The world is becoming strongly dependent on computers, and on distributed communication between computers. As a result of this, communication security is important, sometimes critically so, to many day-to-day activities. Finding strategies for discovering attacks against security protocols and for proving security protocols correct is an important area of research. An increasingly popular technique that is used to simplify the design of security protocols is to rely on a secure transport layer to protect messages on the network, and to provide protection against attackers. In order to make the right decision about which secure transport layer protocols to use, and to compare and contrast different secure transport protocols, it is important that we have a good understanding of the properties that they can provide. To do this, we require a means to specify these properties precisely. The aim of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the security guarantees that can be provided by secure transport protocols. We define a framework in which one can capture security properties. We describe a simulation relation over specifications based on the events performed by honest agents. This simulation relation allows us to compare channels; it also allows us to specify the same property in different ways, and to conclude that the specifications are equivalent. We describe a hierarchy of confidentiality, authentication, session and stream properties. We present example protocols that we believe satisfy these specifications, and we describe which properties we believe that the various modes of TLS satisfy. We investigate the effects of chaining our channel properties through a trusted third party, and we prove an invariance theorem for the secure channel properties. We describe how one can build abstract CSP models of the secure transport protocol properties. We use these models to analyse two single sign-on protocols for the internet that rely on SSL and TLS connections to function securely. We present a new methodology for designing security protocols which is based on our secure channel properties. This new approach to protocol design simplifies the design process and results in a simpler protocol.

Ethical codes and laws provide counselors with guidance for how to approach confidentiality, but there is a gap in the literature surrounding counselors' process of decision-making when managing confidentiality with adolescent clients. This study explored the decision-making process of master therapists concerning adolescent clients. I conducted semi-structured interviews with peer identified master therapist (N=10), all of whom were licensed professional counselors with 15 or more years of counseling experience and whose case load contained 25% or more adolescent clients. Participants included seven females and three males; nine participants identified as Caucasian, and one participant identified as Hispanic. Participants ages ranged from 39-61. I analyzed the data, along with two research partner, according to Grounded Theory (GT) methodology. Through constant comparative analysis, a grounded theory emerged from the data in which participants converged understanding of client safety, relationships, clinical intuition in a process of integrated experience and consultation. With the exception of mandated reported and mortal danger, ethical guidelines and laws did not seem to factor into participants' decision making. Implications for counseling practice, preparation, and research are provided.

