Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

La majorité des adolescents québécois auront consommé une substance psychoactive avant la fin de leurs études secondaires. Parmi les facteurs ayant une influence sur cette consommation, on retrouve les normes sociales, dont les normes descriptives. Ce mémoire vise à évaluer l’impact des normes descriptives du milieu scolaire sur les comportements d’usage de cannabis chez les adolescents québécois, ainsi que sur les méfaits attribués à cette consommation. Cette étude examine les liens entre l’écart de perception de prévalence de consommation de cannabis au sein d’une école et la consommation ainsi que les conséquences attribuées à cet usage par les élèves. De plus, elle examine le rôle modérateur des écarts de perception de la prévalence de consommation sur la progression de la consommation, ainsi que sur le lien entre la consommation de cannabis en secondaire 4 et des conséquences attribuées à cette consommation un an plus tard. Provenant de la Stratégie d’Intervention Agir Autrement, l’échantillon de cette étude est constitué de 1601 élèves suivis de secondaire 2 à secondaire 5. Des analyses de régression logistique multinomiale ont été conduites et ont montré que plus les élèves surestiment la prévalence de consommation de cannabis au sein de leur école, plus ils ont de chance de consommer du cannabis et d’attribuer des conséquences négatives à leur consommation un an plus tard. Les résultats ont également montré un effet modérateur positif de l’écart de perception de la prévalence sur la progression de la consommation de cannabis de secondaire 4 à 5, spécifiquement chez les élèves ayant une faible consommation en secondaire 4. Finalement, les résultats ont montré un deuxième effet modérateur de l’écart de perception de prévalence, celui-ci sur le lien entre la consommation de cannabis en secondaire 4 et l’attribution de conséquences négatives à cette consommation un an plus tard. Précisément, les élèves ayant une faible consommation et qui surestiment la prévalence de consommation de cannabis au sein de leur école auront plus de chance d’attribuer plusieurs méfaits à leur consommation en secondaire 5 que d’en attribuer aucun. Par contre, les élèves ayant une consommation de cannabis élevée en secondaire 4 ne rapportent pas plus ni moins de conséquences selon leur estimation de prévalence. Les implications de ces résultats sont discutées. / Substance use in adolescence is a relatively common behavior. By the end of high school, a majority of Quebec teenagers will have experimented with psychoactive drugs or alcohol. Among the multiple factors influencing substance use are the social norms, namely the descriptive norms. This study evaluates the impact of the misperception of descriptive norms within the school context on marijuana use and its related consequences. Specifically, this study examines the relationship between the misperception of prevalence of cannabis use within a high school and the actual use of marijuana and its attributed related consequences. It also examines the moderating role of misperception of cannabis use prevalence on the progression of marijuana usage, and on the relationship between cannabis use in 10th grade and its attributed consequences a year later. Using data from the New Approaches, New Solutions intervention strategy, 1601 high school students were followed from grade 8 through grade 11. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted and have indicated that the more the students overestimate the prevalence of cannabis use, the more chances they have to use marijuana themselves and attribute negative consequences to their cannabis use a year later. Results have also shown a moderating effect of the misperception of prevalence of cannabis use on the progression of marijuana use from grade 10 to 11, particularly with the students using marijuana occasionally in grade 10. Results also indicate a moderating effect of the misperception of prevalence of school wide cannabis use on the relationship between marijuana use in grade 10 and attributed consequences a year later. Specifically, students using marijuana occasionally and who overestimate the prevalence of cannabis use by their school peers will have more chances of attributing more than three consequences to their drug use in grade 11 than to attribute no harm to it whereas students who use marijuana frequently in grade 10 do not attribute consequences in accordance with their estimation of the prevalence of cannabis use by their school peers. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

