The Greater Chassahowitkza Ecosystem black bear (Ursus americanus floridanus) population of west-central Florida is likely to be the smallest documented population of the species. It has experienced almost no recruitment since 1997 and exhibits behavior that appears to be a response to human activities. The local diet is dominated by the fruit of saw palmetto and sabal palm, species that exhibit patchy distributions and irregular mast production. These food supplies are often separated by busy highways that have killed 6 bears since 1997, 21% of known individuals. Motion-activated camera surveys suggest that the bear population is declining in this rapidly urbanizing part of Florida; results of the 2002 survey estimated 28 " 18 bears in the GCE, while 2003 estimates recorded 12 " 7 individuals (Lincoln-Petersen). Additionally, blood and hair samples suggest the genetics of this population are extremely depauperate. I recommend a different fire regime in palm-dominated habitats, restoring landscape connectivity to nearby bear populations, and supplementation of the population. Because the threats to this population are manifold and its immediate future is in doubt, a combination of conservation and management tools will be required to prevent extinction of this isolated black bear population.

Amentotaxus is an ancient lineage of gymnosperm genus. Based on the Tertiary fossil evidence, the ancient lineage was once widespread in the Northern Hemisphere but range contraction in Pleistocene and Holocene. Currently, the distributional range is restricted to southwestern China, Vietnam and Taiwan. In this study, the 15 polymorphic microsatellite primers were designed from A. formosana H. L. Li, and were used these primers for genetic research of species level and population level. In species level, we tested the transferability and polymorphism in four species, A. argotaenia (Hance) Pilger, A. formosana H. L. Li, A. poilanei (Ferr&#x00E9; & Rouane) D.K. Ferguson and A. yunnanensis H. L. Li were evaluated. In population level, we evaluate the genetic variation and genetic structure on two habitats including Mt. Chachayalaisham and Jinshueiying for the delimited of relevant genetic units and to establish useful conservation strategies. In species level, the 15 microsatellite primers had 100% successfully amplified fragments in these three species, also showing high polymorphisms (PIC=0.25-0.61). In population level, the genetic diversity analysis in the two population of A. formosana show that expected and observed heterozygosities were ranged from 0.52 to 0.60 and 0.28 to 0.36, respectively. In addition, 15 loci were deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.001) and the inbreeding coefficient were displayed positive (FIS=0.48368; P <0.05), revealing the genetic fixation causing by inbreeding. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that high genetic variation with population (83.85% and 52.39%), and also showed high levels of population differentiation (FST =0.10972-0.16155; P <0.05). IMa revealed low migration rate (1.13¡Ñ10-6-1.15¡Ñ10-4), also showed small effective population size (Cha: 77.36-1830.67; Jin: 21.41-506.67) and large ancestral population size (10496.8-248424.17), inferring the A. formosana undergo significant population declined. Using Bayesian clustering algorithms and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) iterations to distinct genetic units and make assignments in the programs SAMOVA¡BSTRUCTURE and INSTRUCT, the best clustering was occurred at K=2, and found 11 and 9 distinct genetic groups in Mt. Chachayalaisham and Jinshueiying based on GENELAND analysis, respectively. We correlated the distinct genetic units and the age structures to evaluate the individuals with unique genotype for seed source to maintain the maximum genetic diversity of A. formosana.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-01-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_cim_me_botfca.pdf: 945601 bytes, checksum: 6435d3ea2562f66771326449a1fed1c5 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho objetivou coletar germoplasma sexuado (aquenios) de uma populacao de Lychnophora ericoides Mart, avaliar caracteristicas germinativas de seus aquenios e o efeito de doses de fosfato sobre o crescimento inicial e atividade in vivo da enzima fosfatase acida. A 2 L.erioides e uma especie medicinal brasileira com potencial farmacologico e vulneravel a extincao. Em 29 de maio de 2004 foi avaliada a populacao Paraiso Perdido na cidade de Sao Joao Batista do Gloria- MG. Durante a coleta, obteve-se as coordenadas geograficas por GPS (20º 37' 54 S e a 46º 19' 37 W a 833,6m de altitude), coletou-se germoplasma (aquenio (frutos secos indeiscentes)). O solo da populacao e litolico com fracao intemperizada de textura franco arenosa, muito acida, distrofica. A densidade populacional e de 0,16 individuos por m2 com 0,078 jovens por adulto. A fenofase predominante foi a frutificacao (100% dos individuos) seguida pela floracao (21,62 individuos). A porcentagem de