Os indivíduos são crescentemente demandados a fazerem escolhas em contextos com consequências severas, contudo esse tipo de decisão raramente tem sido considerado nos estudos de marketing. Em trocas com consequências severas, a confiança possui um papel chave, uma vez que essa reduz a incerteza percebida e ajuda o consumidor a formar expectativas mais precisas e consistentes sobre o serviço. Muitos estudos têm explorado os antecedentes cognitivos da confiança, entretanto, no caso específico de trocas com consequências severas, a cognição parece não ser suficiente para explicar a confiança do consumidor. Nesse contexto, o afeto também parece ser importante, principalmente devido ao consumidor muitas vezes não ter conhecimento suficiente para avaliar aspectos cognitivos, tal como, a competência do provedor de serviços. O principal propósito da presente tese é imvestigar o impacto do afeto comparado à cognição em trocas com consequências severas. O estudo também investiga o papel mediador da confiança na relação entre afeto e cognição e intenções comportamentais. Foram realizados quatro experimentos com estudantes de graduação utilizando o contexto de serviços médicos. No estudo 1, foi encontrado que em trocas com consequências severas, ambos afeto e cognição são importantes para a confiança inicial do consumidor e a confiança, por sua vez, exerce um papel de mediador na relação entre afeto e cognição e as intenções do consumidor em continuar o tratamento e buscar uma segunda opinião. No estudo 2, primeiramente, foi encontrado que em trocas com consequências severas, a satisfação do consumidor é mais alta quando a confiança é alta e a segunda opinião não está disponível. Nos estudos 3 e 4, explorou-se o contexto de trocas com consequências brandas. No extudo 3, encontrou-se que, independentemente do afeto, a confiança é alta quando a cognição é alta, comparando-se com situações onde a cognição é baixa. Também foi encontrado que em trocas com consequências brandas, a confiança media a relação entre afeto e cognição, e as intenções do consumidor em continuar o tratamento. Entretanto, não foi confirmada a hipótese que postulava que em trocas com consequências brandas, a confiança media a relação entre afeto e cognição; e as intenções do consumidor em buscar uma segunda opinião. No estudo 4, as intenções dos consumidores são maiores quando ambas confiança e conveniência são elevadas, comparando-se em situações onde uma ou ambas são mais baixas. Em suma, os achados sugerem que em trocas com consequências severas, a confiança será mais provável de emergir em situações onde o paciente percebe características afetivas e cognitivas no seu médico, e a confiança, por sua vez, influencia as intenções comportamentais do consumidor. A contribuição mais importante da presente tese é evidenciar que o afeto é um importante antecedente da confiança em trocas de serviços com consequências severas, contrastando assim com a negliência da literatura da confiança até o momento em relação a esse aspecto. / Individuals are increasingly expected to make choices in high-consequence contexts, and these kinds of decisions have been rarely considered. In high-consequence decisions, trust will have a key role, since it reduces the exchange uncertainty and helps the consumer to shape consistent and reliable expectations of the service. Several studies have addressed the cognitive antecedents of trust; however, in this specific case of high consequence choices, cognition seems not to be enough to explain consumer trust. In this context, affect also seems to become important; mainly because consumers may not have ability to evaluate the cognitive aspects, like providers’ competence, and moreover, in high consequence services, failure can be fatal. The main purpose of this study is to address the impact of affect compared to cognition on consumer trust in high consequence exchanges. We also investigate the mediator role of trust in the relationship between affect and cognition, and behavioral intentions. We performed four experiments between-subjects using undergraduate students who received extra credit to participate in the studies using the medical service context. In study 1, we found that in high consequence exchanges, both affect and cognition are important to build consumer initial trust, and trust in a key mediator in the relationship between affect and cognition and consumer intention to continue the treatment and seek a second opinion. In study 2, first, we found that in high consequence exchanges, consumers’ satisfaction is highest when trust is high and the second opinion presents the same diagnosis, in contrast to situations where trust is low and a second opinion isn't available. Second, we found that in high consequence exchanges, satisfaction mediates the relationship between trust and consumer’s intentions to continue the treatment; and between trust and consumer’s intentions to engage in word-of-mouth. In study 3 and 4 we investigated low consequence exchanges. In study 4, we found that, independently of affect, consumers’ trust is higher when cognition is high, in contrast to situations where cognition is low. We also found that in lowconsequence decisions, trust mediates the relationship between affect and cognition; and the consumer’s intention to continue the treatment. However, we didn’t confirm the hypothesis that postulates that in low-consequence decisions, trust mediates the relationship between affect and cognition; and consumer’s intention to seek a second opinion. In study 4, we found that consumer’s intentions will be highest when both trust and convenience are high, in contrast to situations where one or both are low. In sum, our findings suggest that trust is more likely to emerge when a patient perceives affective and cognitive abilities in his/her doctor; and trust influences patient behavioral intentions in high consequence situations. An important contribution of this study is that affect is an important antecedent of patient trust, and, nevertheless, it is not even considered in most studies which approach the construct in business-to-consumer in high consequence exchanges.