A percepção crescente da sociedade em relação aos perigos inerentes às instalações industriais que manipulam grandes inventários de substâncias perigosas faz com que a ferramenta análise quantitativa de risco ganhe importância na complexa discussão sobre a viabilidade destes empreendimentos, no intuito de promover a ocupação adequada do solo na área urbana e prevenir a ocorrência do chamado acidente maior. Contudo, para se chegar à expressão de risco de uma determinada instalação industrial deve-se aplicar um conjunto de técnicas e de modelos matemáticos, entre os quais estão os modelos de dispersão atmosférica, usados para se estimar a área afetada na vizinhança da mesma por liberações acidentais que levam à formação de nuvens de substâncias químicas na atmosfera. Em decorrência da complexidade inerente ao próprio processo de dispersão atmosférica, especialmente no que tange aos denominados gases densos, existe uma diversidade de modelos que podem ser aplicados no escopo da análise de risco, o que leva a seus usuários, naturalmente, ao questionamento sobre a suscetibilidade dos resultados finais ao tipo de modelagem adotada. Neste sentido, este trabalho estuda o processo de dispersão atmosférica de nuvens densas formadas em liberações acidentais, identificando as principais possibilidades de modelagem deste processo e, ao final, apresenta um estudo de caso demonstrando que diferentes modelagens desta dispersão, comumente empregadas em análise de risco de instalações industriais, podem produzir variações na estimativa do risco de uma mesma instalação e, portanto, influenciar as decisões baseadas em risco. / The concern of the society about the risks posed by activities that deal with hazardous substances has increased in an environment strongly industrialized and with high population density in view of the inherent potential hazards of them as well as the impact of recent accidental episodes, even though their benefits provided. In this context the quantitative risk analysis is presented as an essential tool to assess the risk of these activities and compose a complex discussion about its feasibility. Some of these accident scenarios may involve the formation of a hazardous product cloud and its subsequent air dispersion in the off-site region when an accidental released take place and one should apply the so-called atmospheric dispersion models for estimating the consequences of the releases. Due to the complexity involved in this atmospheric dispersion process, there is a wide variety of mathematical models that can be applied for estimating the offsite consequences of the accidental releases leading, naturally, to one wonder whether the final risk expression of a facility is susceptible to these differences. Often in the world of industrial use of hazardous materials, toxic or flammable there is a possibility that these accidental releases produce clouds that are denser than air, a situation that demands even more attention in terms of risk aspects involved. Then, this dissertation studies the process of atmospheric dispersion of heavier-than-air clouds produced after an accidental release, identifying the main ways of modelling the process and presents a case study comparing different dispersion models that demonstrates that the final expression of risk of a typical installation can be different when it is used different dispersion model in the process.

A doutrina costuma apontar como efeitos dos fatos jurídicos a criação, a modificação ou a extinção de relações jurídicas. Os textos doutrinários normalmente desenvolvem o estudo dos fatos jurídicos que criam relações jurídicas; o presente trabalho, porém, se dedica aos fatos jurídicos tendentes a modificar relações jurídicas anteriormente criadas, restringindo-se ao campo das obrigações. Primeiramente, deve-se buscar um critério: modificação do direito isolado ou da relação jurídica? Como nas relações jurídicas complexas há diversos direitos e deveres recíprocos, a extinção de um direito pode levar apenas à modificação da relação jurídica integralmente considerada. Se Savigny já entendia que um juízo acerca do direito só pode ser verdadeiro quando fundado na compreensão completa da relação jurídica, hoje há renovadas razões para que se adote um critério relacional: a relação obrigacional tem sido vista como um processo, o que leva a um reforço de sua identidade com a inclusão de um elemento finalístico. As ideias de modificação e identidade estão vinculadas, pois, se a \"modificação\" leva à perda da identidade, a relação jurídica na verdade foi extinta. Quanto ao tema das modificações, a maior parte da doutrina parece tratar apenas da \"transmissão das obrigações\". Outros, ao lado dessas modificações subjetivas, tratam de modificações objetivas, normalmente restringindo-se às efetuadas por negócio jurídico. A classificação de Pontes de Miranda, porém, parece servir de referencial para o presente trabalho: quanto às modificações \"sem quebra da identidade da relação jurídica\", o autor aponta modificações negociais, alterações por dolo e culpa, por força maior e caso fortuito, por impossibilidade de adimplemento e, por fim, por mora do devedor e do credor. / Current legal theory generally considers the effects of legal facts (those resulting from the correlation between facts and norms) on the creation, modification or termination of legal relationships. While most authors addresses how legal facts create these relationships, the present study is devoted to legal facts tending to modify the legal relationship, particularly in the field of the Law of Obligations (duty to perform). At first, a criterion must be determined: modification of the isolated right or modification of the Obligation? In \"complex\" obligational relationships, there are many mutual rights and duties, such that the extinction of a right can result only in the modification of the relationship fully considered. Long ago, Savigny asserted that a reasonable analysis of a right must be based on a thorough understanding of the legal relationship at issue. There are now renewed reasons to adopt these relational criteria when analyzing legal relationships. The obligational relationship may be seen as a process, which leads to the reinforcement of its identity with the inclusion of a finalistic element. The ideas of modification and identity are linked, because if a \"change\" leads to the loss of identity, the legal relationship may, in fact, have been terminated. Most of the authors on the subject of modifications addresses the \"transfer of obligations\". Some other studies, beside these subjective modifications, addresses objective modifications, usually restricted to those made by agreement. The \"Pontes de Miranda\" classification, may serve as a useful reference when analyzing the issue of modifications. The author points to modifications by agreement, changes by dolus and culpa (fault, tort law and breach of contract), by force majeure or unforeseeable circumstances, impossibility of performance, and, ultimately, by the mora debitoris and mora creditoris/accipiendi (default, delay of performance) as modifications \"without breaking the identity of the legal relationship\".