germinacao dos frutos totais (PGT) foi de 0,33 % e dos frutos viaveis (PGV) foi de 21 % com numero medio de dias para germinacao (MD) de 40 l 5 dias apos o semeio. O indice de sincronismo da germinacao de (. bits) foi de .0,36. A L. ericoides foi classificada como planta de germinacao lenta (MD>10 dias). O experimento de efeito de doses de P2O5 (0; 40; 80; 160 mg dm-3) sobre mudas de L.ericoides foi realizado por 130 dias em casa de vegetacao em DIC com cinco repeticoes. A L.ericoides apresentou eficiencia em absorver o P com reflexo significativo na taxa de crescimento diario e producao de massa de materia seca com variacao nos indices de distribuicao de massa entre as partes da planta. A producao de massa de materia seca foliar foi linear com maximo na dose de 160 mg dm-3 de P2O5, contudo, a ditribuicao da massa de materia seca para 90 % da resposta maxima foi na dose de 101,15 mg dm-3 P2O5. A atividade da enzima... / The objetive of this work was collet achenes of one population of Lychnophora ericoides Mart., to evaluate germination of achenes and the efect of phosphorus levels in the initial 4 growth and in vivo activity of the acid phosphatase. The L. ericoides is brasilian medicinal specie with pharmacology potential aplication, and is vulnerable to extinction. In May 29 of 2004 was evaluated Paraiso Perdido population of Sao Joao Batista do Gloria city-MG (20ØX 37LOE 54L S; 46o 19LOE 37 W; 833 meter of altitude). The soil of this population is litolic with texture sandy, acid and distrofic. The population density is 0,16 plant per square meter, and 0,078 young plant/adult plants. The predominante fenology phase was frutification (100% of plants) folowed for flour phase (21,62 % of plants). The germination pecentage of total achenes was 0,33 %, but after densimetric selection in water the germination was 21 %. The mean days to germination or emergence (MD) was 40 LÓ 5 days after to sow, with index sincronism . (bits) was LV0,36. L. ericoides was classified as a plant slow germination (MD> 10 days). On the study of the efect of phosphorus levels (0; 40; 80; 160 mg dm LV3) in the L. ericoides was realized during 130 days in green house conditions. The experimental design was enterely randomized with five repetitions. The L. ericoides presented efficiency in absorbing phosphorus. This fact had significant consequence in the grwth tax, production and partition of dry mass matter. The production of leaf dry mass matter was bigger with 160 mg dm-3, however, the best of the dry mass partition was in level steem of 101, 15 mg dm-3. The acid phosphatse presented a minimum of activity in the phosphorus leaf text of 0,83 g Kg-1. Key Words: Arnica-da-serra...

Orientador: Marcos Eduardo Paron / Banca: Dirceu Maximiniano Fernandes / Banca: Roberto Fontes Vieira / Resumo: O presente trabalho objetivou coletar germoplasma sexuado (aquenios) de uma populacao de Lychnophora ericoides Mart, avaliar caracteristicas germinativas de seus aquenios e o efeito de doses de fosfato sobre o crescimento inicial e atividade in vivo da enzima fosfatase acida. A 2 L.erioides e uma especie medicinal brasileira com potencial farmacologico e vulneravel a extincao. Em 29 de maio de 2004 foi avaliada a populacao Paraiso Perdido na cidade de Sao Joao Batista do Gloria- MG. Durante a coleta, obteve-se as coordenadas geograficas por GPS (20º 37' 54" S e a 46º 19' 37" W a 833,6m de altitude), coletou-se germoplasma (aquenio (frutos secos indeiscentes)). O solo da populacao e litolico com fracao intemperizada de textura franco arenosa, muito acida, distrofica. A densidade populacional e de 0,16 individuos por m2 com 0,078 jovens por adulto. A fenofase predominante foi a frutificacao (100% dos individuos) seguida pela floracao (21,62 individuos). A porcentagem de germinacao dos frutos totais (PGT) foi de 0,33 % e dos frutos viaveis (PGV) foi de 21 % com numero medio de dias para germinacao (MD) de 40 l 5 dias apos o semeio. O indice de sincronismo da germinacao de (. bits) foi de .0,36. A L. ericoides foi classificada como planta de germinacao lenta (MD>10 dias). O experimento de efeito de doses de P2O5 (0; 40; 80; 160 mg dm-3) sobre mudas de L.ericoides foi realizado por 130 dias em casa de vegetacao em DIC com cinco repeticoes. A L.ericoides apresentou eficiencia em absorver o P com reflexo significativo na taxa de crescimento diario e producao de massa de materia seca com variacao nos indices de distribuicao de massa entre as partes da planta. A producao de massa de materia seca foliar foi linear com maximo na dose de 160 mg dm-3 de P2O5, contudo, a ditribuicao da massa de materia seca para 90 % da resposta maxima foi na dose de 101,15 mg dm-3 P2O5. A atividade da enzima... / Abstract: The objetive of this work was collet achenes of one population of Lychnophora ericoides Mart., to evaluate germination of achenes and the efect of phosphorus levels in the initial 4 growth and in vivo activity of the acid phosphatase. The L. ericoides is brasilian medicinal specie with pharmacology potential aplication, and is vulnerable to