Os indivíduos são crescentemente demandados a fazerem escolhas em contextos com consequências severas, contudo esse tipo de decisão raramente tem sido considerado nos estudos de marketing. Em trocas com consequências severas, a confiança possui um papel chave, uma vez que essa reduz a incerteza percebida e ajuda o consumidor a formar expectativas mais precisas e consistentes sobre o serviço. Muitos estudos têm explorado os antecedentes cognitivos da confiança, entretanto, no caso específico de trocas com consequências severas, a cognição parece não ser suficiente para explicar a confiança do consumidor. Nesse contexto, o afeto também parece ser importante, principalmente devido ao consumidor muitas vezes não ter conhecimento suficiente para avaliar aspectos cognitivos, tal como, a competência do provedor de serviços. O principal propósito da presente tese é imvestigar o impacto do afeto comparado à cognição em trocas com consequências severas. O estudo também investiga o papel mediador da confiança na relação entre afeto e cognição e intenções comportamentais. Foram realizados quatro experimentos com estudantes de graduação utilizando o contexto de serviços médicos. No estudo 1, foi encontrado que em trocas com consequências severas, ambos afeto e cognição são importantes para a confiança inicial do consumidor e a confiança, por sua vez, exerce um papel de mediador na relação entre afeto e cognição e as intenções do consumidor em continuar o tratamento e buscar uma segunda opinião. No estudo 2, primeiramente, foi encontrado que em trocas com consequências severas, a satisfação do consumidor é mais alta quando a confiança é alta e a segunda opinião não está disponível. Nos estudos 3 e 4, explorou-se o contexto de trocas com consequências brandas. No extudo 3, encontrou-se que, independentemente do afeto, a confiança é alta quando a cognição é alta, comparando-se com situações onde a cognição é baixa. Também foi encontrado que em trocas com consequências brandas, a confiança media a relação entre afeto e cognição, e as intenções do consumidor em continuar o tratamento. Entretanto, não foi confirmada a hipótese que postulava que em trocas com consequências brandas, a confiança media a relação entre afeto e cognição; e as intenções do consumidor em buscar uma segunda opinião. No estudo 4, as intenções dos consumidores são maiores quando ambas confiança e conveniência são elevadas, comparando-se em situações onde uma ou ambas são mais baixas. Em suma, os achados sugerem que em trocas com consequências severas, a confiança será mais provável de emergir em situações onde o paciente percebe características afetivas e cognitivas no seu médico, e a confiança, por sua vez, influencia as intenções comportamentais do consumidor. A contribuição mais importante da presente tese é evidenciar que o afeto é um importante antecedente da confiança em trocas de serviços com consequências severas, contrastando assim com a negliência da literatura da confiança até o momento em relação a esse aspecto. / Individuals are increasingly expected to make choices in high-consequence contexts, and these kinds of decisions have been rarely considered. In high-consequence decisions, trust will have a key role, since it reduces the exchange uncertainty and helps the consumer to shape consistent and reliable expectations of the service. Several studies have addressed the cognitive antecedents of trust; however, in this specific case of high consequence choices, cognition seems not to be enough to explain consumer trust. In this context, affect also seems to become important; mainly because consumers may not have ability to evaluate the cognitive aspects, like providers’ competence, and moreover, in high consequence services, failure can be fatal. The main purpose of this study is to address the impact of affect compared to cognition on consumer trust in high consequence exchanges. We also investigate the mediator role of trust in the relationship between affect and cognition, and behavioral intentions. We performed four experiments between-subjects using undergraduate students who received extra credit to participate in the studies using the medical service context. In study 1, we found that in high consequence exchanges, both affect and cognition are important to build consumer initial trust, and trust in a key mediator in the relationship between affect and cognition and consumer intention to continue the treatment and seek a second opinion. In study 2, first, we found that in high consequence exchanges, consumers’ satisfaction is highest when trust is high and the second opinion presents the same diagnosis, in contrast to situations where trust is low and a second opinion isn't available. Second, we found that in high consequence exchanges, satisfaction mediates the relationship between trust and consumer’s intentions to continue the treatment; and between trust and consumer’s intentions to engage in word-of-mouth. In study 3 and 4 we investigated low consequence exchanges. In study 4, we found that, independently of affect, consumers’ trust is higher when cognition is high, in contrast to situations where cognition is low. We also found that in lowconsequence decisions, trust mediates the relationship between affect and cognition; and the consumer’s intention to continue the treatment. However, we didn’t confirm the hypothesis that postulates that in low-consequence decisions, trust mediates the relationship between affect and cognition; and consumer’s intention to seek a second opinion. In study 4, we found that consumer’s intentions will be highest when both trust and convenience are high, in contrast to situations where one or both are low. In sum, our findings suggest that trust is more likely to emerge when a patient perceives affective and cognitive abilities in his/her doctor; and trust influences patient behavioral intentions in high consequence situations. An important contribution of this study is that affect is an important antecedent of patient trust, and, nevertheless, it is not even considered in most studies which approach the construct in business-to-consumer in high consequence exchanges.

