O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de diferentes concentrações dos isômeros cis-9, trans-11 e trans-10, cis-12 do ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) ao meio de congelação sobre a motilidade espermática, a integridade da membrana plasmática, acrossomal e mitocondrial dos espermatozoides de touros. No experimento foram utilizados 4 touros Jersey, sendo os ejaculados processados na forma de “pool” (experimento 1) e individualmente (experimento 2). O meio base (MB) era constituído de tris (Dilutris®-SEMENCOM, Brasil) + 20 % de gema de ovo. Os tratamentos com CLA (Luta-CLA®-BASF, Brasil), tinham apresentação oleosa por isso foram preparados a partir do MB com adição de 1% de lauril sulfato de sódio (MBL). Os tratamentos foram compostos por: controle positivo (CP) = MB, controle negativo (CN) = MBL; tratamento 50 (T50) = MBL+50μM CLA; tratamento 100 (T100) = MBL+100μM CLA e tratamento 150 (T150) = MBL+150μM CLA. Após o descongelamento a qualidade espermática foi analisada pelo CASA, e a integridade das membranas plasmática, acrossomal e função mitocondrial através da associação das sondas PI, FITC-PSA, JC-1 e H-342. Em ambos os experimentos não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos nas concentrações utilizadas, para os parâmetros avaliados, porém no experimento 2 houve diferenças entre indivíduos. / The objective was to evaluate the effects of addition of different concentrations of the isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to the freezing medium on sperm motility, the plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal and mitochondrial of bovine sperm. In the experiment, four Jersey bulls were used, and the ejaculates processed as "pool" (experiment 1) and individually (experiment 2). The diluent medium was based on tris (Dilutris®-SEMENCOM, Brazil) + 20% egg yolk (MB). The treatments with CLA (CLA-Luta®-BASF, Brazil), which had oily presentation, were prepared from MB with addition of 1% sodium lauryl sulfate (MBL). The treatments were: positive control (CP) = MB, negative control (CN) = MBL; treatment 50 (T50) = MBL+50μM CLA; treatment 100 (T100) = MBL+100μM CLA and treatment 150 (T150) = MBL+150μM CLA. After thawing the semen, the characteristics were analyzed by CASA, and the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membranes and mitochondrial function of sperm by association probes PI, FITC-PSA, JC-1 and H-342. In both experiments there were no differences between treatments and the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), at the concentrations used, had no effect on the integrity and superior functionality of spermatozoa that underwent cryopreservation. However, but in experiment 2, there were differences between individuals.

O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de diferentes concentrações dos isômeros cis-9, trans-11 e trans-10, cis-12 do ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) ao meio de congelação sobre a motilidade espermática, a integridade da membrana plasmática, acrossomal e mitocondrial dos espermatozoides de touros. No experimento foram utilizados 4 touros Jersey, sendo os ejaculados processados na forma de “pool” (experimento 1) e individualmente (experimento 2). O meio base (MB) era constituído de tris (Dilutris®-SEMENCOM, Brasil) + 20 % de gema de ovo. Os tratamentos com CLA (Luta-CLA®-BASF, Brasil), tinham apresentação oleosa por isso foram preparados a partir do MB com adição de 1% de lauril sulfato de sódio (MBL). Os tratamentos foram compostos por: controle positivo (CP) = MB, controle negativo (CN) = MBL; tratamento 50 (T50) = MBL+50μM CLA; tratamento 100 (T100) = MBL+100μM CLA e tratamento 150 (T150) = MBL+150μM CLA. Após o descongelamento a qualidade espermática foi analisada pelo CASA, e a integridade das membranas plasmática, acrossomal e função mitocondrial através da associação das sondas PI, FITC-PSA, JC-1 e H-342. Em ambos os experimentos não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos nas concentrações utilizadas, para os parâmetros avaliados, porém no experimento 2 houve diferenças entre indivíduos. / The objective was to evaluate the effects of addition of different concentrations of the isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to the freezing medium on sperm motility, the plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal and mitochondrial of bovine sperm. In the experiment, four Jersey bulls were used, and the ejaculates processed as "pool" (experiment 1) and individually (experiment 2). The diluent medium was based on tris (Dilutris®-SEMENCOM, Brazil) + 20% egg yolk (MB). The treatments with CLA (CLA-Luta®-BASF, Brazil), which had oily presentation, were prepared from MB with addition of 1% sodium lauryl sulfate (MBL). The treatments were: positive control (CP) = MB, negative control (CN) = MBL; treatment 50 (T50) = MBL+50μM CLA; treatment 100 (T100) = MBL+100μM CLA and treatment 150 (T150) = MBL+150μM CLA. After thawing the semen, the characteristics were analyzed by CASA, and the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membranes and mitochondrial function of sperm by association probes PI, FITC-PSA, JC-1 and H-342. In both experiments there were no differences between treatments and the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), at the concentrations used, had no effect on the integrity and superior functionality of spermatozoa that underwent cryopreservation. However, but in experiment 2, there were differences between individuals.