extinction. In May 29 of 2004 was evaluated Paraiso Perdido population of Sao Joao Batista do Gloria city-MG (20ØX 37LOE 54L S; 46o 19LOE 37 W; 833 meter of altitude). The soil of this population is litolic with texture sandy, acid and distrofic. The population density is 0,16 plant per square meter, and 0,078 young plant/adult plants. The predominante fenology phase was frutification (100% of plants) folowed for flour phase (21,62 % of plants). The germination pecentage of total achenes was 0,33 %, but after densimetric selection in water the germination was 21 %. The mean days to germination or emergence (MD) was 40 LÓ 5 days after to sow, with index sincronism . (bits) was LV0,36. L. ericoides was classified as a plant slow germination (MD> 10 days). On the study of the efect of phosphorus levels (0; 40; 80; 160 mg dm LV3) in the L. ericoides was realized during 130 days in green house conditions. The experimental design was enterely randomized with five repetitions. The L. ericoides presented efficiency in absorbing phosphorus. This fact had significant consequence in the grwth tax, production and partition of dry mass matter. The production of leaf dry mass matter was bigger with 160 mg dm-3, however, the best of the dry mass partition was in level steem of 101, 15 mg dm-3. The acid phosphatse presented a minimum of activity in the phosphorus leaf text of 0,83 g Kg-1. Key Words: Arnica-da-serra... / Mestre

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Daniele Amaral (daniee_ni@hotmail.com) on 2016-09-23T19:47:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAPS.pdf: 2015917 bytes, checksum: 31bf5daab82e3945d6aa1df3e4b5854b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-26T18:36:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAPS.pdf: 2015917 bytes, checksum: 31bf5daab82e3945d6aa1df3e4b5854b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-26T18:36:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAPS.pdf: 2015917 bytes, checksum: 31bf5daab82e3945d6aa1df3e4b5854b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T18:36:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAPS.pdf: 2015917 bytes, checksum: 31bf5daab82e3945d6aa1df3e4b5854b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / This study describes the genetic diversity of a population of Hoary foxes (Lycalopex vetulus), animal whose habitat is in the physiognomy of Cerrado, one of the most fragmented and disturbed areas of Brazil. To this end, 33 individuals were captured in a region of cattle ranches in northern Minas Gerais and southeast of Goiás. We amplified 10 microsatellite loci. Our data reveal that these loci are useful in the study of genetic conservation. The genetic diversity present in individuals captured in this study, can be considered high, despite the high degree of fragmentation in the area. The effective population size calculated in this study shows that the genetic diversity supported by the animals studied is representative of a population of approximately 1,300 individuals. We conducted kinship estimates using three methods, one by reading the genotype by software, another through information obtained by field observation studies and a final one, used only when the first two were at odds, based on par visual analysis to analyze all alleles of all loci. With the aid of GPS, the distance between related individuals, paying attention to possible gender’s variation. We conclude that the fox is able to move long distances (over thirty kilometers) and that apparently there is no difference in the male and female dispersal capacity. / Neste estudo descrevemos a diversidade genética de uma população de raposas do campo (Lycalopex vetulus), animal cujo habitat se encontra na fitofisionomia de Cerrado, uma das mais fragmentadas e antropizadas do Brasil. Para tanto, foram capturados 33 indivíduos em uma região de fazendas de gado no norte de Minas Gerais e no sudeste de Goiás. Foram amplificados 10 loci de microssatélites. Os dados revelam que tais loci são úteis no estudo de genética da conservação. A diversidade genética, presente nos indivíduos capturados neste estudo, pode ser considerada alta, apesar do alto grau de fragmentação da área. O tamanho efetivo populacional calculado neste trabalho demonstra que a diversidade genética sustentada pelos animais estudados é representativa de uma população de aproximadamente 1.300 indivíduos. Realizamos estimativas de parentesco utilizando três métodos, um através da leitura dos genótipos por um software, outro através de informações obtidas por estudos de observação de campo e um último, utilizado somente quando os dois primeiros estavam em dissonância, baseado na análise visual par a par de todos os alelos dos loci. Com auxílio de georeferenciamento calculamos a distância entre indivíduos aparentados, atentando para possíveis variações de gênero. Concluímos que a raposa é capaz de se movimentar por grandes distâncias (superiores a trinta quilômetros) e que, aparentemente, não há diferença na capacidade de dispersão de machos e fêmeas.

