, dans les conditions idéales, de minimiser les lésions cérébrales par rapport à les sondes traditionnelles rigides. Dans l'ensemble, nous avons réussi à effectuer des enregistrements électrophysiologiques avec nos propres microélectrodes et sondes invasives, améliorant le rendement d'enregistrements in vitro et démontrant que nos support d’insertion biodégradables pénètrent le cerveau. Ces résultats annoncent de prometteuses applications médicales futures. / Neural interfaces are designed to unravel the mysteries of the brain and to restore the functions of paralyzed patients. Despite the success of traditional neural interfaces, these rigid devices are prone to failure within months after surgery. Mechanical mismatch with the soft neural tissue is believed to be one of the main causes. In this thesis, we studied the use of soft organic electronics to interface with neural tissue for both in vitro and in vivo applications. Parylene-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs) and depth probes were made, employing the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to reduce the impedance at the cell-electrode interface. In vitro, we thereby showed how to enhance the recording yield of MEAs by creating a three-dimensional model of neurospheres. We further report on the fabrication of a new biodegradable polymer shuttle for flexible depth probes based on the combination of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) (PLGA). In vivo, the PVA/PLGA- shuttled probes were acutely tested in mice and revealed promising electrophysiological results. More research remains necessary to evaluate its long-term function in vivo. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that bioresorbable polymers are capable of providing the required stiffness to penetrate the brain, which shows much promise for future neural applications. This work thereby shows that a long-term functional neural interface is not far from being developed.

Neste trabalho, serão apresentados o comportamento eletroquímico e espectro-eletroquímico dos polímeros condutores poli(sulfeto de fenileno fenilenamina) (PPSA) e poli(anilina) (PANI) no líquido iônico bis(trifluorometanosulfonil)imideto de 1-butil-2,3-dimetilimidazólio (BMMITFSI). Os experimentos eletroquímicos em BMMITFSI mostram que o PPSA apresenta dois processos redox reversíveis sem sinais de perda de eletroatividade e mostram também a obtenção da PANI pela polimerização eletroquímica da anilina com os dois processos redox típicos das transformações em leucoesmeraldina ↔ esmeraldina ↔ pernigranilina, sem a necessidade de adição de ácidos e sem nenhum sinal de degradação em potenciais elevados. Os experimentos de UV-Vis e Raman Ressonante evidenciaram a estabilização das estruturas oxidadas formadas em líquido iônico tornando este fato a principal razão para o comportamento reversível dos processos redox de ambos os polímeros. Os experimentos de resistência in situ da PANI, demonstraram que a pernigranilina obtida em potenciais elevados é mantida na forma condutora. Estes fenômenos observados em ambos os polímeros indicam que a alta atmosfera iônica do BMMITFSI, estaria estabilizando as estruturas mais oxidadas (dicátions) em potenciais elevados, o que evita a degradação e perda de eletroatividade do PPSA e permite a condutividade da PANI na forma pernigranilina sal. / In this work, the electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical behavior of Poly(phenylenesulfide phenyleneamine) (PPSA) and polyaniline (PANI) conducting polymers in a room temperature ionic liquids, 1-butyl-2-3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluorometanessulfonil)imide (BMMITFSI) is presented. Electrochemical experiments of a PPSA in BMMITFSI show two reversible redox processes without loss of electroactivity. Aniline polymerization to obtain PANI films with typically two redox processes due to leucoemeraldine ↔ esmeraldine ↔ pernigraniline transformations was also carried out in the absence of acids, and even cycling till high positive potentials, no degradation signals were observed. UV-Vis and Resonance Raman studies show the stabilization of dications in BMMITFSI as the main reason to the reversible redox behavior observed on both conducting polymers and the in-situ resistance measurements corroborated the stabilization of pernigraniline salt at high oxidation potentials in the conducting form of PANI. These results obtained in room temperature ionic liquid shows that the high ionic medium given by the BMMITFSI would shield the positive charges, which would stabilize the dication species at high potentials, avoiding the degradation and loss of electroaticity of PPSA and allowing charge transport on pernigraniline salt.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:02:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4784.pdf: 6177335 bytes, checksum: d4efe41cda16378eef382581c4b2c468 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-31 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / The great interest to develop microcantilevers sensors is due to several desirable properties, in particular the ability to adjust the size and structure, thus increasing the perspectives for the construction of new sensor systems. In this work, we developed functionalized microcantilever sensors with conducting polymers to detect relative humidity, volatile organic compounds and insect pheromones. The development was based on a systematic investigation, since the polymer synthesis and the film formation until the sensing step. For this purpose, we studied two treatments to clean the microcantilevers surfaces (plasma and piranha solution). Also, appropriate ways for the sensors functionalization were evaluated, using spin-coating and thermoelastic probe techniques. The polyaniline solutions were obtained by the in-situ and interfacial synthesis. This way, the doping, morphology and the polymer structure have been investigated by the AFM, UV-Vis, FTIR, diffraction and FE-SEM techniques, and likewise the film properties. It allowed us to optimize the preparation conditions of the polyaniline films on the surface of the microcantilevers sensors to detect relative humidity and volatiles. Also, it was possible to develop sensors with polyaniline thin films, capable to