O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de diferentes concentrações dos isômeros cis-9, trans-11 e trans-10, cis-12 do ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) ao meio de congelação sobre a motilidade espermática, a integridade da membrana plasmática, acrossomal e mitocondrial dos espermatozoides de touros. No experimento foram utilizados 4 touros Jersey, sendo os ejaculados processados na forma de “pool” (experimento 1) e individualmente (experimento 2). O meio base (MB) era constituído de tris (Dilutris®-SEMENCOM, Brasil) + 20 % de gema de ovo. Os tratamentos com CLA (Luta-CLA®-BASF, Brasil), tinham apresentação oleosa por isso foram preparados a partir do MB com adição de 1% de lauril sulfato de sódio (MBL). Os tratamentos foram compostos por: controle positivo (CP) = MB, controle negativo (CN) = MBL; tratamento 50 (T50) = MBL+50μM CLA; tratamento 100 (T100) = MBL+100μM CLA e tratamento 150 (T150) = MBL+150μM CLA. Após o descongelamento a qualidade espermática foi analisada pelo CASA, e a integridade das membranas plasmática, acrossomal e função mitocondrial através da associação das sondas PI, FITC-PSA, JC-1 e H-342. Em ambos os experimentos não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos nas concentrações utilizadas, para os parâmetros avaliados, porém no experimento 2 houve diferenças entre indivíduos. / The objective was to evaluate the effects of addition of different concentrations of the isomers cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to the freezing medium on sperm motility, the plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal and mitochondrial of bovine sperm. In the experiment, four Jersey bulls were used, and the ejaculates processed as "pool" (experiment 1) and individually (experiment 2). The diluent medium was based on tris (Dilutris®-SEMENCOM, Brazil) + 20% egg yolk (MB). The treatments with CLA (CLA-Luta®-BASF, Brazil), which had oily presentation, were prepared from MB with addition of 1% sodium lauryl sulfate (MBL). The treatments were: positive control (CP) = MB, negative control (CN) = MBL; treatment 50 (T50) = MBL+50μM CLA; treatment 100 (T100) = MBL+100μM CLA and treatment 150 (T150) = MBL+150μM CLA. After thawing the semen, the characteristics were analyzed by CASA, and the integrity of plasma and acrosomal membranes and mitochondrial function of sperm by association probes PI, FITC-PSA, JC-1 and H-342. In both experiments there were no differences between treatments and the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), at the concentrations used, had no effect on the integrity and superior functionality of spermatozoa that underwent cryopreservation. However, but in experiment 2, there were differences between individuals.