Os indivíduos são crescentemente demandados a fazerem escolhas em contextos com consequências severas, contudo esse tipo de decisão raramente tem sido considerado nos estudos de marketing. Em trocas com consequências severas, a confiança possui um papel chave, uma vez que essa reduz a incerteza percebida e ajuda o consumidor a formar expectativas mais precisas e consistentes sobre o serviço. Muitos estudos têm explorado os antecedentes cognitivos da confiança, entretanto, no caso específico de trocas com consequências severas, a cognição parece não ser suficiente para explicar a confiança do consumidor. Nesse contexto, o afeto também parece ser importante, principalmente devido ao consumidor muitas vezes não ter conhecimento suficiente para avaliar aspectos cognitivos, tal como, a competência do provedor de serviços. O principal propósito da presente tese é imvestigar o impacto do afeto comparado à cognição em trocas com consequências severas. O estudo também investiga o papel mediador da confiança na relação entre afeto e cognição e intenções comportamentais. Foram realizados quatro experimentos com estudantes de graduação utilizando o contexto de serviços médicos. No estudo 1, foi encontrado que em trocas com consequências severas, ambos afeto e cognição são importantes para a confiança inicial do consumidor e a confiança, por sua vez, exerce um papel de mediador na relação entre afeto e cognição e as intenções do consumidor em continuar o tratamento e buscar uma segunda opinião. No estudo 2, primeiramente, foi encontrado que em trocas com consequências severas, a satisfação do consumidor é mais alta quando a confiança é alta e a segunda opinião não está disponível. Nos estudos 3 e 4, explorou-se o contexto de trocas com consequências brandas. No extudo 3, encontrou-se que, independentemente do afeto, a confiança é alta quando a cognição é alta, comparando-se com situações onde a cognição é baixa. Também foi encontrado que em trocas com consequências brandas, a confiança media a relação entre afeto e cognição, e as intenções do consumidor em continuar o tratamento. Entretanto, não foi confirmada a hipótese que postulava que em trocas com consequências brandas, a confiança media a relação entre afeto e cognição; e as intenções do consumidor em buscar uma segunda opinião. No estudo 4, as intenções dos consumidores são maiores quando ambas confiança e conveniência são elevadas, comparando-se em situações onde uma ou ambas são mais baixas. Em suma, os achados sugerem que em trocas com consequências severas, a confiança será mais provável de emergir em situações onde o paciente percebe características afetivas e cognitivas no seu médico, e a confiança, por sua vez, influencia as intenções comportamentais do consumidor. A contribuição mais importante da presente tese é evidenciar que o afeto é um importante antecedente da confiança em trocas de serviços com consequências severas, contrastando assim com a negliência da literatura da confiança até o momento em relação a esse aspecto. / Individuals are increasingly expected to make choices in high-consequence contexts, and these kinds of decisions have been rarely considered. In high-consequence decisions, trust will have a key role, since it reduces the exchange uncertainty and helps the consumer to shape consistent and reliable expectations of the service. Several studies have addressed the cognitive antecedents of trust; however, in this specific case of high consequence choices, cognition seems not to be enough to explain consumer trust. In this context, affect also seems to become important; mainly because consumers may not have ability to evaluate the cognitive aspects, like providers’ competence, and moreover, in high consequence services, failure can be fatal. The main purpose of this study is to address the impact of affect compared to cognition on consumer trust in high consequence exchanges. We also investigate the mediator role of trust in the relationship between affect and cognition, and behavioral intentions. We performed four experiments between-subjects using undergraduate students who received extra credit to participate in the studies using the medical service context. In study 1, we found that in high consequence exchanges, both affect and cognition are important to build consumer initial trust, and trust in a key mediator in the relationship between affect and cognition and consumer intention to continue the treatment and seek a second opinion. In study 2, first, we found that in high consequence exchanges, consumers’ satisfaction is highest when trust is high and the second opinion presents the same diagnosis, in contrast to situations where trust is low and a second opinion isn't available. Second, we found that in high consequence exchanges, satisfaction mediates the relationship between trust and consumer’s intentions to continue the treatment; and between trust and consumer’s intentions to engage in word-of-mouth. In study 3 and 4 we investigated low consequence exchanges. In study 4, we found that, independently of affect, consumers’ trust is higher when cognition is high, in contrast to situations where cognition is low. We also found that in lowconsequence decisions, trust mediates the relationship between affect and cognition; and the consumer’s intention to continue the treatment. However, we didn’t confirm the hypothesis that postulates that in low-consequence decisions, trust mediates the relationship between affect and cognition; and consumer’s intention to seek a second opinion. In study 4, we found that consumer’s intentions will be highest when both trust and convenience are high, in contrast to situations where one or both are low. In sum, our findings suggest that trust is more likely to emerge when a patient perceives affective and cognitive abilities in his/her doctor; and trust influences patient behavioral intentions in high consequence situations. An important contribution of this study is that affect is an important antecedent of patient trust, and, nevertheless, it is not even considered in most studies which approach the construct in business-to-consumer in high consequence exchanges.

