Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Computer Science, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-50).

In film, the construction of Los Angeles as a character has been defined through a series of specific theories that have seemingly misrepresented the unique and diverse nature of the city. Broken into two discussions, my paper will attempt to address 1) the way in which urbanization has influenced the landscape of the city of Los Angeles and how the creation of a heavy materialist culture in Amy Heckerling’s Clueless, the illusionary nature of Hollywood in Billy Wilder’s Sunset Boulevard, and corruption and abuse of power within the LAPD in Curtis Hansen’s L.A. Confidential manifest themselves as products of the this process and 2) the dominant narratives and themes that have been used to construct Los Angeles as a character in film.

Desde a identificação das primeiras pessoas com aids vêm ocorrendo mudanças no perfil da epidemia. Acometendo inicialmente homens, adultos com alta escolaridade e com práticas homossexuais, passou a atingir cada vez mais os jovens, os grupos sociais de maior exclusão social, as pessoas com práticas heterossexuais e as mulheres. Observa-se crescimento de casos em mulheres a partir da década de 90, embora proporcionalmente o número de casos seja ainda maior em homens. Até novembro de 2000, do total de 196 016 casos de aids notificados no Brasil, um quarto era do sexo feminino. Após o diagnóstico da infecção pelo HIV, as mulheres enfrentam dificuldades das mais variadas formas, desde aquelas relacionadas à infecção e ao adoecimento, ao tratamento e aos cuidados diários, até aquelas referidas ao campo afetivo-relacional. Dado que a doença é envolta em preconceito, estigma que podem levar a discriminação há preocupação das mulheres com o \"segredo\" da infecção pelo HIV. Considerando isto, o Programa Saúde da Família (PSF) pode incluir ações que desenvolvam habilidades de busca e recepção de apoio social, fortalecimento de vínculos familiares e sociais na assistência e convivência com as pessoas acometidas pelo HIV/AIDS. O PSF convergindo para a promoção da qualidade de vida das pessoas e de seu ambiente pode intensificar as ações de promoção à saúde e prevenção do HIV. Desta forma, entende-se que, considerando a autonomia da usuária, a abertura da privacidade pela usuária pode auxiliar na resposta às necessidades de saúde pelas equipes de PSF. As discussões sobre os conflitos que os profissionais de saúde do PSF encontram no seu cotidiano e que envolvem a manutenção da privacidade e sigilo das informações das usuárias, na perspectiva da Bioética, especialmente na questão do HIV/AIDS, são objetos do presente estudo. Seus resultados podem servir como subsídios para a reflexão das práticas do PSF e conseqüentemente para a melhoria da qualidade da assistência em saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo discutir as situações que envolvem questões de privacidade e sigilo das informações nas experiências de assistência às mulheres portadoras de HIV/AIDS, vivenciadas pelas equipes do PSF. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo descritivo, exploratório, na qual foram utilizadas as metodologias de grupo focal e entrevista semi estruturada. Foi realizada numa Unidade Básica de Saúde que opera com modelo de PSF no município de São Paulo. Foram coletadas as falas de dois grupos focais com agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) e 25 entrevistas individuais com enfermeiros, médicos e auxiliares de enfermagem. Os depoimentos foram analisados segundo Bardin e organizados nos temas: a) a revelação do diagnóstico de HIV para a usuária; b) acolhimento e vínculo na abertura da privacidade; c) a revelação do diagnóstico de HIV aos membros da equipe de PSF e, d) discussão em equipe e o sigilo das informações. Verificou-se que os profissionais do PSF tomam conhecimento sobre o diagnóstico do HIV pela própria usuária, familiares, vizinhos, ACS ou outro membro da equipe e profissionais de saúde dos serviços de referência, além do prontuário e dos resultados de exames. A mulher revela seu diagnóstico de HIV, abrindo sua privacidade quando há confiança e vínculo na relação usuáriaprofissional. Os profissionais buscam assegurar o sigilo referente ao diagnóstico do HIV. A abertura da privacidade da informação possibilita a discussão das necessidades de saúde da usuária e o planejamento das ações pelas equipes de PSF / Ever since the first cases of Aids were identified, there has been a change on the profile of the disease. In the beginning its was predominantly seen in well-informed adult males with homosexual practices, then changing to a much younger group, with less access to information and also women. After the 90`s you will see a significant increase in the number of cases in women although men are still the most affected. In November of 2000, there were 196016 cases of Aids identified in Brazil, where 25% were females.After diagnosis, women would face many difficulties such as things related to the infection and illness itself, treatment and everyday care and also personal relationships. Those infected with Aids, are many times worried about discrimination and stereotyping what makes them keep it secret. The objective of the Family\'s Health Program (PSF) is to make people seek help to strengthen social and family links and also learn to live and socialize with other people with HIV/AIDS. The PSF promotes quality of life, healthy practices and HIV prevention. Patients disclose more information and that helps PSF professionals find more answers to the healthcare questions they might have. That creates another problem that refers to confidentiality and bioethics which are also subjects of the present study. Its Results can increase awareness about the practices of PSF and with that, improve the quality of healthcare assistance. The objective of this study is to discuss privacy and confidentiality of information related to women infected with HIV/AIDS, that were assisted by PSF teams. It is a descriptive, qualitative, exploratory study that focused on focal groups and semi structured interview methods. It was done at a Health Basic Unit that operates using a PSF model in São Paulo. Data was collected from two groups with communitarian agents of health (ACS) and also 25 different interviews with nurses, tecnics, and doctors. Testimonies were analyzed according to Bardin and put into different categories: a) Revealing HIV diagnosis to users of PSF; b) Welcoming and using bonding experiences when talking about the subject; c) Revealing HIV diagnosis to the members of PSF team; d) Team discussion and confidentiality of information.We found that PSF professionals learn about the diagnosis through the patients themselves, their families, ACS and other healthcare professionals and of course, official test results. The women patients feel comfortable to talk about their HIV diagnosis when there is trust in the healthcare professional - user relationship. Professionals always try to ensure confidentiality of information about the diagnosis. This information enables professionals to talk about the health condition of the users and help PSF team members set up a plan of action.