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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-15T12:20:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 victoreustaquiotosteszidirich.pdf: 1142000 bytes, checksum: 2b246de219ef265a66f3c21f0381b817 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-19T15:50:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 victoreustaquiotosteszidirich.pdf: 1142000 bytes, checksum: 2b246de219ef265a66f3c21f0381b817 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T15:50:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 victoreustaquiotosteszidirich.pdf: 1142000 bytes, checksum: 2b246de219ef265a66f3c21f0381b817 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-18 / O ácido linoléico conjugado, do inglês “Conjugated Linoleic Acid” (CLA) é uma mistura de isômeros de posição e geométricos do ácido linoléico (C18:2 n-6), comumente encontrado em maiores concentrações na carne bovina e em produtos lácteos de ruminantes. Numerosas atividades biológicas têm sido atribuídas aos isômeros C18:2 cis-9, trans-11(c9t11) e ao C18:2 trans-10, cis-12 (t10c12) dentre as quais destacam-se: propriedades anticarcinogênica, antiaterogênica, antiobesogênica, incluindo aumento da massa magra em animais, retardo do aparecimento de diabetes tipo II e também nas respostas imunes humoral e celular. O presente trabalho focou na utilização do c9t11 na dieta em camundongos da linhagem BALB/c, avaliando efeitos na resposta imune humoral como a produção anticorpos específicos para ovalbumina (OVA), bem como a síntese de citocinas e respostas à hipersensibilidade tardia (HTT). O trabalho mostrou que o CLA na dieta reduziu efeitos nas respostas de HTT em 24 horas nos animais e estes apresentaram altos níveis de Ac anti- IgG1 e supressão no perfil Th1 de citocinas como IFN-γ e TNF-α. Com base nesses resultados foi possível perceber que o CLA foi um importante fator no controle do processo inflamatório do modelo e que seu uso poderia ser considerado como uma importante intervenção profilática para muitas doenças de natureza inflamatória. / Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) is a mixture of positional and geometrical isomers of linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6), commonly found in high concentrations in bovine meat and lacteous products from ruminants. Numerous biological activities have been attributed to C18:2 cis-9, trans-11(c9t11) and C18:2 trans-10, cis-12 (t10c12) isomers, among which anti-carcinogenic, anti-aterogenic, anti-obesity properties must be highlighted, including increase of thin mass in animals, delay in type II diabetes emergence and also in humoral and cellular immune responses. This work focused on the use of c9t11 in the diet of BALB/c mice, evaluating effects on humoral immune response by means of production of ovalbumin (OVA) specific antibodies, cytokine production and responses to delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH). The results showed that using CLA in the diet of BALB/c mice decreased effects on DTH responses in a 24h period after animals had been challenged. They exhibited high levels of Ab anti-IgG1 and suppression of Th1 profile cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. Based on these results, it was possible to say that CLA was an important factor of control in the inflammatory process of the model and that its use could be considered as an important prophylactic intervention for many diseases of inflammatory nature.

