Etchemendy’s Critique to Formalism”. John Etchemendy claims that,given the failure of the Tarskian intuitive notion of logical consequence, there isno reason to consider formality as a necessary condition for this relationship.This paper critiques this argument. First, it seeks to show that Etchemendy’scritique to Tarskian analysis assumes two requisites of elucidatory success thatcannot be held together reasonably. Secondly, it shows that, once the previousassumption is rejected, two arguments in favour of the extensional adequacyof the former argument actually support formalism. Finally, this paper reviewssome well known pragmatic considerations in favour of formalism. / John Etchemendy argumenta que, dado el fracaso del análisis tarskianode la noción intuitiva de consecuencia lógica, no hay razones para considerara la formalidad una condición necesaria para dicha relación. En el presentetrabajo critico este argumento. Primeramente, busco mostrar que la crítica deEtchemendy al análisis tarskiano asume dos requisitos de éxito elucidatorio queno es razonable adoptar conjuntamente. En segundo lugar muestro que, rechazadala anterior asunción, dos argumentos a favor de la adecuación extensionalde dicho análisis confieren apoyo al formalismo. Finalmente, menciono algunasconocidas consideraciones de índole pragmática en favor del formalismo.

The aim of this dissertation is to add to the development the knowledge base of bullying research with particular focus on processes of victimization within a Swedish context. The goal is to a contribute to understanding the consequences of being bullied by examining patterns of change in bullying victimization over time and how potential positive social interactions and relationships might promote the well-being of bullied children. A mix-methods research design was used, including quantitative data from a one-year longitudinal study, using individual data, from 3,347 pupils (grades 4 to 9, in 44 schools) and five in-depth qualitative interviews with former victims of bullying. From an overview of the research field it was concluded that there is a general shortage of theoretical perspectives within the field of bullying research. Correlation studies have linked negative health consequences with bullying. However, this kind of research design provides few insights into how and why bullied children experience the kinds of problems that they do. By adopting a theoretical understanding of how ‘self’ is realized through interactions with others, this dissertation moves beyond correlation- based explanations of the mechanisms behind the link between bullying and its consequences in order to be able to offer more targeted support for those schoolchildren who are, or have been subjected to bullying. An argument is made for the importance of understanding the social processes behind bullying It is argued that being subjected to bullying victimization is a transient life experience for about three quarters of the small cohort (about 7%) of Swedish schoolchildren who are victims of bullying at any one time. The trajectories of bullying experiences these children are unstable. However, the negative consequences are likely to remain even after the bullying has ceased. For others, the persistent victims (1.6%). the state of being bullied may become stable and continue over periods of years. Nevertheless, peers and teachers may serve as important resources in supporting transitory and continuing victims of bullying.

The effects of two consequence delivery methods on task acquisition were evaluated within a multi-element design. A typical 3 year-old child and a 4 year-old child with autism participated in this study. The task for both children was to select a picture after the experimenter said its name. The consequence in one condition consisted of the experimenter handing the edible item to the children. The consequence in the other condition consisted of the children retrieving the edible item directly from the apparatus, located in a crevice underneath each picture. Results show slightly quicker acquisition in the condition where children retrieved the edible consequence. However, it is possible that other variables had greater influence on the task acquisition.

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The 2007-2008 school year marked the first year Florida's Title I schools that did not made Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) for five consecutive years entered into restructuring as mandated by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. My study examines the perceptions of teachers entering into their first year of school restructuring due to failure to achieve AYP. Four research questions guided my inquiry: What are the perceptions of teachers regarding their school's failure to make Adequate Yearly Progress? What are the understandings of teachers regarding the restructuring process? What are the perceptions of teachers regarding the restructuring process? In what ways have their perceptions of the restructuring process changed their reading instruction? The purpose of this study is to gain insight into teachers' perceptions of AYP and its restructuring consequences. I applied grounded theory, ethnography as a research tool, and critical discourse analysis as a research tool to this organizational case study. Twelve teachers from Star Elementary School, a rural Title I elementary school, served as participants. I collected data using field notes, semi-structured interviews, and surveys. I collected data for a total of 148.25 hours over a period of 31 days at Star Elementary School. My analysis of the data revealed while teachers placed blame on students, parents, and policy makers, they also looked inwardly to their own shortfalls and contributions to AYP failure. Teachers understood the specific consequences related to AYP failure and demonstrated an understanding of data analysis of their student state test scores. Teachers did not demonstrate an understanding that NCLB (2001) allows for teachers to be part of the decision-making process regarding curriculum and instruction at their school. Teachers also reported decreased authority and autonomy due to Star's failure to make AYP. My research supports the Restructuring Inverse Impact Theory: consequences of NCLB's (2001) reform mandates intended to enhance student achievement may negatively impact that achievement due to the undermining of teacher efficacy.