LL.M. (Banking Law) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

This study is the seventh in a series begun in 1957 to relate social work theory to general systems theory. The purpose of this study was to assess, through the judgment of professional social workers, the use of the two concepts, self-determination and confidentiality, in casework and social group work situations. The two concepts were operationalized by construction of five practice principles for each concept. An instrument was developed in which a critical hypothetical situation exemplified each principle for both methods with a forced choice of four actions evidencing the degree of self-determination and confidentiality. Forty randomly selected trained social workers in the Portland area answered the questionnaire. Three propositions were tested. The first predicted that workers' judgments of the use of the two concepts would be significantly influenced by the unit of treatment. The second predicted that there would be a higher correlation on self-determination between casework and group work situations than on confidentiality between the two methods. The third predicted that five variables would be significantly related to differential judgments of workers of the two concepts in both methods. Findings: Proposition I was partially substantiated. The unit of treatment was significant for the use of self-determination, but not for the use of confidentiality. Proposition II was not substantiated. Evidence showed, however, that the exact opposite of this proposition had occurred. There was a significantly higher correlation on confidentiality between the two methods than for self-determination. Among the five variables selected for testing, group work experience proved to be statistically significant in the use of confidentiality in casework situations. The variance in the scores of those respondents having group work experience was over twice as large as those respondents having no group work experience in workers’ judgments of the use of confidentiality in casework situations. In addition, years of social work experience showed a significant positive correlation in the use of self-determination in casework situations. There was no statistical significance as far as professional education in group work method, other types of training in the two methods, and preference for either casework or group work. Though not statistically significant, it was found that those respondents with graduate education in group work showed more variance in their judgments compared with those respondents without such education, indicating that education in more than one method broadens the perceptual set of the worker but that actual experience in group work is more significant than is academic education. When years of social work experience were compared, it was found that more self-determination was allowed by those respondents with more years of experience, perhaps indicating that increased experience increases the personal security of the worker. The respondents' reasons for their choice of actions indicated that they were largely guided by practice principles relating to each concept but there was an overlap among these principles. The data also showed that other concepts such as the social work relationship and the worker's responsibility to society guided some workers' choices of action. The significance of this study is that it provided eclectic definitions of the two concepts from which practice principles were operationalized, thereby contributing to theory building; illustrated that perception theory can be used for research in social work practice; identified areas for curriculum planning and staff development; and pointed to areas for future research.

The thesis aims to understand the motivation of sources in Human Intelligence gathering. Todo this, three autobiographies of three former sources are analyzed where they write about theirlives as sources. To understand the sources' motivation two theories are used, Abraham H.Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Harney's theory. Maslow's theory is based on Developmentalpsychology and Harneys on categorizations of types of police sources Harney encountered as afederal agent. Through the analysis, themes in motivation such as community and securityreappear. Motivation turns out to be about being appreciated for the work you do, belonging toa group, contributing to society, and financial stability. On the other hand, understanding thedifference in what the motive versus motivation can be for the sources seems to require a closerand deeper understanding of the sources' personalities.