Nas pesquisas com bovinos de corte, além do bom desempenho animal e da viabilidade econômica, busca-se agregar características qualitativas à carne produzida. O fornecimento de milho alto óleo a bovinos de corte em terminação aumenta o ganho de peso e a qualidade de carcaça, quando comparado ao milho comum. Buscou-se consolidar as informações quanto aos efeitos das dietas para novilhos Nelore em confinamento, sobre os parâmetros da produção animal, como ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça, degradabilidade das dietas, efeitos sobre os protozoários ciliados e outras medidas ruminais, parâmetros físicos do Longissimus dorsi, composição centesimal da carcaça, composição do ganho e perfil de ácidos graxos nesse músculo. Foram utilizados 48 novilhos da raça Nelore, com peso vivo inicial médio de 435 kg, submetidos a um dos seis tratamentos, usando dois tipos de milho (comum e alto óleo) e três níveis de inclusão de milho no concentrado (25%, 40% e 55%). Os animais foram confinados por um período de 84 dias. Amostras do Longissimus dorsi foram coletadas para avaliação das características físicas da carne e análise do perfil de ácidos graxos na gordura intramuscular. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o ganho de peso, o consumo de alimentos, a conversão alimentar ou os parâmetros da carcaça. A qualidade física da carne também não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. Para as dietas contendo milho alto óleo, houve alteração na população de protozoários no rúmen e na degradação da FDN. Dietas com milho alto óleo favoreceram o aumento no total dos ácidos graxos intermediários da biohidrogenação na gordura intramuscular. Houve diferenças significativas no ácido rumênico (CLA - C18:2_cis9_trans11), passando de 0,43% para 0,49%, representando um aumento médio de 12,7%, devido ao uso de dietas contendo milho alto óleo. / Beef cattle researchers, over than animal performance and economics are looking for nutritional characteristics of the products from ruminants. Inclusion of high oil corn (HOC) on diets increases weight gain and carcass quality compared to common corn grain. This study looks for data from animal performance on diets using high oil corn, evaluating live weight gain, carcass composition, diets digestibility, dry matter degradability, effects on ciliated protozoa number and quality, muscle quality characteristics, meat composition and fatty acids profile on intramuscular fat. Where used 48 Nellore steers, with initial average live weight of 435 kg in six treatments, using two corn grain varieties (common and high oil corn) and three levels of corn grain in concentrate diets (25%, 40% and 55%). Animals were in feedlot pens for 84 days, after an adaptation period to diets and installations. The Longissimus dorsi was used for evaluating meat characteristics and fatty acids profile on intramuscular fat. There was no effect of diets on daily gain, intake, conversion, or carcass parameters. Meat quality was not also affected by treatments. Diets with high oil corn altered protozoa population and ruminal degradation of NDF. The total biohidrogenated fatty acids in intramuscular fat were increased by treatment with high oil corn and also rumenic acid. Rumenic acid was the major conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) detected in this tissue, with concentrations increasing from 0,43% to 0,49%, representing an average increase of 12,7% caused for HOC diets.

<p>In the present thesis dietary markers for intake of milk fat, associations between intake of milk fat and risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), and the effects of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to healthy humans are investigated.</p><p>The dietary fat quality is one of the main lifestyle factors affecting risk for CHD. When studying the associations between diet and health it is important to have accurate dietary information. Objective dietary markers increase the possibilities to interpret dietary surveys.</p><p>In a study of 62 men we demonstrated that the milk fatty acid pentadecanoic acid (15:0) measured in serum lipids can be used as marker for intake of fat from milk products. In the same study we observed inverse correlations between intake of milk fat and certain risk factors for CHD, especially anthropometric variables.</p><p>To further investigate these findings we supplemented humans with CLA, naturally present in milk. CLA has in animals and <i>in vitro</i> been ascribed positive effects on adiposity and glucose and lipid metabolism. When supplementing humans with CLA we observed a slight decrease in body fat, but no effects on other anthropometric variables or serum lipids. However, markers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation increased. From a second supplementation study we concluded that CLA <i>trans </i>10, <i>cis </i>12 induced lipid peroxidation more than did a mixture of isomers.</p><p>We conclude that the inverse associations between milk fat intake and CHD risk factors, and the effects of CLA, are interesting and need further investigation. However, according to current knowledge, the general population is still advised to have a limited intake of total and saturated fat and to instead choose unsaturated fats. In addition, there is to date no medical reasons for humans to take CLA as supplements.</p>

In the present thesis dietary markers for intake of milk fat, associations between intake of milk fat and risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), and the effects of supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to healthy humans are investigated. The dietary fat quality is one of the main lifestyle factors affecting risk for CHD. When studying the associations between diet and health it is important to have accurate dietary information. Objective dietary markers increase the possibilities to interpret dietary surveys. In a study of 62 men we demonstrated that the milk fatty acid pentadecanoic acid (15:0) measured in serum lipids can be used as marker for intake of fat from milk products. In the same study we observed inverse correlations between intake of milk fat and certain risk factors for CHD, especially anthropometric variables. To further investigate these findings we supplemented humans with CLA, naturally present in milk. CLA has in animals and in vitro been ascribed positive effects on adiposity and glucose and lipid metabolism. When supplementing humans with CLA we observed a slight decrease in body fat, but no effects on other anthropometric variables or serum lipids. However, markers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation increased. From a second supplementation study we concluded that CLA trans 10, cis 12 induced lipid peroxidation more than did a mixture of isomers. We conclude that the inverse associations between milk fat intake and CHD risk factors, and the effects of CLA, are interesting and need further investigation. However, according to current knowledge, the general population is still advised to have a limited intake of total and saturated fat and to instead choose unsaturated fats. In addition, there is to date no medical reasons for humans to take CLA as supplements.