A exploração de produtos não madeireiro em florestas nativas tem sido alternativa na composição da renda de comunidades locais. Dentre as diversas espécies exploradas da Mata Atlântica, a biriba - Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers - vem sendo intensamente utilizada para a confecção do berimbau. Disponibilizar informações que auxiliem em apontar diretrizes para adequadas formas de conservação genética e manejo desta espécie é de fundamental importância, tanto do ponto de vista ecológico como econômico e social. Com este objetivo, realizou-se o estudo do sistema reprodutivo e da estrutura ge nética de E. ovata, através da técnica de eletroforese de isoenzimas, em três áreas de ocorrência natural de populações da espécie sob diferentes graus de antropização, sendo uma explorada e outras duas sem exploração, localizadas próximas à cidade de Salvador - BA. Os resultados do sistema de reprodução, obtidos para duas populações, mostram que a espécie reproduz-se predominantemente por cruzamento, tendo $ t m variado de 98,5% a 99,9%, valor este superior à média apresentada pelas espécies arbóreas tropicais. Uma certa taxa de cruzamentos endogâmicos foi evidenciada nas populações estudadas, sendo praticamente 100% da endogamia gerada nas progênies resultado de cruzamento entre parentes na população natural, e 76,8% na população explorada, sendo o restante atribuído a autofecundação. O valor estimado para o coeficiente de coancestralidade dentro de progênies ( $qF ) variou de 0,191 a 0,211. As estimativas das correlações de autofecundação ( s rˆ ), foram relativamente baixas em ambas as populações e não diferentes estatisticamente entre si, (variando de 0,100 a 0,107). O número provável de árvores doadoras de polén foi extremamente baixo, tendo em média, dois indivíduos por árvore matriz. O tamanho efetivo de variância (Ne(v)) médio das populações foi de 2,13, sendo necessário assim, para reter o tamanho efetivo de 50, a coletas de cerca de 23 árvores nestas populações. O tamanho efetivo populacional foi próximo ao número de indivíduos amostrados. A divergência genética entre as populações de adultos ( $ q pA ), foi de apenas 2,5%,indicando que a maior parte da diversidade genética encontra-se distribuída dentro das populações (97,5%). A divergência entre populações, estimada com base nas progênies ( $ q pP ) foi ainda menor, de 1,4% (0,1 a 3,5 O número médio de alelos por locos foi de 2,14 nos adultos e de 2,41 nas progênies. A porcentagem de locos polimórficos nas árvores adultas foi de 85,4% e nas progênies de 81,8%. A heterozigosidade esperada segundo as expectativas do Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (EHW) foram altas e variaram de 0,354 a 0,431, e a heterozigosidade observada variou de 0,332 a 0,371, sendo, tanto na progênies como nos adultos das populações, menor do que a heterozigosidade esperada, indicando que há mais homozigotos nas populações que o esperado pelas proporções do EHW. A análise de autocorrelação espacial das árvores de E. ovata dentro da populações estudadas mostrou haver estruturação, sendo que quanto mais próximos os indivíduos maior é probabilidade deles serem parentes. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram realizar inferências a respeito da conservação e manejo da espécie. / The exploitation of non-timber resources from tropical forest has been an alternative income to local human communities. Among the tree species which are exploited in the Atlantic forest, the “biriba" – Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers – has been used to manufacture the arc of “berimbau". The genetic conservation and the sustainable management of E. ovata populations are necessary to guarantee the longterm exploitation of this resource in an ecological, as well economic and social point of view. Adequate management strategies can be planned by getting information about the population genetic structure and mating system of the species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mating system and the population genetic structure of E. ovata, using the allozyme electrophoresis technique. Three populations under different levels of human action in an area of natural occurrence of E. ovata near Salvador, Bahia state, were chosen. The results of the evaluation of the mating system of E. ovata, obtained for two population, indicate that the species reproduces itself through outcrossing. The outcrossing rate ($ t m ) varied from 98.5% to 99.9%. These values are higher than that average estimates observed in tropical tree species. Inbred crosses were observed in the progenies. Almost 100% of the inbreeding observed in the non-disturbed population and 76.8% in the exploited population was due to crossing among related individuals. Selffertilization was also observed. The estimated value of the coefficient of the coancestrality among the progenies ( $qF ) varied from 0.191 to 0.211. The estimates of self- fertilization correlation ( s rˆ ) were low and statistically similar and non significant in both populations (the values varied from 0.100 to 0.107). The expected number of pollen donors was extremely low, having an average of two pollen donors by mother-tree. The average effective number of variance (Ne(v)) was 2.13. With this estimate was possible to conclude that it is necessary to collect about 23 adult trees in these populations to keep an effective size of 50. The effective population size was similar to the number of individuals sampled. The genetic divergence among the adult populations ( $ q pA ) was 2.5%, showing the genetic diversity is mainly distributed within populations (97.5%). The genetic divergence among the populations obtained from the progenies ( $ q pP ) was also lower, 1.4% (0.1 to 3.5%). The average number of alleles by loci was 2.14 in the adult populations and 2.41 in the progenies. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 85.4% in the adults and 81.8% in the progenies. The expected heterozigosity varied form 0.354 to 0.431 and the observed heterozigosity varied from 0.332 to 0.371. The values of observed heterozigosity were inferior to the expected heterozigosity, indicating that there are more homozygous individuals than expected by the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. The spatial autocorrelation analysis of E. ovata shows that there is intrapopulational genetic structure in the studied populations of adult individuals. Closer individuals show a higher probability of being genetic related. The results obtained in this study are helpful to infer about the genetic conservation and the management of the species.

Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-01T19:59:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPAAB.pdf: 4100356 bytes, checksum: 348f90d1cf3911093faeec744c33f884 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-01T19:59:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPAAB.pdf: 4100356 bytes, checksum: 348f90d1cf3911093faeec744c33f884 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-01T20:00:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPAAB.pdf: 4100356 bytes, checksum: 348f90d1cf3911093faeec744c33f884 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-01T20:00:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissPAAB.pdf: 4100356 bytes, checksum: 348f90d1cf3911093faeec744c33f884 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The main goal of any captive breeding program consists is maximizing the conservation of genetic diversity. Groups kept in captivity are particularly susceptible to the loss of genetic diversity, inbreeding depression and adaptation to captivity, due to their small size. The genetic characterization of wild and captive populations is an important tool both to minimize these impacts and for the conservation of these species, since it enables the development of management strategies aimed at maintenance of genetic diversity. In this context, the main objective of the study was to evaluate genetic variability and paternity for animals of black lion tamarin from Centro de Primatología do Rio de Janeiro, Fundacão Parque Zoológico de Sao Paulo, Parque Ecológico de Sao Carlos and 14 specimen belonging to the Durrell Conservation Trust in England using 15 microsatellite loci. The results of the allelic richness and expected heterozygosity showed similar values of alleles numbers and heterozygosity when compared with other species of Callitrichidae. Factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) showed greater homogeneity among captive animals than wild animals from Capão Bonito. The captive groups showed no differentiation among them and high differentiation from the wild Capão Bonito population. The data obtained herein are fundamental to increase the knowledge in genetic aspects of tamarins and support breeding programs to prevent loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding. / Maximizar a conservação da diversidade genética é um dos principais objetivos de qualquer programa de reprodução em cativeiro. Por serem de pequeno tamanho, grupos mantidos em cativeiro são particularmente suscetíveis à perda de diversidade genética, depressão endogâmica e adaptação ao cativeiro. Na tentativa de minimizar tais impactos, a caracterização genética de populações de vida livre e de cativeiro, torna-se uma importante ferramenta para a conservação destas espécies, uma vez que possibilita o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo que visem à manutenção de níveis adequados de diversidade genética. Neste contexto o objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar através de 15 loci microssatélites, os níveis de variabilidade genética e paternidade dos animais mantidos em cativeiro no