While the importance of confidentiality in eliciting sensitive information in psychotherapy is generally assumed, there has been little experimental testing of this hypothesis. Therapists are understandably reluctant to manipulate conditions of confidentiality in a therapy situation, since such manipulation may adversely affect the progress of the client. In view of this circumstance, analogue experiments are an alternative in producing empirical data. The current study in an analogue. Forty-five male and forty-five female subjects were orally administered the same structured interview by a female experimenter. Interview questions were derived from existing standard personality and clinical assessment instruments, and school regulations and situations encompassed in school discipline codes. Questions were rated by mental health professionals who work with children and adolescents and by junior high school teachers as to their presumed sensitivity for a junior high school population. Seventh and eighth grade male and female subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: confidentiality explicitly assured; confidentiality neutral; and confidentiality. Seventeen items were judged most sensitive by the panel of rates. A frequency of sensitive self-disclosure, computed for these questions revealed a nonsignificant trend consistent with the experimental hypotheses that self-disclosure would be highest in the confidential conditions, and lowest in the nonconfidential condition. Thus subjects in the confidentiality assure condition had the highest mean disclosure rates, while subjects in the nonconfidential condition had the lowest mean disclosure rates. Additionally, defensiveness of subjects was moderated by confidentiality condition. Males and females showed differences in patterns of behavior under the three confidentiality conditions. Females disclosed less frequently across conditions, with greatest differences shown in the nonconfidential condition. Also females' patterns of defensiveness differed from those of male subjects. Post-test responses to a questionnaire indicated that a majority of subjects tended to assume a condition of confidentiality, unless they were explicitly informed otherwise, and that females valued confidentiality more highly than males. The results provide support for the hypothesis that confidentiality is perceived as an important condition in a situation in which an individual is asked to disclose sensitive and personal information, and that behavior is influenced by confidentiality condition, although male and female adolescents may be affected differently.

No description available.

Children between the ages of 6 and 15 years were interviewed using a questionnaire designed to assess their conception of confidentiality in the counseling experience. This questionnaire was based upon the stipulates for confidentiality outlined in the 1977 American Psychological Association's Code of Ethics. Children age 6 to 8 years scored significantly lower on the questionnaire than children age 12 to 15 years. Neither of these groups' scores were significantly different from the score of children age 9 to 11 years, yet the total mean scores increased as the age of the children in the groups increased. These results suggest that children gradually evolve a conception of confidentiality consistent with professional guidelines. Four variables were examined which were expected to grossly predict the child's total score on the questionnaire. Chi-square analysis did not reveal significant differences for the variables of perceived adequacy of explanation of confidentiality and attitude toward breaking a secret. For the two variables involving the children's perception of the maintenance/violation of their confidentiality, chi-square analysis did reveal significant differences (which were not, however, found using a one-way analysis of variance procedure). Some demographic variables were found to be significantly related to scores on the questionnaire, yet most of the relationships involved specific area scores rather than total scores.

