The influences of global warming on nature disaster and other environmental changes in water sources and ecology resources stir up all the people to learn about the importance of marine education. The terrestrial environment vicissitudes are the results of ignorance related to human that the oceans and seas have been suffered from the serious pollution and destruction. The marines belong to global citizens as well Taiwanese. This matter is related to whole human beings and needs to be faced seriously. Only by establishing the same mutual recognition to the problems of ocean, the marine education would have the supports of the international societies and scholar¡¦s value. The marine education is the topic which the world must face together. Regarding a country, all have to integrate with as a whole including politics, economy, national defense, humanities, science and society for dealing with the matter of marine education. This research is initiated for assessing the core value and the strategy of Taiwan impetus marine education. The main objective is to understand the marine educational policy and its action plans on carrying out the framework with various aspects. This study collects and searches literatures published by domestic and foreign scholars, the materials in related fields, and execution experiences of the overseas marine education. Referencing the summary of collections, this research analyzes and discusses the present status of the domestic marine education. This study also makes an attempt to propose the future improvements and suggestions. However the marine educations should be put into real activities and may be modified with changes. Though, there are some problems in the curriculum guidelines, in the future, the most important thing is to set up the strategies to put these guidelines into practice and be prepared to implement them at all levels of schools. This research concludes that the oceans deeply affect the Formosa, a beauty island, in its destiny, culture, the national livelihood and the national security for 400 year history of Taiwan. Strengthening people's marine consciousness should be emphasized to enhance the communities to focus on the true value of the marine educations. However, the present marine education is not established based on the same mutual recognition in the impetus of domestic marine education. The local governments develop its own strategies respectively in the fields without total plans, and not integrate with related resources. The promotion of marine education should apply the cooperation models of resources conformity and strategy alliance, and induct the concept of sustainable development to construct the control table and manageable strategy for the marine education. These would put the ideas, the goals, the prospects, the strategies for the sustainable development of marine education into realistic achievement gradually.

Drawn on a self-concept theory, this study hypothesized that self-leadership partly mediated between charismatic leadership and organizational commitment and self-leadership fully mediated between private self-consciousness and organizational commitment. The results indicated that charismatic leadership and private self-consciousness were positively related to self-leadership. The predictive validity of private self-consciousness for self-leadership was greater than the one of charismatic leadership. Moreover, the influence of charismatic leadership on identification or internalization was partly mediated by self-leadership. The influence of private self-consciousness on identification was fully mediated by self-leadership. However, the effect of private self-consciousness on internalization was not transmitted by self-leadership. The surprising result was explained and interpreted as evidence for the distinction between internalization and identification. Finally, further research was encouraged to identify and assess alternative subordinate processes in relation to the activation of individual and collective identity by charismatic leaders.

This study suggests that the long-term results of ethnic consciousness is a political socialization. But, the political events (The Missile crisis in the Taiwan Strait and Chinese Communists intimidation) caused the Chinese identity declination. Even though it is hard to say totally verify the critical impact of ¡§political incidents,¡¨ this paper has analyzed and found that when Taiwan¡¦s ¡§Chinese identity¡¨ took an apparent drop. The high level of education of the people in the Chinese identity drop faster. The second generation and third generations down faster. At last, the disappearance of first generation Mainland provinces and cities people is not the main reason for the disappearance of Chinese identity. The second generation and third generations change their ¡§Chinese identity¡¨ to ¡§Both of Identity¡¨ and ¡§Taiwanese Identity ¡¨ in twenty years was the most important factor.

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This research will discuss the effects of framing promotion messages to different price level products. Consumers will perceive the difference of significance of savings, and the different perceptions of retailer¡¦s tactics in price promotion: inflating the regular price before a promotion and a permanent price reduction. If it has differences on promote effects and purchase intentions when using the different promotion type. Finally, this research uses price consciousness to make deep investigation. To understand if consumers with different price consciousness have different perceptions on the subject of the effects of framing price promotion messages. In this research, we find that for the high-price product, consumers perceive a price reduction framed in dollar terms as more significant of savings than in percentage terms. For the low-price product, consumers perceive a price reduction framed in percentage terms as more significant of savings than in dollar terms. But the effects of framing price promotion messages have no significant effect on consumer¡¦s perception of whether retailers use tactics or not. It is no significant effects of promotion type ( coupon v.s discount ) on the perceived significance of the savings. Consumers consider that the lower likelihood of retailer¡¦s tactics using in coupon promotions. In purchase intentions, consumers are more likely to purchase in coupon promotions than in discount promotions. It is no significant difference on different price consciousness consumer to the subject of the effects of framing price promotion messages. We can¡¦t find that whether it has relationship between price consciousness and the effects of framing price promotion messages.