Brasil, no Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro, Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, Parque Ecológico de São Carlos e 14 espécimenes que faziam parte do Durrell Conservation Trust na Inglaterra. Os resultados referentes à riqueza alélica e heterozigosidade esperada mostraram que há uma representação similar nos valores de alelos e heterozigosidade quando comparado com outras espécies de Calitriquídeos. A análise de correspondência fatorial (FCA) mostrou que os grupos em cativeiro do Brasil apresentaram maior homogeneidade, quando comparados a um grupo de vida livre proveniente da região de Capão Bonito (São Paulo) e aos 14 indivíduos que representam ao grupo em cativeiro do zoológico de Durrell. O alto grau de parentesco entre os animais em cativeiro evidencia baixa diferenciação entre os grupos pertencentes às diferentes instituições brasileiras estudadas. Os grupos de cativeiro do Brasil, no entanto, mostraram-se divergentes dos animais de Capão Bonito. As informações obtidas neste trabalho são fundamentais para aumentar o conhecimento sob aspectos genéticos dos micos-leões-pretos e subsidiar planos de reprodução assistida que visem minimizar a perda de diversidade genética e a endogamia.

A exploração de produtos não madeireiro em florestas nativas tem sido alternativa na composição da renda de comunidades locais. Dentre as diversas espécies exploradas da Mata Atlântica, a biriba - Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers - vem sendo intensamente utilizada para a confecção do berimbau. Disponibilizar informações que auxiliem em apontar diretrizes para adequadas formas de conservação genética e manejo desta espécie é de fundamental importância, tanto do ponto de vista ecológico como econômico e social. Com este objetivo, realizou-se o estudo do sistema reprodutivo e da estrutura ge nética de E. ovata, através da técnica de eletroforese de isoenzimas, em três áreas de ocorrência natural de populações da espécie sob diferentes graus de antropização, sendo uma explorada e outras duas sem exploração, localizadas próximas à cidade de Salvador - BA. Os resultados do sistema de reprodução, obtidos para duas populações, mostram que a espécie reproduz-se predominantemente por cruzamento, tendo $ t m variado de 98,5% a 99,9%, valor este superior à média apresentada pelas espécies arbóreas tropicais. Uma certa taxa de cruzamentos endogâmicos foi evidenciada nas populações estudadas, sendo praticamente 100% da endogamia gerada nas progênies resultado de cruzamento entre parentes na população natural, e 76,8% na população explorada, sendo o restante atribuído a autofecundação. O valor estimado para o coeficiente de coancestralidade dentro de progênies ( $qF ) variou de 0,191 a 0,211. As estimativas das correlações de autofecundação ( s rˆ ), foram relativamente baixas em ambas as populações e não diferentes estatisticamente entre si, (variando de 0,100 a 0,107). O número provável de árvores doadoras de polén foi extremamente baixo, tendo em média, dois indivíduos por árvore matriz. O tamanho efetivo de variância (Ne(v)) médio das populações foi de 2,13, sendo necessário assim, para reter o tamanho efetivo de 50, a coletas de cerca de 23 árvores nestas populações. O tamanho efetivo populacional foi próximo ao número de indivíduos amostrados. A divergência genética entre as populações de adultos ( $ q pA ), foi de apenas 2,5%,indicando que a maior parte da diversidade genética encontra-se distribuída dentro das populações (97,5%). A divergência entre populações, estimada com base nas progênies ( $ q pP ) foi ainda menor, de 1,4% (0,1 a 3,5 O número médio de alelos por locos foi de 2,14 nos adultos e de 2,41 nas progênies. A porcentagem de locos polimórficos nas árvores adultas foi de 85,4% e nas progênies de 81,8%. A heterozigosidade esperada segundo as expectativas do Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (EHW) foram altas e variaram de 0,354 a 0,431, e a heterozigosidade observada variou de 0,332 a 0,371, sendo, tanto na progênies como nos adultos das populações, menor do que a heterozigosidade esperada, indicando que há mais homozigotos nas populações que o esperado pelas proporções do EHW. A análise de autocorrelação espacial das árvores de E. ovata dentro da populações estudadas mostrou haver estruturação, sendo que quanto mais próximos os indivíduos maior é probabilidade deles serem parentes. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram realizar inferências a respeito da conservação e manejo da espécie. / The exploitation of non-timber resources from tropical forest has been an alternative income to local human communities. Among the tree species which are exploited in the Atlantic forest, the “biriba” – Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers – has been used to manufacture the arc of “berimbau”. The genetic conservation and the sustainable management of E. ovata populations are necessary to guarantee the longterm exploitation of this resource in an ecological, as well economic and social point of view. Adequate management strategies can be planned by getting information about the population genetic structure and mating system of the species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mating system and the population genetic structure of E. ovata, using the allozyme electrophoresis technique. Three populations under different levels of human action in an area of natural occurrence of E. ovata near Salvador, Bahia state, were chosen. The results of the evaluation of the mating system of E. ovata, obtained for two population, indicate that the species reproduces itself through outcrossing. The outcrossing rate ($ t m ) varied from 98.5% to 99.9%. These values are higher than that average estimates observed in tropical tree species. Inbred crosses were observed in the progenies. Almost 100% of the inbreeding observed in the non-disturbed population and 76.8% in the exploited population was due to crossing among related individuals. Selffertilization was also observed. The estimated value of the coefficient of the coancestrality among the progenies ( $qF ) varied from 0.191 to 0.211. The estimates of self- fertilization correlation ( s rˆ ) were low and statistically similar and non significant in both populations (the values varied from 0.100 to 0.107). The expected number of pollen donors was extremely low, having an average of two pollen donors by mother-tree. The average effective number of variance (Ne(v)) was 2.13. With this estimate was possible to conclude that it is necessary to collect about 23 adult trees in these populations to keep an effective size of 50. The effective population size was similar to the number of individuals sampled. The genetic divergence among the adult populations ( $ q pA ) was 2.5%, showing the genetic diversity is mainly distributed within populations (97.5%). The genetic divergence among the populations obtained from the progenies ( $ q pP ) was also lower, 1.4% (0.1 to 3.5%). The average number of alleles by loci was 2.14 in the adult populations and 2.41 in the progenies. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 85.4% in the adults and 81.8% in the progenies. The expected heterozigosity varied form 0.354 to 0.431 and the observed heterozigosity varied from 0.332 to 0.371. The values of observed heterozigosity were inferior to the expected heterozigosity, indicating that there are more homozygous individuals than expected by the Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. The spatial autocorrelation analysis of E. ovata shows that there is intrapopulational genetic structure in the studied populations of adult individuals. Closer individuals show a higher probability of being genetic related. The results obtained in this study are helpful to infer about the genetic conservation and the management of the species.

The freshwater fish fauna of southern Australia is characterised by low species richness and high endemism in groups displaying southern temperate, temperate-subtropical or temperate-tropical distributions. Comparatively few studies in Australia have incorporated modern molecular techniques to delineate species boundaries and define within-species conservation units. This is problematic because freshwater fishes are likely to show high levels of cryptic speciation and marked spatial sub-structure, and is information which is needed to conserve biological diversity and maintain the integrity of ecological communities and processes. The current study uses a ‘combined evidence’ approach, led principally by a set of nuclear genetic markers (allozymes), to assess species boundaries, spatial sub-structure and conservation units in obligate freshwater fishes from southern Australia. A literature review (Chapter 2) concerns the nature and effects of fragmentation in freshwater environments. It considers the implications for freshwater fishes and the types of extrinsic and intrinsic characteristics, both natural and human accelerated, that might drive population fragmentation and divergence. This theoretical framework is then applied to a suite of six largely co-occurring species groups with contrasting biological characteristics, and derive hypotheses about expected levels of genetic divergence across and within different drainages. Major findings Species of Retropinna (Chapter 3) are widespread and generally regarded as ‘common’ and mobile. Allozyme analyses revealed species-level and population-level sub-divisions, including five distinct species with contiguous ranges and no evidence of genetic exchange. Three occur along the eastern seaboard (including three instances of sympatry), another in coastal and inland southeastern Australia and Tasmania, and a fifth in the Lake Eyre Basin. There is no indication of a simple ