FILIPOVÁ, P. Abortion for underage people ? ethical context. České Budějovice, 2013. A diploma thesis written under Faculty of Health and Social Studies, the thesis advisor Mgr. et Mgr. Ondřej Doskočil, Th.D. The diploma thesis tries to describe the issue of abortion for underage applicants and related context. This sensitive issue is regulated by the Law no 66/1986, of abortion. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The first part deals with contemporary condition of abortion for underage people in general context. The following topics are analysed in the next step: historical context of abortion in the Czech Republic, relation of abortion and medicine, justificatory reasons of abortion and ethical context of this sensitive issue. Methods of abortion are described in the following section. One of the most crucial chapters is the consent and the steps which are taken in connection with underage patients. In the research part of the thesis, the strategy of qualitative research was used, which was performed by the method of interrogation. The semistructured interview was chosen as a technique for the interrogation. The research file consisted of 5 male and 3 female doctors from gynaecological surgeries and from the women department of hospitals from different parts of the Czech Republic. The aim of the diploma thesis was to describe the recent situation of providing consent about performing abortion of underage applicants for this medical intervention; to find out and describe how male and female doctors of gynaecological surgeries and women departments of hospitals deals with the whole abortion of underage people issue as professionals but also personally. The last of the generated aims was to point out ethical context connected with the issue on the basis of new-found information. In order to reach the aims mentioned above, we used a set of questions which were focused on the abortion for underage applicants procedure and on the issue of the consent about performing this medical intervention. In the discussion chapter, the answers from the interviews are summarized and those answers are compared with available literature and they are supported with arguments. In the end, thesis which can serve as hypothesis for possible quantitative research were defined. From the research, it came out that questioned male and female doctors prefer legal aspect of medical care when deciding at the expense of ethical aspects and they also notice a conflict between legal adjustment of abortion for underage people and legal adjustment of other medical interventions connected with this age group. It also came out that laws should origin from the deep conviction of the whole society because nobody cannot be sure how he or she would act in this situation. Interviewees emphasise that an underage girl should learn how to act with responsibility. If she feels mature enough for sexual life, she should also bear all the consequences of her decision. The thesis also refers to the question of the genesis of life as modern biology proves uniqueness of an individual from the moment of conception. Outcomes of the research could be used for description of the whole situation connected with abortion for underage people, for discovering this issue and extension of laymen and professional community awareness. The research could be also useful for helping professions.

El consentimiento informado es una de las aportaciones más innovadoras e importantes de la ciencia jurídica a la medicina. Pues en el ámbito de la medicina, la concepción tradicional de la relación médico-paciente ha sido paternalista, es decir, una relación en la que el médico era considerado como un sabio, capaz de tomar las decisiones más adecuadas para el paciente respecto al tratamiento que éste debía seguir, sin tener en cuenta su voluntad; en cambio el paciente, era considerado un individuo carente de racionalidad e incapaz de saber lo que le conviene para mejorar su salud. Hoy en día, resulta indiscutible la función esencial que cumple la autonomía de la voluntad del paciente, por el cual se le atribuye un papel mucho más activo y participativo en la toma de decisiones frente al que tenía en generaciones pasadas. Ello implica, el reconocimiento del derecho que tiene el paciente a decidir lo que resulta mejor para sus intereses, esto es, la autonomía que tiene para consentir o rechazar un procedimiento, diagnóstico o terapia recomendado. Como consecuencia de este reconocimiento, es que surge en garantía de éste el derecho a la información, ello como una manifestación de protección a la salud. Y es que resulta indiscutible el carácter fundamental de este derecho en las relaciones médico-paciente, cuyos avances en investigación clínica y el rápido desarrollo de la tecnología médica han hecho que se planteen nuevas medidas y normativas con miras a proteger los derechos de los pacientes. 7 Por tanto, la presente investigación tiene por objeto el realizar un estudio jurídico sobre el consentimiento informado en las relaciones médico-paciente tanto en el ámbito nacional como en el internacional. Y es que el consentimiento informado como tal, no ha sido un tema frecuentemente desarrollado a profundidad por la doctrina e incluso por los tratados de biomedicina; ello quizás porque su aplicabilidad se ha visto reducido a la elaboración de un complejo protocolo del acto médico a realizar, lo que finaliza con la aceptación por parte del paciente. El asombro e indignación que este hecho causa, acompañado además de la insensibilidad del médico por explicar con claridad el proceso a seguir y de las posibles complicaciones que puede generar este procedimiento o tratamiento, así como la vulneración del derecho a la información que tiene todo paciente, nos ha conducido a desarrollar esta investigación por capítulos, en los cuales de manera clara y sencilla se explica la problemática, los objetivos de la investigación, su regulación y el planteamiento de posibles soluciones. Tal es el caso, que en el Capítulo I se describe de forma concreta la problemática de la presente investigación, estableciendo las hipótesis a responder, la importancia y los objetivos a obtener. Seguidamente, el Capítulo II desarrollamos el derecho a la salud como derecho fundamental de todo ser humano, derecho importante para definir posteriormente al consentimiento informado, toda vez que éste es una manifestación del mencionado derecho y que por ende merece ser tratado a profundidad a fin de determinar su importancia. 8 En el Capítulo III, hacemos un breve recuento de los antecedentes históricos del consentimiento informado, expresado en sus inicios a través de la jurisprudencia norteamericana en cuyos casos, se explica y se trata con detalle por primera vez el término consentimiento informado. El Capítulo IV, se darrolla el contenido, titular y momento del Consentimiento Informado. Asimismo, el Capítulo V se explica el tratamiento del consentimiento informado tanto en el ordenamiento jurídico como en la jurisprudencia nacional; así como en la normativa y jurisprudencia internacional, en específico de los países de Costa Rica y España. En el capítulo VI, se desarrolla la ausencia del consentimiento informado, punto relevante ya que ante la omisión de brindar la información al paciente, este hecho constituye una vulneración no sólo al derecho a la información del paciente sino que también, vulnera los derechos a la salud, a la determinación y a la dignidad que todo ser humano por su condición de tal posee. Finalmente, el Capítulo VII abarca la propuesta legislativa como posible solución ante el incorrecto uso de este derecho, toda vez que no se subsume a un simple protocolo o formulario escrito, sino que su principal objetivo es mantener informado de forma clara y comprensible al paciente, de manera que éste puede otorgar su consentimiento en un total plano de conciencia-juicio de valor sobre la situación dada.