[pt] Neste trabalho apresenta-se um procedimento para a avaliação da Integridade Estrutural em máquinas de levantamento e movimentação de materiais utilizando a metodologia de Inspeção Baseada em Risco (IBR), com o objetivo de identificar as partes com maior risco de falha. Esta metodologia avalia tanto as Probabilidades de falha como as Consequências de falha para identificar os pontos críticos que serão analisados com prioridade nos programas de inspeção futuros. Um guincho hidráulico de pequeno porte é usado como exemplo da aplicação deste procedimento a equipamentos de grande porte. No desenvolvimento desta metodologia executa-se uma análise detalhada das tensões envolvidas nos principais pontos da máquina, considerando o cálculo analítico, cálculo numérico, medições experimentais e análise de incertezas. Para o cálculo das probabilidades de falha foram considerados os seguintes mecanismos de dano: colapso plástico por carregamento excessivo, fadiga e corrosão. As probabilidades de falha para cada mecanismo são calculadas e classificadas em diferentes níveis, assim como as consequências de falha, o que origina diferentes níveis de risco. / [en] This report presents a procedure for the assesment of Structural Integrity of material lifting and handling machinery, using the methodology of Risk Based Inspection (IBR - Inspeção Baseada em Risco) in order to indentify the parts with high risk of failure. This methodology assesses both probabilities of failure and consequences of failure to identify the critical points; those will be analyzed with priority in future inspection programs. A small hydraulic hoist is used as an example of this procedure applying to big equipments. A detailed strain analysis is carried out for the most important points of the equipment. The strain analysis consider analytic calculations, numeric calculations, experimental measurements and related uncertainly evaluations. In order to calculate the probabilities of failure, the followings damage mechanisms were considered: plastic collapse by excessive loading, fatigue and corrosion. The failure probabilities for each mechanism are calculated and classificated in different levels, as well as failure consequences, that originate different risk levels.

The master thesis deals with an additional insurance to a life insurance. In the first chapter I focus on an origin of life insurance and on a number of subjects, which works in the Czech insurance market now compared with the past. In the second chapter I divide life insurance into categories and explain the differences between insurance and a system of insurance. In the third chapter I describe the substance of life insurance, explain important words, which are associated with the system of insurance and I describe forms of life insurance, which we can see at the present time. The fourth chapter belongs to a company Partners For Life Planning, a. s., and its business partners. In the last chapter I deal with the additional insurance of invalidism and the additional insurance of a permanent consequence of injury. With both additional insurances I start describing that insurance, continue with an analysis of products of a chosen insurance company and I finish that chapter with a table and a summary.

Four elementary school children were tested on 120 words containing the short e (e.g., ten, pen) and short a (e.g., tan, pan) sounds. Words were tested in the hear-write (H/W) and see-say (S/S) channels. No programmed consequences were scheduled during baseline (BL) tests 1-3. After BL, an error analysis categorized words based on channel error and topography of error. Praise was delivered during tests 4-6 for correct responses. Children's responses were variable within channel and across channels for a majority of words. By the end of the praise phase, there was a decrease in the number of words with errors, for all children in their error word group. Error topographies began to stabilize for some words during praise.