Desde a identificação das primeiras pessoas com aids vêm ocorrendo mudanças no perfil da epidemia. Acometendo inicialmente homens, adultos com alta escolaridade e com práticas homossexuais, passou a atingir cada vez mais os jovens, os grupos sociais de maior exclusão social, as pessoas com práticas heterossexuais e as mulheres. Observa-se crescimento de casos em mulheres a partir da década de 90, embora proporcionalmente o número de casos seja ainda maior em homens. Até novembro de 2000, do total de 196 016 casos de aids notificados no Brasil, um quarto era do sexo feminino. Após o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV, as mulheres enfrentam dificuldades das mais variadas formas, desde aquelas relacionadas à infecção e ao adoecimento, ao tratamento e aos cuidados diários, até aquelas referidas ao campo afetivo-relacional. Dado que a doença é envolta em preconceito, estigma que podem levar a discriminação há preocupação das mulheres com o \"segredo\" da infecção pelo HIV. Considerando isto, o Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) pode incluir ações que desenvolvam habilidades de busca e recepção de apoio social, fortalecimento de vínculos familiares e sociais na assistência e convivência com as pessoas acometidas pelo HIV/AIDS. O PSF convergindo para a promoção da qualidade de vida das pessoas e de seu ambiente pode intensificar as ações de promoção à saúde e prevenção do HIV. Desta forma, entende-se que, considerando a autonomia da usuária, a abertura da privacidade pela usuária pode auxiliar na resposta às necessidades de saúde pelas equipes de PSF. As discussões sobre os conflitos que os profissionais de saúde do PSF encontram no seu cotidiano e que envolvem a manutenção da privacidade e sigilo das informações das usuárias, na perspectiva da Bioética, especialmente na questão do HIV/AIDS, são objetos do presente estudo. Seus resultados podem servir como subsídios para a reflexão das práticas do PSF e conseqüentemente para a melhoria da qualidade da assistência em saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo discutir as situações que envolvem questões de privacidade e sigilo das informações nas experiências de assistência às mulheres portadoras de HIV/AIDS, vivenciadas pelas equipes do PSF. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo descritivo, exploratório, na qual foram utilizadas as metodologias de grupo focal e entrevista semi estruturada. Foi realizada numa Unidade Básica de Saúde que opera com modelo de PSF no município de São Paulo. Foram coletadas as falas de dois grupos focais com agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) e 25 entrevistas individuais com enfermeiros, médicos e auxiliares de enfermagem. Os depoimentos foram analisados segundo Bardin e organizados nos temas: a) a revelação do diagnóstico de HIV para a usuária; b) acolhimento e vínculo na abertura da privacidade; c) a revelação do diagnóstico de HIV aos membros da equipe de PSF e, d) discussão em equipe e o sigilo das informações. Verificou-se que os profissionais do PSF tomam conhecimento sobre o diagnóstico do HIV pela própria usuária, familiares, vizinhos, ACS ou outro membro da equipe e profissionais de saúde dos serviços de referência, além do prontuário e dos resultados de exames. A mulher revela seu diagnóstico de HIV, abrindo sua privacidade quando há confiança e vínculo na relação usuáriaprofissional. Os profissionais buscam assegurar o sigilo referente ao diagnóstico do HIV. A abertura da privacidade da informação possibilita a discussão das necessidades de saúde da usuária e o planejamento das ações pelas equipes de PSF / Ever since the first cases of Aids were identified, there has been a change on the profile of the disease. In the beginning its was predominantly seen in well-informed adult males with homosexual practices, then changing to a much younger group, with less access to information and also women. After the 90`s you will see a significant increase in the number of cases in women although men are still the most affected. In November of 2000, there were 196016 cases of Aids identified in Brazil, where 25% were females.After diagnosis, women would face many difficulties such as things related to the infection and illness itself, treatment and everyday care and also personal relationships. Those infected with Aids, are many times worried about discrimination and stereotyping what makes them keep it secret. The objective of the Family\'s Health Program (PSF) is to make people seek help to strengthen social and family links and also learn to live and socialize with other people with HIV/AIDS. The PSF promotes quality of life, healthy practices and HIV prevention. Patients disclose more information and that helps PSF professionals find more answers to the healthcare questions they might have. That creates another problem that refers to confidentiality and bioethics which are also subjects of the present study. Its Results can increase awareness about the practices of PSF and with that, improve the quality of healthcare assistance. The objective of this study is to discuss privacy and confidentiality of information related to women infected with HIV/AIDS, that were assisted by PSF teams. It is a descriptive, qualitative, exploratory study that focused on focal groups and semi structured interview methods. It was done at a Health Basic Unit that operates using a PSF model in São Paulo. Data was collected from two groups with communitarian agents of health (ACS) and also 25 different interviews with nurses, tecnics, and doctors. Testimonies were analyzed according to Bardin and put into different categories: a) Revealing HIV diagnosis to users of PSF; b) Welcoming and using bonding experiences when talking about the subject; c) Revealing HIV diagnosis to the members of PSF team; d) Team discussion and confidentiality of information.We found that PSF professionals learn about the diagnosis through the patients themselves, their families, ACS and other healthcare professionals and of course, official test results. The women patients feel comfortable to talk about their HIV diagnosis when there is trust in the healthcare professional - user relationship. Professionals always try to ensure confidentiality of information about the diagnosis. This information enables professionals to talk about the health condition of the users and help PSF team members set up a plan of action.

No description available.

This study’s primary objectives are to establish the dimensions, strategies, and tactics used by auditors in the negotiation of sensitive disclosure issues with clients. These issues are typically addressed at the end of the audit and are the primary concern of the audit partner and senior manager. This study uses the tactics established in the negotiation research to test if auditors use the same groups of tactics, and whether these tactics are related by some underlying dimensions, and their relevant strategies. Multidimensional scaling found that there are four dimensions to the tactics that auditors use. During negotiations with their clients, auditors employ tactics representing the underlying dimensions which can be interpreted as “Concern for Self”, “Concern for Client”, “Concern for Others”, and “Concern for Accounting Principles”. Results of cluster analysis established four primary classifications to the 38 auditor tactics. These are “Facilitating”, “Contextual”, “Forcing/asserting”, and “Appeal to authority”. Within these four classifications, twelve sub-categories were observed. These findings reinforce the complexities inherent in the resolution of an audit conflict, and suggest that auditors group together certain tactics for use as called for in the circumstances with which they are dealing. This research contributes to theory within the fields of auditing and general negotiation because it has established that the two-dimensional model of concern that has formed the basis of much behavioural research is insufficient to describe an auditor’s responsibilities. There are four dimensions of concern. While some researchers have proposed a three-dimensional model of negotiation for auditors, the fourth dimension identified in this study is a contribution. This research expands current knowledge fundamental to the audit discipline by establishing the negotiation tactics used by auditors and their underlying multidimensionality, and thus has extended the knowledge of audit conflict management beyond that of strategy-level. Accordingly,this research is beneficial to practicing auditors and for the education of auditors.