detect 1 ppmv of relative humidity, and this shows that they can be used to measure large limits of detection. Moreover, the functionalized microcantilevers sensors showed a fast response time, repeatability over several cycles and exhibited lifetime longer than 6 months. The coated microcantilevers sensors showed an excellent response to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs), indicating that the sensitive layer was xiv appropriate for detection of these volatiles. The sensitivity of these sensors at VOCs increased with the polarity, thus the methanol compound showed the greatest sensitivity. It was possible to detect and evaluate different concentrations of the pheromone 2-heptanone, at different temperatures. The microcantilever sensors response not only showed an excellent sensitivity, but also a fast response time. It was observed an excellent response to deflection of the microcantilever sensors when exposed to volatile during the banana ripeness. / O grande interesse em desenvolver sensores de microcantilevers é devido às várias propriedades desejáveis, em particular a capacidade de adaptar o tamanho e a estrutura, aumentando, dessa forma, as perspectivas para a construção de novos sistemas de sensoriamento. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos nanossensores de microcantilever funcionalizados com polianilina, no estado de oxidação esmeraldina, para detecção de umidade relativa, de compostos orgânicos voláteis e, potenciais aplicações para detecção de feromônios de insetos e no amadurecimento de frutas. Para isso, o desenvolvimento se baseou em uma investigação sistemática, desde a síntese do polímero e a formação de filmes até a etapa de sensoriamento. Para tal, foram estudados dois tratamentos de limpeza das superfícies dos microcantilevers, o plasma e a solução piranha . Também foram avaliadas maneiras adequadas para a funcionalização dos sensores, empregando as técnicas de spin-coating, in-situ e sonda termoelástica à partir de soluções de polianilina obtidas pelas sínteses interfacial e in-situ, para a deposição de um filme fino em somente um lado da superfície do microcantilever. Dessa forma, a dopagem, cristalinidade e estrutura do polímero foram investigadas por meio das técnicas de UV-Vis, FTIR, difratometria e FE-MEV e, por conseguinte, as propriedades dos filmes. Estes estudos permitiram aperfeiçoar as condições de preparação dos filmes de polianilina sobre a superfície dos sensores de microcantilevers, para detecção de umidade relativa (%) e compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs). Foi possível desenvolver sensores com filmes finos de polianilina, capazes de detectar umidade relativa até 1 ppmv, indicando, portanto, que os sensores xii desenvolvidos podem ser usados para medir grandes limites de detecção. Além disso, os sensores de microcantilevers funcionalizados apresentaram um tempo de resposta rápido, foram repetitivos a vários ciclos e apresentaram uma durabilidade maior que 6 meses. Os sensores de microcantilevers funcionalizados apresentaram uma excelente reposta aos COVs, indicando que a camada sensitiva foi adequada para detecção desses voláteis. A sensitividade dos sensores de microcantilever funcionalizados aos COVs aumentou com o aumento da polaridade do volátil, assim o composto que apresentou maior sensitividade foi o metanol. Foi possível avaliar e detectar diferentes concentrações do feromônio 2- heptanona em diferentes temperaturas. Os sensores mostraram uma excelente sensitividade e um tempo de resposta rápido. Foi observada uma excelente resposta de deflexão dos sensores de microcantilever quando expostos aos voláteis, durante o amadurecimento da banana.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 kitagawa_il_me_bauru.pdf: 1240008 bytes, checksum: 9ebbdde64d8ef13b31f5e5e5f9a075cc (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Esta dissertação apresenta o estudo do crescimento (em escala nanométrica) e morfológica (em escala micrométrica) de filmes finos fabricados segundo a técnica Layer-by-Layer (LbL) contendo ftalocianina tetrasulfonada de níquel, polímeros condutores, o polímero poli(alilamina hidroclorada) (PAH), e gomas naturais. Três sistemas foram investigados: i) filmes LbL de NiTsPc e PAH; ii) filme LbL de NiTsPc, PAH e gomas naturais e iii) filmes LbL dos polímeros condutores polianilina (PANI) e poli(o-metoxianilina) (POMA) com gomas naturais. As gomas utilizadas neste trabalho foram extraídas das árvores cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale), chichá (Sterculia striata), caraia (Sterculia urens) e angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa Benth). As caracterizações destes filmes foram realizadas por meio das técnicas de espectroscopia eletrônica utilizando absorção na região do ultravioleta-visível (UV-vis), espectroscopia vibracional por espalhamento micro-Raman e por absorção na região do infravermelho (IV) com transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram que, somente os filmes de NiTsPc e PAH em pH 8,5 e os filmes de NiTsPc, PAH e gomas naturais apresentaram crescimento controlado, uniformidade morfológica e química. / This dissertation presents the study of growth (in nano-scale thickness) and morphology (micrometric scale) of thin films produced using the Layer-by-Layer technique (LbL) containing nickel tetrasulfonated phthalocyanine, conducting polymers, the polymer poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), and natural gums. Three systems were investigated: i) LbL films of NiTsPc and PAH; ii) LbL films of NiTsPc, PAH and natural gums and iii) LbL films of the conducting polymers polyaniline (PANI) and poly (o-methoxyaniline) (POMA) with natural gums. The gums used in this work were obtained from the cashew (Anacardium occidentale), chicha (Sterculia striata), caraia (Sterculia urens) and angico (Anadenanthera macrocarpa Benth) trees. The characterizations of the LbL films were made using the ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy through micro-Raman scattering and Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) absorption. The results showed that only the LbL films of NiTsPc and PAH at pH 8.5 and the LbL films of NiTsPc, PAH and natural gums present controlled growth and morphological and chemical uniformity.

A proposta deste projeto de pesquisa constitui-se a partir das inquietações oriundas da experiência clínica com adolescentes, em situação de conflito com a lei, tendo seu início através da parceria entre Associação Clínica Freudiana, Juizado da Infância e da Juventude e Prefeitura de São Leopoldo-RS. A partir da escuta de três adolescentes encaminhados para tratamento devido à condição de agentes de atos violentos - seja em relação à depredação de patrimônio público e privado, seja por comportamentos que demarcam o uso da violência perante o semelhante, materializada através de agressões físicas, furtos e roubos - supõe-se que a violência na adolescência se dá enquanto resposta dos adolescentes, mediante o lugar que estes ocupam no contexto social contemporâneo. De um lado, destaca-se a condição de desamparo destes adolescentes frente à radical fragilidade de uma função paterna, para servir de continência diante dos impasses subjetivos decorrentes do processo adolescer, demarcando assim uma impossibilidade de conter e situar limites aos excessos pulsionais e ímpetos de violência. Isto faz com que os adolescentes sintam-se encurralados numa trágica lógica especular, na medida em que eles supõem que, do ponto ao qual este outro o espia, recai insígnias de morte, levando-os a formular a hipótese que este requer a sua perda. De outro, os adolescentes evidenciam estar jogados na solitária rede do individualismo contemporâneo, no qual, ao mesmo tempo em que encarnam ideais narcísicos, por cristalizarem uma espécie de estética juvenil globalizada, demonstram a angústia diante do desejo de busca de reconhecimento e autonomia. Esta investigação baseia-se no método de pesquisa psicanalítica. Para análise das questões propostas, serão utilizados, enquanto corpus de pesquisa, os atendimentos clínicos e as entrevistas com os pais, adotando-se a construção de caso como modelo metodológico aplicável à pesquisa psicanalítica. Nosso objetivo é problematizar os mecanismos potencializadores da adolescência infratora, no contexto social contemporâneo, e interrogar as possibilidades de direção de tratamento psicanalítico com adolescentes em situação de conflito com a lei. / The proposal of this research project consists from the inquietute from the clinic experience with adolescents, in a situation of conflict with the law, having its begining through the partnership between Freudian Clinic Association, Judgeship of Childhood and of Juvenile and Mayor of São Leopoldo - RS. From the listening of three adolescents led to treatment due to the condition of violents acts by agents – either concerning the depredation of the public and private patrimony or for behaviours that delimit the use of physical violence before the peer, materialized through physical agressions, robbery and thefts – one supposes that the violence in the adolescence occurs while response to the adolescents, meantime the place that these take in the contemporaneus social context. On the one hand, one detaches the condition of abandonment of these teenagers face the radical fragility of a paternal function, to serve as moderation in front of the subjectives dilemmas due to the process of reaching the state of adolescence, delimiting thus an impossibility to contain and situate limits to the excess of impulsiveness and impetus of violence. This makes the adolescents feel corralled in a splendid logic tragic, in the way that they suppose that, from the point of view that this other spies him, relapses into death insignias, leading them to formulate the hypothesis that this request its loss. On the other hand, the adolescents evidenced to be left in the solitary chain of the contemporary individualism, in which, at the same time that personify narcissistics ideals, for criticizing a sort of globalized juvenile esthetics, demonstrate an anxiety in front of the desire of recognition and autonomy. This investigation is based in the psychoanalist research method. For the analysis of the proposed questions, the clinics appointments and the interviews with their parents will be taken into consideration, while corpus of the research, one adopting the case as methodological model aplicable to the psychoanalitic research. Our goal is put in doubt the powerful mechanisms of the violator adolescent, in the contemporaneous social context, and inquire the possibilities of conducting the psychoanalist treatment with adolescent in situation of conflicts with the law.

In this study, bulk conductivity of commercial base paper impregnated with different ionic liquids blends and additives, through bench coating was investigated. Bulk conductivity of base paper, ion conductive paper and surface sized ion conductive papers with and without the influence of calendering were evaluated at different concentrations of ionic liquids using at resistivity cell and four point probe technique. It was shown that bulk conductivity of base paper was increased by increasing the amount of ionic liquids. Nano fibril cellulose also showed positive influence on the bulk conductivity of coated papers. By increasing the line load in the calendering machine, a positive influence on the bulk conductivity was observed. The tensile index of all the coated papers was lower than that of the base paper.