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-17T19:47:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fabricioluisdeandrade.pdf: 7057434 bytes, checksum: a55af7d732de984b9bfdfca483496632 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T15:12:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fabricioluisdeandrade.pdf: 7057434 bytes, checksum: a55af7d732de984b9bfdfca483496632 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T15:12:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fabricioluisdeandrade.pdf: 7057434 bytes, checksum: a55af7d732de984b9bfdfca483496632 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-04 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar e detalhar pontos com risco para movimentos de massa - na tipologia movimento de blocos rochosos - na área tombada do Morro do Cristo em Juiz de Fora, MG, bem como a percepção deste risco por parte da população residente nas áreas consideradas mais vulneráveis junto ao sopé da mesma. O estudo foi desenvolvido na porção compreendida pelo polígono estabelecido pelas ruas Espírito Santo e São Sebastião, sentido N-S e pela vertente tombada do Morro do Cristo e a Av. Olegário Maciel, sentido WE. O estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas: na primeira etapa buscou-se identificar e avaliar a estabilidade dos blocos de rocha com dimensões iguais ou superiores a 100x100x100cm. Para tanto, foi utilizada a ficha de avaliação de estabilidade de blocos rochosos (BRASIL, 2011). Na segunda etapa identificou-se as tipologias dos movimentos dos blocos classificados como instáveis e muito instáveis (INFANTI e FORNASARI, 1998). Na terceira etapa verificou-se a percepção de risco que os moradores das áreas mais vulneráveis possuem, por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, que foram transcritas e tiveram seu conteúdo analisado conforme Bardin (1977). Na quarta e última etapa foram elaboradas uma árvore de falhas e um diagrama de causa e consequência (ROCHA, 2005). Um total de trinta (30) blocos foram identificados e avaliados, sendo que destes, três (3) se encontravam instáveis e dez (10) muito instáveis. As quedas e rolamentos mostraram-se como os movimentos comuns no local. Os resultados das entrevistas revelaram uma baixa percepção do risco por parte dos moradores. Consequências naturais e/ou antrópicas são as causas possíveis para as quedas e/ou rolamentos de blocos de rocha. As medidas para a redução da instabilidade dos blocos de rocha e conseqüente redução do risco no local consistem em intervenções de responsabilidade do poder público. A partir desses dados é possível apontar a condição de alto risco para movimento de blocos de rocha na área de estudo. / This research had as its objective to identify and detail risky points for mass movements – in the rock block movement typology – in the protected area of Morro do Cristo in Juiz de Fora, MG, as well as the perception of this risk by part of the population residing in the areas considered to be more vulnerable by its foothills. The study was developed in the part surrounded by the polygon made by the streets Espírito Santo and São Sebastião, running N-S and by the protected slope of Morro do Cristo and Av. Olegário Maciel, running W-E. the study was divided in four stages: on the first stage we sought to identify and evaluate the stability of the rock blocks with dimensions of or above 100x100x100cm. For that we used the rock block stabilization evaluation form (BRASIL, 2011). On the second stage we identified the movement typology of the blocks classified as unstable and very unstable (INFANTI and FORNASARI, 1998). On the third stage we elaborated a tree of faults and a diagram of cause and effect (ROCHA, 2005). On the fourth and last stage we verified the perception of risk that the residents of the more vulnerable areas suffer by means of semistructured interview, which were transcribed and had their content analyzed according to Bardin (1977). A total of thirty (30) were identified and evaluated, out of them, three (3) were found unstable and ten (10) very unstable. The falls and rolls presented themselves as common movements in the place. The results of the interviews revealed a low perception of risk by part of the residents. Natural and/or man-made consequences are the possible causes for the falls and/or rolls of rock blocks. The measures for the reduction of the instability of the rock blocks and consequent reduction of risk in the place are interventions liable to the public authorities. From this data it is possible to point out a high-risk condition for the rock block movements in the studied area.

The diploma thesis is focused on risk analysis of water supply system in a small community. The WaterRisk project was solved by using tools of risk management including risk identification and quantification in the field of public water supply systems. Methodology and software for the risk management of water supply were evolved by using this project. In this thesis there is applied the methodology to the water supply system of Hradek village. The hydraulic analysis was performed for a thorough knowledge of water supply and its characteristic behavior. Risk analysis could be performed thanks to the knowledge of the entire system, its working and the most common faults. Analysis results are evaluated and compared for the water supply system which is consider like a system simple and complex. The corrective actions eliminate number of risks. These actions were proposed like a part of complex methodology. Further, there were determined optimal costs which corresponds with these corrective actions.

学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館 / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(総合学術) / 甲第24056号 / 総総博第25号 / 新制||総総||4(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻 / (主査)教授 山敷 庸亮, 教授 寶 馨, 教授 池田 裕一, 佐藤 達彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy / Kyoto University / DFAM

Arctic Canada has seen significant ecological changes since the 1990s, leading to sea ice melt, increased temperatures, and increased accessibility to the Northwest Passage. The increased accessibility to the Northwest Passage has allowed for vessels to easily access maritime routes that were not previously accessible. Changes to the Arctic landscape has led to the beginning of open water shipping seasons in Arctic waters, attracting international audiences for trade, tourism, fisheries, and other economic activity. This new passageway increases options for companies to reduce costs in shipping, while also facilitating new and emerging hazards and risks for operational vessels. Comprehensive risk analysis and full assessments need to be completed to aid policy- and decision-makers to support and manage the increasing maritime traffic in Canadian Arctic waters. To fill this knowledge gap, the overarching aim of this master’s level research was to identify and preliminarily evaluate a comprehensive list of hazards (impact drivers) and risks (future impacts) for Maritime ship operations within Arctic Canada and to complete a preliminary assessment of identified maritime shipping hazards and risks throughout Arctic Canada. Hazards and risks were identified using several text-based sources, including social media, grey literature, and peer reviewed journal articles, in order to conduct a comprehensive content analysis to identify the perspectives and trends emerging among the online community. Natural language processing methods were then used, such as word frequencies, word correlation, and topic modelling to identify key phrases, terminology, and thematic groups. This allowed for the creation of an inventory of relevant hazard and risk themes and categories that could be used as a strong basis for informing a risk analysis. Emerging themes included: sea ice, navigability issues, geopolitical concerns, and operational challenges, among others. Following the identification of hazard and risk factors, a ‘failure modes, effects, and criticality analysis’ (FMECA) approach was used, along with a consequence-probability Rettinger ix matrix, as means of performing a preliminary risk analysis. The method enables the collection of information regarding hazard and risk descriptors, consequence, probability, control mechanisms, impacts, and data quality information, to establish a validated risk rating score. Risk rating scores are calculated using consequences and probability scores to determine average risk ratings for individual hazards and risks and at the sector-based category level. A total of 154 variables were inventoried: 55 hazards were identified and 99 risks were noted that influence maritime ship operations in Arctic Canada. Five variables were classified as ‘VERY HIGH’: three hazards (hydrocarbon releases, transportation of dangerous goods, and multiyear sea ice) and two risks (community member displacement and socioeconomic impacts on indigenous peoples). Five thematic groups were seen as priority risk ratings, two of which identified with “HIGH” data quality indexes (Sea Ice, Environmental). A total of 35 hazards and 36 risks are recommended for further investigation, being classified with a ‘VERY HIGH’ or ‘HIGH’ data quality score. Results of this research supports a preliminary attempt at a comprehensive risk analysis that can be used in the future to conduct a full risk assessment.

Partant des travaux séminaux de Boole, Frege et Russell, le mémoire cherche à clarifier l‟enjeu du pluralisme logique à l‟ère de la prolifération des logiques non-classiques et des développements en informatique théorique et en théorie des preuves. Deux chapitres plus « historiques » sont à l‟ordre du jour : (1) le premier chapitre articule l‟absolutisme de Frege et Russell en prenant soin de montrer comment il exclut la possibilité d‟envisager des structures et des logiques alternatives; (2) le quatrième chapitre expose le chemin qui mena Carnap à l‟adoption de la méthode syntaxique et du principe de tolérance, pour ensuite dégager l‟instrumentalisme carnapien en philosophie de la Logique et des mathématiques. Passant par l‟analyse d‟une interprétation intuitive de la logique linéaire, le deuxième chapitre se tourne ensuite vers l‟établissement d‟une forme logico-mathématique de pluralisme logique à l‟aide de la théorie des relations d‟ordre et la théorie des catégories. Le troisième chapitre délimite le terrain de jeu des positions entourant le débat entre monisme et pluralisme puis offre un argument contre la thèse qui veut que le conflit entre logiques rivales soit apparent, le tout grâce à l‟utilisation du point de vue des logiques sous-structurelles. Enfin, le cinquième chapitre démontre que chacune des trois grandes approches au concept de conséquence logique (modèle-théorétique, preuve-théorétique et dialogique) forme un cadre suffisamment général pour établir un pluralisme. Bref, le mémoire est une défense du pluralisme logique. / Starting from the seminal work of Boole, Frege and Russell, the dissertation seeks to clarify the issue of logical pluralism in the era of the proliferation of non-classical logics and the developments in theoretical computer science and proof theory. Two “historical” chapters are scheduled: the first chapter articulate the absolutism of Frege and Russell, taking care to show how it condemns the possibility to consider alternative structures and logics; the fourth chapter describes the path that led Carnap from the adoption of the syntactic method to the formulation of the principle of tolerance, then goes on to display Carnap‟s instrumentalism in philosophy of Logic and mathematics. Opening with the analysis of an intuitive interpretation of linear logic, the second chapter then turns to the establishment of a form of logico-mathematical pluralism with the help of order theory and category theory. The third chapter delineates the playground of revisionism (philosophical positions surrounding the debate between monism and pluralism) and then provides an argument against the thesis that denies the reality of the conflict between rival logics, all this being done by adopting the substructural logic point of view. The fifth chapter shows that each of the three main approaches to the concept of logical consequence (model-theoretic, proof-theoretic and dialogical) supplies a framework sufficiently general to establish pluralism. In short, the dissertation is a defence of logical pluralism.

Abstract The aim with this study is to examine how practicing history teachers in upper secondary school deal with historical thinking concepts. The three main questions are: which concepts do teachers use in their courses and when do they use them? How can teachers’ use of different historical thinking concepts be described in terms of reconstruction and construction? What factors influence teachers when they work with historical thinking concepts?   To answer these questions, the material, for example tests, lesson plans and notes of seven teachers has been analyzed. These analysis were followed by interviews with the teachers.   The empirical data have been handled in two steps. The first step is a survey of what historical thinking concepts teachers use and when they use them. The survey was done as a detailed reading of the teachers’ material. In this survey two historical thinking concepts, evidence and cause and consequence, have been selected for further analysis, which is the second step.   The results show that when teachers deal with the historical thinking concept of evidence they show their students models and ways to handle evidence. This is not the case when teachers handle the historical thinking concept of cause and consequence. Models are shown here as well but not to the same extent. The result also shows that the teachers’ handling of evidence in a greater extent leads to construction compared with their handling of cause and consequence.   The explanations provided in the study also point to the different character between the two concepts and what form of test the teachers’ use and what words are used to communicate for example cause and consequence. Furthermore, the explanations also indicate that the teachers’ view of what historical knowledge contains of, together with what kind of students and what other subject they teach play some part in their dealing with historical thinking concepts. / Vilka tankeredskap hanterar historielärare i sin undervisning och när framkommer dessa i de kurser lärare undervisar i? Hur hanterar lärare tankeredskap i termer av rekonstruktion och konstruktion? Dessa frågor ställs i denna studie som bygger på en analys av sju lärares undervisningsmaterial och på uppföljande intervjuer med lärarna. I den första delen kartläggs de tankeredskap som lärare hanterar i hela kurser som de undervisar i. Ett resultat av denna del är att orsak och konsekvens är det dominerande tankeredskapet som lärare hanterar. Ett annat resultat är att tankeredskapens förekomst i lärarnas kurser uppvisar stora variationer. I den andra delen sker en fördjupad analys av två tankeredskap, källor och källkritik samt orsak och konsekvens. I denna analys framkommer att lärarnas hanterande av källor och källkritik i större utsträckning kan beskrivas i termer av konstruktion, jämfört med lärarnas hanterande av orsak och konsekvens. I analysen framkommer också att lärare kan hantera tankeredskap i två steg; det som i studien kallas tankeredskap som modell respektive tankeredskap som process. / <p>Ingår i CSD-serien.</p> / Ingår i CSD-serien