BEYOND THE NUMBERS: CONFIDENTIAL ENQUIRIES INTO MATERNAL DEATHS IN ACCRA-GHANA Researcher: Afisah Yakubu Zakariah Universite Libre de Bruxelles- School of Public Health Reproductive Health and Epidemiology of Perinatal Health Unit Brussels-Belgium Afiyakzak@yahoo.com Promoter: Professor Sophie Alexander-Karlin Universite Libre de Bruxelles- School of Public Health Reproductive Health and Epidemiology of Perinatal Health Unit Brussels-Belgium salexand@ulb.ac.be Co-Promoter: Professor Jos van Roosmalen Leiden University Medical Centre Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Leiden-The Netherlands J.J.M.van_Roosmalen@lumc.nl "A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Health Sciences Universite Libre de Bruxelles-School of Public Health Reproductive Health and Epidemiology of Perinatal Health Unit. November, 2008. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background Maternal mortality remains a severe problem in many parts of the world, despite efforts to reach MDG 5. Assessing progress towards this goal is difficult because maternal mortality is difficult to measure and the information available at country level does not generally permit the establishment of good baseline data. Countries with high maternal mortality ratios neither have adequate vital registration systems nor adequate resources to carry out surveys. Only few low-income countries have been able to establish a comprehensive reporting system and even where such vital registration systems are in place, maternal deaths are often underreported or misclassified as non-maternal even in large well developed cities. Ghana belongs to the group of low-income countries with high maternal mortality ratios (point estimate 560, lower bound 200 and upper bound 1300) per 100,000 live births and inadequate data on maternal deaths. Previous studies have demonstrated that most of these deaths could be prevented with existing effective practices. In this dissertation, we looked at the registration system of births and deaths in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. We assessed completeness of registration of maternal deaths and data quality. We also looked at the degree of underreporting of maternal deaths, assessed causes of maternal deaths and substandard care of these cases through a confidential enquiry. This enabled us to identify problems associated with measuring of maternal mortality in Ghana and the standard of care of the cases. Through our findings we were able to make recommendations to achieve MDG 5 in the country by 2015 if implemented. Other maternal and child health (MCH) interventions were also looked as working to improve MCH is a continuum, and no aspect should be neglected. The first relates to seeking evidence based practice in presence of potentially complicated obstetrical conditions like premature rupture of membranes and the second pertains to preventive activities in MCH and concentrates on the results of tetanus immunisation of women in their reproductive age in the Northern Region of Ghana. Objectives 1. To assess the precision (quality) of civil registration of maternal deaths in Ghana 2. To identify the magnitude of maternal deaths using multiple sources and assess the degree of underreporting of these deaths 3. To identify the root causes and related factors of the identified maternal deaths as well as classify the deaths 4. To assess the level of substandard care in maternal deaths in order to identify weakness in the Ghanaian maternity care system and propose locally relevant and affordable solutions to improve maternity care in Ghana 5. To discuss the results of the research with the Decision makers and health care providers leading to an adoption of the method at national level and a reduction of maternal mortality in Ghana as a whole 6. To assess risk factors and management of premature rupture of membranes and make recommendations that will address avoidable complications 7. To assess challenges of other maternal and child health interventions like Tetanus Toxoid immunization in women of reproductive age group and formulate recommendations to increase the coverage in this group. Organization of dissertation This dissertation contains eight chapters. Chapter one is on general introduction, which gives an overview of the problems associated with the reduction of maternal mortality by literature review. Chapter two highlights the profile of Ghana and the Health system Chapter three is on maternal mortality in the Greater Accra region of Ghana for the year 2000. In this chapter, we assessed completeness of registration and data quality as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the civil registration system to capture maternal deaths in Ghana. Chapter four discusses Reproductive Age Mortality Survey (RAMOS) conducted in Accra city (Metropolis) for the year 2002. It showed how effective the method is in identifying maternal deaths using multiple sources approach. In this study, we aimed at identifying the magnitude of maternal deaths in the city and the degree of underreporting during the study period. Chapter five elaborates the main content of this thesis, which is on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths for the year 2002. This chapter deals solely with the seventy three cases of maternal deaths that were identified during the study period (1st January 2002-31st December 2002) with adequate information surrounding the deaths. We identified the root causes and related factors of the identified maternal deaths as well as their classification. We also assessed the level of substandard care in maternal deaths, identified weaknesses in the Ghanaian maternity care system and proposed locally relevant and affordable solutions to improve maternity care in Ghana. Chapter six is on controversy of management of premature rupture of membranes at term. We reviewed systematically the existing evidence on expectant management of PROM and prompt delivery after a premature rupture of membranes at term and gave an answer to this controversy. Chapter seven assessed challenges of other maternal and child health interventions like Tetanus Toxoid immunization in women of reproductive age group and formulated recommendations to increase the coverage in this group. Chapter eight gives the general discussion, conclusion and recommendations. Main results and conclusion The study on the assessment of completeness of registration and data quality of maternal deaths in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana found the process of registration of maternal deaths in the Region to be incomplete even though there is a system of registration of deaths in Ghana. We identified the major causes of under registration of maternal deaths during the study as omission of pregnancy status in the registers. Pregnancy status is not systematically noted in the registers and the death certificate forms. Other contributing factors to the under registration of maternal deaths were erroneous classification of maternal deaths as non-maternal and imprecision in the death certification and registration. The study on Reproductive Age Mortality Survey (RAMOS) in Accra city (Metropolis) for the year 2002 has almost doubled the officially reported figures, which showed that the method is effective in identifying maternal deaths using multiple sources approach. The findings of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths for the year 2002 showed that the proportion of maternal deaths associated with substandard care factors at various levels is high in the Metropolis even though the city has the best medical services in the country. The study on the controversy of management of premature rupture of membranes at term shows that prompt delivery after the membranes are ruptured averts many complications both for the mother and the baby. It is presented as an illustration of how evidence based guidelines can be instrumental in challenging the maternal mortality problem In the study on challenges of maternal and child health interventions like Tetanus Toxoid immunization in women of reproductive age, we found out that the tetanus toxoid vaccine was perceived as an anti fertility drug by those who refused to be vaccinated. Among other reasons for refusal was complete authority over wives by their husbands and therefore not allowing them to be vaccinated. It also is an illustration of the role of good organisation of care in meeting MDGs 4 and 5. We finally conclude that, even in environments with limited resources, most maternal deaths can be prevented if appropriate measures are put in place to prevent their occurrence. Key words: Maternal mortality, registration, underreporting, RAMOS, confidential enquiries, sub-standard care, PROM.