Abstract This research is to distinguish the Kaohsiung City resident by the level of their community sense from the view of social psychology. Due to the society changes and the high living density of urban caused by urbanization, the problems related to the collective life of residents are increasing. Besides, how much do they join the public event also control the success of promoting the collective event. This research is to discuss the community sense and the main effecting factor of different resident attribute and the issue of public event under the increasing of people joining the issue of public event. Furthermore, the suitable participation skill for different community sense and resident attribute is discussed This research expects to construct the suitable people participation skill while the different community sense and resident attribute faces the public event and take it as the reference for people participation in the future. The result shows, that the participation skill of different resident attribute and different issue of public event is clearly related; moreover, the high-low categorization of community sense and the skill of different issue of public event is also related. Additionally, according to the related statistics and analysis, the corrupt practises of current people participation skill are presented; the people participation skill that suitable for the residents of Kaohsiung City and the people participation skill that suitable for different community sense categorization are concluded. Furthermore, the suggestion of people participation and community sense and the comment for the later researcher is presented. Keywords: Sense of community, Civil participation skill, Discussion of public affair.

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This research investigated the teaching materials of elementary school social science, including lessons and exercises in textbooks, to understand the status represented in the teaching materials of social science of sex awareness that is covered in sex role, sex bias, sex discrimination, and the role of two sexes in modern life. The research was designed to accomplish the following purposes: (I) Analysis of sex roles in the teaching materials of social science; (II) Analysis of sex discrimination in the teaching materials; (III) Analysis of sex bias in the teaching materials; Content analysis and inductive approach were used as the primary methods, and the content analysis method of this research was mainly based on qualitative analysis as well as on quantitative analysis. The findings are presented in tables. The framework of this research: Chapter 1 This chapter mainly describes the background, motive and purpose of this research. Chapter 2 The doctoral and master¡¦s dissertations, journals and literature, domestic and foreign, on gender consciousness in the textbooks of primary schools are reviewed in this chapter. This research also studies the five analytical indexes, define check classifications, and submit the findings of the study. Chapter 3 The theories of social science as well as the information collected from literature were used to analyze the teaching materials. This research was conducted only based on literature and theories. As far as the research approaches are concerned, the methods employed for this research were a little different from the quantified approach. This is the restriction on methods for this research. Chapter 4 The issues such as sex role, sex discrimination, sex bias, etc. are focuses of this research in analysis of the gender consciousness in teaching materials. The researcher also used theories of social science to explain those issues. Chapter 5 In this research, the teaching units were analyzed in the content analysis approach and the check classification tables were also developed for analysis of the teaching materials. Based on the criterion for check classification tables, the subjects of this research, their occupation and activities were discussed. This Chapter also submitted criterion and methods for checking the contents of teaching materials. Chapter 6 In this chapter, a conclusion was drawn from the results of analysis and study of this research as well as the main findings of each chapter, literature and some theories. The researcher also provided suggestions from the viewpoints of this research. The researcher used the literature review done by scholars as the reliability index of this research, and developed the criteria for checking sex awareness patterns studied by scholars into check classification tables and operational definitions of the sex awareness patterns of this research. These tables and definitions were used as the basis for content analysis of the teaching materials of social science. The criteria for check classification tables of this research are divided into six types that are as follows: (¢¹) The condition of sex stereotype in occupational activities and people; (¢º) The condition of deviation imbalance in occupational hierarchy, position ratio, and types of activities; (¢») The condition of gender relationships in activity role play, types of the positions of men and women, and types of activities; (¢¼) Omission in activities and game content, types of occupational contributions by men and women, activities of adults and children; (¢½) Comparisons of superficial work in occupational types and division of labor of modern men and women, occupational types of female positions, and types of roles and positions of men and women, and sex social hierarchy of men and women. (¢¾) Detachment from reality in emphasizing occupational types and occupational hierarchy of modern women, types of contributory people and roles of two sexes, and activities of contributions of two sexes. The major findings concerning the lessons are as follows: 1. Division of household chores between adults and children: a few household, labor and caring roles present in the teaching materials. 2. Most accomplished people in illustrations, such as emperors, religious leaders, revolutionary heroes, and great scholars, are male, while only a few eminent heroes are female. Results of checking deviation imbalance: 1.A few male children are oriented towards structural and household games. 2.A few female children are towards dominating, autonomous, scientific, and technical games. 3.Males occupy 8 types of high-level positions, while females occupy only 5 types of high-level positions. Gender relationships: 1. Males engage in dominating, leadership, economic, religious, and art activities, for example, (1) They have high social status ¡V emperors, leaders with revolution power. (2) Great artists and priests in illustrations all are male. (3) Male contributions are primarily in commerce, service industries, and education. 2. Activities of males only appear in a few groups of females; as far as contributions of males and females are concerned, there is a bias against female minority groups. 3. Male and female children are to some degree balanced in terms of their contributory role, but female children have less opportunity to participate in leadership, for example, chairman of class meetings. 4. With regard to contributions of males and females in occupational hierarchy, males are generally higher than their female counterparts in terms of social class, social status, and reputation, and low-level types are more likely female. 5. Male children prefer religious, traditional and competitive activities. 6. Male accomplishments are related with religion, academic, medicine, culture, and education. 7. Male children are more likely than their female counterparts to take up dominating roles, for example, in public affairs; only a few male children participate in household games. 8. Only a few female children take up dominating games; most of them participate in activity games. Omissions: 1. Males prefer affective, venturous, experimental, and competitive activities, which are usually active and dominating; only a few of them are dominated, participants, or observers. 2. Both female adults and children prefer caring activities. Results of checking omissions: 1. With regard to character, most social contributors are males. 2. Male children are dominating characters. 3. Female children are auxiliary characters. 4. Traditional females take up low-level positions. 5. Modern females are more likely to take up occupations suitable for females. Superficial work: 1. Female and male social status in traditional and modern society: in traditional society, most characters of high social status are males; they are superior to females in both types and numbers. 2. In modern society, the gap between males and females in terms of social status has narrowed, but males are still more likely to take up high-level positions. 3. Most contributions presented in the teaching materials are made by males, while social contributions made by females are rarely mentioned. With regard to sex equality, the teaching materials obviously suppress females. 4. Among political occupations held by females, only a few are high-level occupations. 5. Division of labor between males and females in modern society includes household, tool, labor, economic, caring, and females primarily take up household, caring roles, only a few take up economic roles. Results of checking detachment from realities: 1. With regard to occupational types, females are more likely to take up science and economics fields. 2. With regard to occupational types, males are more likely to be high-tech personnel, bank shareholders, medical doctors, teachers. They are more likely to hold high-level positions in 13 occupations, while females hold only positions in six types. 3. In modern occupational types, males and females are getting close, but males are still superior to their female counterparts in terms of occupational positions. The major findings concerning the exercises are as follows: With regard to exercises, only the question texts with relation to sex awareness appearing in questions after lessons were checked. In most cases, there appear language bias and cultural bias. In question texts, single gender was used to cover both sexes, and single topics were used as perspectives. The exercises ignore the problem of females being discriminated, and the social contributions, social development and status of females are omitted. Keywords: gender consciousness ideology, social science material in the Elementary school