Nas pesquisas com bovinos de corte, além do bom desempenho animal e da viabilidade econômica, busca-se agregar características qualitativas à carne produzida. O fornecimento de milho alto óleo a bovinos de corte em terminação aumenta o ganho de peso e a qualidade de carcaça, quando comparado ao milho comum. Buscou-se consolidar as informações quanto aos efeitos das dietas para novilhos Nelore em confinamento, sobre os parâmetros da produção animal, como ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça, degradabilidade das dietas, efeitos sobre os protozoários ciliados e outras medidas ruminais, parâmetros físicos do Longissimus dorsi, composição centesimal da carcaça, composição do ganho e perfil de ácidos graxos nesse músculo. Foram utilizados 48 novilhos da raça Nelore, com peso vivo inicial médio de 435 kg, submetidos a um dos seis tratamentos, usando dois tipos de milho (comum e alto óleo) e três níveis de inclusão de milho no concentrado (25%, 40% e 55%). Os animais foram confinados por um período de 84 dias. Amostras do Longissimus dorsi foram coletadas para avaliação das características físicas da carne e análise do perfil de ácidos graxos na gordura intramuscular. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o ganho de peso, o consumo de alimentos, a conversão alimentar ou os parâmetros da carcaça. A qualidade física da carne também não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. Para as dietas contendo milho alto óleo, houve alteração na população de protozoários no rúmen e na degradação da FDN. Dietas com milho alto óleo favoreceram o aumento no total dos ácidos graxos intermediários da biohidrogenação na gordura intramuscular. Houve diferenças significativas no ácido rumênico (CLA - C18:2_cis9_trans11), passando de 0,43% para 0,49%, representando um aumento médio de 12,7%, devido ao uso de dietas contendo milho alto óleo. / Beef cattle researchers, over than animal performance and economics are looking for nutritional characteristics of the products from ruminants. Inclusion of high oil corn (HOC) on diets increases weight gain and carcass quality compared to common corn grain. This study looks for data from animal performance on diets using high oil corn, evaluating live weight gain, carcass composition, diets digestibility, dry matter degradability, effects on ciliated protozoa number and quality, muscle quality characteristics, meat composition and fatty acids profile on intramuscular fat. Where used 48 Nellore steers, with initial average live weight of 435 kg in six treatments, using two corn grain varieties (common and high oil corn) and three levels of corn grain in concentrate diets (25%, 40% and 55%). Animals were in feedlot pens for 84 days, after an adaptation period to diets and installations. The Longissimus dorsi was used for evaluating meat characteristics and fatty acids profile on intramuscular fat. There was no effect of diets on daily gain, intake, conversion, or carcass parameters. Meat quality was not also affected by treatments. Diets with high oil corn altered protozoa population and ruminal degradation of NDF. The total biohidrogenated fatty acids in intramuscular fat were increased by treatment with high oil corn and also rumenic acid. Rumenic acid was the major conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) detected in this tissue, with concentrations increasing from 0,43% to 0,49%, representing an average increase of 12,7% caused for HOC diets.