People are increasingly concerned about online privacy and how computers collect, process, share, and store their personal information. Such concerns are understandable given the growing number of privacy invasions and the pervasiveness of information capture and sharing between IT systems. This situation has led to an increasingly regulated environment, limiting what systems may do, and what safeguards they must offer users. Privacy is an especially important concern in the fields of computer supported collaborative work (CSCW), Ubiquitous Computing, and e-commerce, where the nature of the applications often requires some information collection and sharing. In order to minimize risks to users it is essential to identify privacy problems early in the design process. Several methods and frameworks for accomplishing this have been proposed in the last decades. These frameworks, though based on hard-earned experience and great insight, have not seen widespread adoption despite the high level of interest in this topic. Part of the reason for this is likely the lack of evaluation and study of these frameworks. In our research we examine the key design and analysis frameworks and their elements, and compare these to the kinds of problems users face and are concerned with in terms of privacy. Based on this analysis of the relative strengths and weaknesses of existing design frameworks we derive a new design framework; STRAP (STRuctured Analysis of Privacy). In STRAP we combine light-weight goal-oriented analysis with heuristics to provide a simple yet effective design framework. We validate our analysis by demonstrating in a series of design experiments that STRAP is more efficient and effective than any one of the existing design frameworks, and provide quantitative and qualitative evidence of the value of using such frameworks as part of the design process.

Univ., Habil.-Schr.--Innsbruck, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. [193] - 201.

This study’s primary objectives are to establish the dimensions, strategies, and tactics used by auditors in the negotiation of sensitive disclosure issues with clients. These issues are typically addressed at the end of the audit and are the primary concern of the audit partner and senior manager. This study uses the tactics established in the negotiation research to test if auditors use the same groups of tactics, and whether these tactics are related by some underlying dimensions, and their relevant strategies. Multidimensional scaling found that there are four dimensions to the tactics that auditors use. During negotiations with their clients, auditors employ tactics representing the underlying dimensions which can be interpreted as “Concern for Self”, “Concern for Client”, “Concern for Others”, and “Concern for Accounting Principles”. Results of cluster analysis established four primary classifications to the 38 auditor tactics. These are “Facilitating”, “Contextual”, “Forcing/asserting”, and “Appeal to authority”. Within these four classifications, twelve sub-categories were observed. These findings reinforce the complexities inherent in the resolution of an audit conflict, and suggest that auditors group together certain tactics for use as called for in the circumstances with which they are dealing. This research contributes to theory within the fields of auditing and general negotiation because it has established that the two-dimensional model of concern that has formed the basis of much behavioural research is insufficient to describe an auditor’s responsibilities. There are four dimensions of concern. While some researchers have proposed a three-dimensional model of negotiation for auditors, the fourth dimension identified in this study is a contribution. This research expands current knowledge fundamental to the audit discipline by establishing the negotiation tactics used by auditors and their underlying multidimensionality, and thus has extended the knowledge of audit conflict management beyond that of strategy-level. Accordingly,this research is beneficial to practicing auditors and for the education of auditors.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Murdoch University, 2006. / Thesis submitted to the Division of Arts. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 340-354).