When individualism and liberalism rose from the western history, a new form of the conflict between individual and community had emerged. From this time, people start thinking that because we have the liberal right which belongs to every person, everyone can pursue his own self-fulfillment. However, when this kind of view becomes an ¡§atomistic individualism¡¨ conviction, it seriously threatens the peace and stability of our community. If the most important thing everyone cares about is his self-fulfillment, how can we reconcile the conflict between various values? How can we avoid the disruption of our community? The purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the conflict between individual and community is inevitable, and if it is inevitable how we can find a way to face up to this distress by exploring R. G. Collingwood¡¦s political thought. For this purpose, in chapter one, I will more clearly expound my concern which will be explored in this thesis, and why we can answer the above two questions by exploring Collingwood¡¦s political thought. After this, I will start to explore Collingwood¡¦s view of the concept of freedom in chapter two, and we will find out that, for Collingwood, anyone¡¦s freedom can only be realized by interacting with others. Then I will further elaborate Collingwood¡¦s view about the relation of individual and community in chapter three. Following the proceeding two chapters, in chapter four, I will firstly point out that in Collingwood¡¦s view what is the meaning of freedom for us, and then show how he can provide us a way to face up the inevitable conflict between individual and community. Finally, I will conclude what Collingwood can inspire us who live in the twenty-first century today.

This thesis examines Jin Yong¡¦s martial arts novels under the aspect of national consciousness. It first reviews the historical development of martial arts fiction and discusses when and under which circumstances phenomena like national consciousness, nationalism, and patriotism became essential elements of martial arts fiction. There follows an analysis of seven Jin Yong martial arts novels to point out each novel¡¦s characteristics with respect to national consciousness, and to discuss the changes of the patriotism subject in Jin Yong¡¦s works. Another focus is on the reaction and evaluation of literary critics towards Jin Yong¡¦s works. The author analyses the critics¡¦ attitude to the ¡§Chineseness¡¨ of Jin Yong¡¦s novels, and further discusses the Chinese characteristics of martial arts fiction, including a comparison of Chinese martial arts novels and Western adventure novels.