Background. In the United States, adolescents are the age group least likely to be aware of their HIV infection and linked to care in a timely manner, contributing to disproportionately low rates of viral suppression and increased risk of transmitting HIV to others. A major barrier to health care for adolescents relates to confidentiality concerns, such as fears that parent/guardian consent will be required or that parents, guardians, or others will be informed of test results. This suggests that state laws related to confidentiality in sexual and reproductive health services could influence their HIV testing practices. Guided by Andersen’s Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, this dissertation utilizes a large, representative sample of sexually active high school students from the 2019 state-level Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) to investigate the potential impact of five state-level confidentiality-relevant laws on U.S. adolescents’ HIV testing practices. Methods. Data on HIV testing and individual characteristics (i.e., potential individual-level confounders/covariates) were aggregated from 25 states that participated in the 2019 state-level YRBSS. Data on contextual characteristics (i.e., potential state-level confounders/covariates) were obtained from the United States Census Bureau and the Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System. Information about state-level confidentiality-relevant laws was compiled from the Guttmacher Institute and the Center for HIV Law and Policy to create five variables indicating whether state laws were confidentiality-promoting at the time of the 2019 state-level YRBSS. Multilevel logistic regression was used to test the following hypotheses: 1. After adjusting for individual and contextual characteristics, confidentiality-promoting state laws will be positively associated with HIV testing among sexually active U.S. high school students, such that odds of self-reported lifetime HIV testing will be significantly higher when states (a) explicitly allow minors to consent to HIV testing, (b) do not have age of consent requirements, (c) do not permit parental/guardian notification, (d) protect the confidentiality of minors insured as dependents, and (e) do not have HIV-specific criminal laws that require disclosure to sexual and/or needle-sharing partners, as compared to states with non-confidentiality-promoting laws. 2. After adjusting for individual and contextual characteristics, sex will moderate the relationship between state-level confidentiality-relevant laws and HIV testing among sexually active U.S. high school students, such that associations between confidentiality-promoting state laws and self-reported lifetime HIV testing will significantly differ between males and females. 3. After adjusting for individual and contextual characteristics, young men who have sex with men (YMSM) status will moderate the relationship between state-level confidentiality-relevant laws and HIV testing among sexually active male high school students, such that associations between confidentiality-promoting state laws and lifetime HIV testing will be significantly stronger among males who report same-sex sexual contact than among males who report opposite-sex sexual contact only. Results. Findings supported the first hypothesis that parental notification not being permitted would be positively associated with HIV testing among sexually active U.S. high school students. After adjusting for individual (i.e., sex, grade level, race/ethnicity, sexual identity) and contextual (i.e., percentage of the state population aged 25 and older with a high school diploma or higher, median household income, lifetime HIV testing among adults) characteristics, odds of self-reported lifetime HIV testing were significantly higher in states that do not permit parent/guardian notification (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.11; p<.001) than in states that allow health care providers to inform parents or guardians that their child is seeking or receiving STI services. However, results did not support the hypothesis that the other confidentiality-promoting state laws would be positively associated with HIV testing among sexually active U.S. high school students; as compared to states with non-confidentiality-promoting laws, odds of self-reported lifetime HIV testing were significantly lower in states that explicitly allow minors to consent to HIV testing, do not have age requirements to consent to HIV testing, and do not have HIV-specific criminal laws that require disclosure. Results supported the second hypothesis that sex would moderate the relationship between state-level confidentiality-relevant laws and HIV testing among sexually active U.S. high school students, as associations between confidentiality-promoting state laws and lifetime HIV testing differed significantly between males and females. After adjusting for individual and contextual characteristics, the effects of living in a state without age requirements or HIV-specific criminal laws with disclosure requirements on lifetime HIV testing for females were 1.53 (CI: 1.07-2.20; p=.020) and 1.56 (CI: 1.16-2.10; p=.003) times those of males, respectively. Meanwhile, the effects of state laws that explicitly allow minors to consent to HIV testing, do not permit parental notification, and protect the confidentiality of minors insured as dependents on lifetime HIV testing for females were 0.73 (CI: 0.55-0.96; p=.025), 0.72 (CI: 0.52-0.99; p=.043), and 0.66 (CI: 0.48-0.90; p=.008) times those of males, respectively. Analyses with these data failed to reject the null hypothesis for the third [alternative] hypothesis that associations between confidentiality-promoting state laws and self-reported lifetime HIV testing would be significantly stronger among sexually active males who report same-sex sexual contact than among males who report opposite-sex sexual contact only. Conclusions. Findings provide evidence that parental notification not being permitted is associated with significantly increased odds of lifetime HIV testing among sexually active U.S. adolescents, and that sex differentially affects associations between state-level confidentiality-relevant laws and sexually active U.S. adolescents’ HIV testing practices. Parental/guardian notification not being permitted may increase access to and utilization of HIV testing among sexually active U.S. adolescents. Furthermore, confidentiality-promoting laws – particularly those that explicitly include HIV testing in the package of STI services to which minors may consent, do not permit health care providers to notify parents/guardians that their child is seeking or receiving STI services, and protect the confidentiality of minors insured as dependents – may facilitate access to and utilization of HIV testing for sexually active male adolescents. Altogether, this dissertation provides compelling preliminary evidence for efforts to better understand and address structural determinants of HIV and HIV prevention among sexually active U.S. adolescents. Results underscore the need for a comprehensive, multi-level approach to adolescent HIV prevention that goes beyond a focus on reducing individual-level risk factors to increase protective factors at the structural level (e.g., confidentiality-promoting state laws). To address HIV-related health inequities among young people in the United States, advocates must fight for the passage of state laws that protect adolescents’ right to confidential sexual and reproductive health care.