The Priority Risk Index is increasingly used as a methodology for quantifying jurisdictional risk for hazard mitigation planning purposes, and it can evolve to meet specific community needs. The index incorporates probability, impact, spatial extent, warning time, and duration when assessing each hazard, but it does not explicitly integrate a vulnerability and consequence analysis into its final scoring. To address this gap, a new index was developed- the Enhanced Priority Risk Index (EPRI). The new index adds a sixth category, vulnerability, calculated from a vulnerability and consequence analysis of the impacts on seven sectors identified in Standard 4.1.2 of the Emergency Management Accreditation Program (EMAP). To obtain a vulnerability score, impacts are ranked by sector from low (1) to very high (4), then a weighting factor is applied to each sector. The vulnerability score is added to the EPRI and provides risk levels based on the number of exploitable weaknesses and countermeasures identified within a specific jurisdiction. The vulnerability score and resulting EPRI are scalable and can be applied across jurisdictions, providing a transferable methodology that improves the hazard identification and risk assessment process and provides an approach for meeting EMAP accreditation standards.

The master’s thesis discusses siphon pipes that are used to collect groundwater. The goal of work is to define the most frequent undesired events that may appear on siphon pipes, and verifying the individual springs. The work is addressed in accordance with the metodology of risk analysis WaterRisk. The content of the work is a summary of the hydraulic of siphon pipes and their use in practice, hazard identification, defining the most frequent undesired events and consequences on siphon pipes, and their verification in the spring in a particular case study.

No description available.

Background: Incorporating microtransactions has become a popular business model for video game publishers as it ultimately provides stability and reduces financial risk. While microtransactions are becoming increasingly prevalent, they do not come without trouble as they have been linked to unfair gameplay advantages and reduced satisfaction with the game. However, understanding and meeting players’ perceived values mean that developers can incorporate microtransactions more effectively and avoid such concerns. Problem: Despite comprehensive research and the consistent recognition of perceived values as having a significant impact on the propensity to purchase microtransactions, the existing literature has yielded inconclusive results regarding the precise extent of their influence. Furthermore, the current body of literature has mainly focused on multiplayer games which differ greatly in their nature compared with single-player games, meaning that these findings do not necessarily apply in a single-player environment. Thus, very little is known about what happens when the social element is absent in the game and more research is needed on single-player games to understand this impact, where perceptions can be explored in another setting yielding potentially different results. Purpose: The research seeks to examine the influence of social elements on players’ attitudes toward purchasing microtransactions and build a theoretical framework. With the absence of research on single-player games and the distinction to multiplayer modes, emergent findings will elaborate adjacent theories on microtransactional gaming and provide an increasingly nuanced understanding of the topic. Research Question: How does the social element of gaming impact players’ willingness to purchase microtransactions? Method: Ontology – Interpretivism; Epistemology – Social Constructionism; Methodology – Inductive Exploratory Multiple Case Study; Data Collection – 10 Semi-structured Interviews; Interview Technique – Laddering Technique; Sampling –Purposeful Sampling and Snowball Sampling; Data Analysis – Thematic Content Analysis. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence of four distinct perceived values, namely self-expression, emotional, convenience, and social, which exert influence on players' willingness to purchase microtransactions. Notably, the social aspects within the gaming environment were found to differentially impact each of these values. Furthermore, these perceived values were found to possess a temporal dimension, indicating whether the anticipated benefits would be realized immediately, in the future, or both. To determine the overall perceived value and purchase intent, players assess the expected benefits of perceived immediate and future value relative to the purchase's associated costs and perceived social risks.

In this survey, experienced social workers will give their view of how they perceive the level of knowledge in being able to respond to the complex needs of women exposed to violence in the "domestic violence" unit. Knowledge can be so much more than what you study at university. In order to possess good knowledge in social work, both empathy and common sense are required. By creating a good alliance with the client, a trust arises that makes the woman dare to tell her story, and the social worker can get the full picture of the woman's problems and needs. If the social worker lets norms and values guide the way of working, the woman will not dare to tell her story, she will feel judged in advance. This can lead to her problem giving her severe consequences if she does not get help with it. Being trusted can be crucial for many women if they want to turn to social services for support. The results of the study were analyzed based on the grassroots theory and the humanistic theory. The central result of the study was that the social workers within the domestic violence unit experienced the working alliance as very significant in their work. The study's results show that the social workers' experience of client work is good, and they have good knowledge within the profession. The challenge lies in having time to create trust and find out what the woman needs help with.