abstract: Research examining the long-term impacts of federal interventions under the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act on correctional institutions has been scant. The result has been a failure to understand the sustainability of reforms aimed at protecting the civil rights of confined persons. This dissertation examined the long-term reforms at the Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections following a consent decree with the U.S. Department of Justice from 2004 to 2007. Interviews were conducted with current and former ADJC employees, juvenile justice advocates across Arizona, and county court representatives to determine how each of these groups perceived the status of the reforms at the ADJC. The findings of the current dissertation suggest that long-term reforms following consent decrees imposed on correctional institutions are possible. At the ADJC, the methods for securing the reform required that the agency reform its culture, implement a Quality Assurance process, revamp the Investigations and Inspections unit at the agency, and consider the perspectives of external agencies. One of the primary reasons why the department has been committed to making these reforms is because of the perceived loss of legitimacy and resources that would occur if they failed to reform. Such a failure for the agency could have potentially resulted in a closure of the agency. However, the increase in punitive and preventive policies used to enforce the reforms may have negative repercussions on the organizational culture in the long term. Policy implications for future CRIPA consent decrees are outlined, limitations are addressed, and suggestions for future research are made. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Criminology and Criminal Justice 2013

The literature suggests that informed consent documents (ICDs) are not well understood by research participants. The patient decision aid model may suggest improvements for the informed consent process, particularly in the critical care setting (ICU) because of patient capacity issues. Our goal was to evaluate the extent to which existing ICDs used in ICU research adhere to standards and recommendations for high quality informed consent. Eighteen items from recommendations specific to ICU trials were added to a previously developed ICD evaluation tool. A sample of ICU trials was identified from clinicaltrials.gov database and the investigators contacted for their trial ICD. Conformity to the recommendations was variable. Some information are found routinely in consent documents for critical care research and some are not. Efforts should aim to establish tools for measuring decision quality in the ICU with the goal of facilitating and helping patients and surrogates work through trial participation decisions.

This thesis seeks to examine how healthcare decisions are made for children, with a particular focus on situations where medical interventions that (1) are not intended to advance the medical welfare of the individual child (eg bone marrow donation and research without therapeutic intent involving young children), or (2) are contrary to the expressed will of the child (e.g. the imposition of life-saving treatment on adolescents who have refused it), are authorised by parents or the state. The authorisation of these procedures is contentious because they breach the child’s bodily integrity while either (a) lacking a clear therapeutic purpose with regard to that child, or (b) being imposed even though refused by a possibly competent adolescent. Their controversial nature has lead to attempts to justify these procedures, generally by the application of ideal-type adult-child relationship theories. The four papers at the core of this thesis examine these legitimising propositions, but demonstrate that they are insufficiently robust to legitimise the acts in question. Instead, this thesis raises questions about inequality; about why it is deemed acceptable to take the tissue of the vulnerable incompetent but not the capable adult; or why it is appropriate to impose different tests of mental capacity on the adolescent and the adult, or of competence on the ‘criminal’ child and ‘innocent’ teenager. It is proposed that the reason that inequitable treatment can occur is because adults sit in a position of power and authority relative to children. The common themes in all four papers are thus the issues of power, inequality and fairness. There is also a focus on the use of language, and it is argued that terms are used in academic debate about children’s healthcare issues that lead to a lack of clarity and transparency in discussions about the imposition of unchosen healthcare burdens on vulnerable populations. If we hold that children are morally relevant beings deserving of respect then debates about matters that concern them should take place using language that avoids obfuscation and the cloaking of adult interests.