The thesis is focused on the identification, quantification and assessment of risks in the supply of drinking water, the application of appropriate methods for specific public water supply, the environment and operation. WaterRisk method based on EN 31010 Risk Management - Techniques of risk assessment methods are chosen - analysis of possible defects and their consequences (FMEA), Pareto diagram and Ishikawa diagram. The aim of the thesis is analyze and assess the quality, environmental and safety risks to the public water supply system and use tools for their management and elimination. The results will be compared and evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of each analysis.

The underlying concern for this research was the increasing numbers of reported culpability of organizational leaders' involvement in unethical practices, and the lack of previous literature on organizational factors that encourage unethical practices by organizational leaders in Nigeria. The purpose of this case study was to gain an understanding of the factors that encourage unethical practices by organizational leaders in Nigeria despite having ethical leadership skills and knowledge. This study was grounded in the framework of moral development theory by Lawrence Kohlberg, also known as the cognitive developmental theory of moralization. Data were gathered from document reviews from public library of the Economic and Financial Crime Commission, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and semistructured interviews sessions with 18 purposefully selected leaders, 9 each from 2 organizations from the telecommunication sector of the Nigerian economy. The interview consisted of 12 open ended semistructured questions. Fourteen themes emerged from the initial data analysis and were further classified into the 4 focus areas for the study: highly ethically aware leaders, lack of consequence leadership, compromises and organizational reputation, and focus on employees' needs. Key findings from this study indicate a potentially new area of study, consequence leadership, that should be considered by other researchers for future development. The study was socially significant because organizational practitioners have the potential to bring about a new generation of ethical leaders based on these findings, and thereby be leaders of positive social change in Nigeria.

The main purpose of this multiple case study is to investigate how high school history teachers in Sweden use historical explanations in their classroom teaching.  Specifically, the study explores how explanations are constructed in the clasroom interactions, and what thinking tools, if any, the teachers use to help students grasp central aspects of the historical explanation in question. The case study is based upon observation data from the classrooms of five Swedish high school teachers. A theoretical underpinning of this study is that historical explanations are best understood as cases of complex causality. In order to describe these cases as they are presented in the context of a classroom, a model for analysis is used which draws upon research conclusions from several fields, chiefly instructional theory (Gaea Leinhardt), theory of history (C.Behan McCullagh) and historical thinking (Peter Seixas). The study presents each teacher as a separate case in one chapter, while another chapter focuses on what different tools each teacher uses in his/her explanations. In the last empirical chapter, the teachers’ explanations are discussed in relation to how they emphasize and relate to diffent historical thinking concepts. The study shows that while explanations are intimately interconnected with causality, their use is intertwined with other historical thinking concepts. Furthermore,  teachers use a multitude of different tools when working with  explanations. While certain tools aim at reinforcing students’ thinking about causality, they may simultaneously weaken the explanation’s value for something else, such as historical empathy. Thus, the importance of planning for specific teaching objectives is emphasized by the study. / Förmågan att resonera om orsaker och konsekvenser för att därigenom förklara historiska skeenden är en central förmåga i historisk kunskap. Hur gör lärare när de arbetar med historiska förklaringar i undervisningen? Den frågan är utgångspunkten för denna studie, som bygger på klassrumsstudier av fem yrkesverksamma historielärares undervisning. Särskild vikt läggs vid att identifiera olika redskap som lärarna använder för att tydliggöra olika aspekter av förklaringar i undervisningen.  Undersökningen visar hur förklaringar i undervisningspraktiken påverkas av faktorer som kursinnehåll, elevgrupp och undervisningens målsättningar. Ett antal didaktiska redskap för att arbeta med förklaringar identifieras. Vidare visar undersökningen också hur förklaringar i undervisningspraktiken kan vara sammanflätade med andra aspekter av historisk kunskap, som historisk empati och källhantering.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine how a theology regarding artificial intelligence best could be formulated in concern of consequences for a christian view of human nature. This purpose is examined by means of a comparative study of consequences derived from four different perspectives on the emergence of AI and the theoretical implications of its relation with mankind. As premise for what is considered a desired, respectively an undesired consequence, the minimum amount of human suffering is used conditioning the possibility of living a good life. In conducting the analysis, Leslie Stevensons theory of humanity in relation to God is used to interpret the christian view of human nature and a general wide theory of AI based on Cornel Du Toits definition is applied. My assessment of the researched consequences ends in a proposal for a constructive christian theology which argues for the necessity of placing a high value on a human capacity for vulnerability. This is because it enables invaluable human qualities such as empathy and compassion. Qualities that also should  lead the way and be modeled into a concern for all of creation, whether it is considered natural or artificial.