The maintenance of the size and strength of the U.S. volunteer military heavily depends on its recruitment arm to prospect and inform potential recruits. In a country where military service is believed to offer benefits such as steady incomes and college education to disadvantaged communities while implying they are unavailable through other means the concern becomes that recruiters target these communities for recruitment. This thesis first draws on the existing literature about citizen-state interactions to derive a new theoretical perspective about predatory practices then begins to evaluate that theory through a qualitative analysis of military recruitment manuals. The findings suggest that predatory practices may be occurring at lower levels of the recruitment hierarchy and those in charge are aware and unable or unwilling to prevent it.

The South African Constitution advocates the protection of personal information. Everyone has the right to privacy. This includes the protection of special information that relates to an individual’s biometrics, health, religion, or sex life, to name a few. This special information may be processed if it is necessary in law; if it is being processed for historical purposes; or if it has already been disseminated in public by the data subject If the aforementioned conditions are not met, the processing of special information is prohibited, unless the data subject has provided consent. Given that health information is regarded as special information, consent must be obtained from the data subject before it is processed. If the special information is accessed by unauthorised parties it may influence decisions about the data subject’s employment, access to credit, and education, and may even cause reputational or personal harm. This research proposes an e-consent management approach which preserves the privacy of health information. The utilisation of privacy laws and guidelines such as, but not limited to, the Protection of Personal Information Act and the General Data Protection Regulation are used to develop a privacy preserving e-consent model, architectural design and prototype. / Dissertation (MSc (Computer Science))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) / Computer Science / MSc (Computer Science) / Unrestricted

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This essay, named ”A critical discourse analysis on the debate in parliament; regarding the law of consent”, aimed to clarify whether the political debate that took place before the voting of the “law of consent” was a case of penal populism or not. The essay also aimed to find out how the victims of sex crime was constructed, as a discourse, and used in the political debate. The method used to perform this was the critical discourse analysis, by Fairclough (1995). The results show that a change has taken place in the political debate, regarding how sex crime is viewed and analyzed today. That’s because politicians used discourses based in conflict and feminist theory. This can be regarded as a change in the social practices and a change of the “status quo”. The essay presents that's not the case. That’s because the parts that have made up penal populism, in Sweden, since the 70s-80s are present in the political debate regarding the “law of consent”.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Sexting has been linked to a range of sexual behaviors, including sexual assault; however, the mechanism through which sexting increases the risk for sexual assault is unknown. One explanation for the role of sexting in sexual assault could be due to gender differences in sexting and sexual communication. The current study examined men’s and women’s perceptions of sexting as a form of communicating sexual intent and sexual consent, and how sexting influences attributions of responsibility and blame in sexual encounters and alleged sexual assault. Additionally, considering the role of alcohol in sexual assault, the study also examined how both sexting and alcohol influenced individuals’ perceptions of a sexual scenario. Method:Using a factorial vignette design, N = 525 college students (48.6% women; 71% Caucasian) were randomly assigned to one of four vignettes regarding a sexual scenario between a man and woman (John and Jennifer), with sexting and/or alcohol involved. Results: Significant differences in sexting vs. texting conditions were seen for perceptions of sexual intent (F = 147.28, p< .01) and sexual consent (F = 105.86, p< .01). Men were more likely to perceive that sexual consent was exchanged (F = 9.16, p< .01) and to interpret the sext as a consent cue (F = 7.82, p< .01). John was attributed more responsibility/blame across all conditions (F = 154.58, p< .01); however, Jennifer was attributed more blame in the sexting conditions (F = 9.16, p< .01). Conclusion: Results suggest that despite sexting as a signal of sexual interest, there are differences in how men and women perceive sexting as sexual consent, which may influence the risk for sexual assault. Additionally, there are differential effects of sexting for men vs. women, such that women may be judged more harshly for sexting, suggesting evidence of the sexual double standard. Results offer important implications for sexual assault prevention and sexual gender roles.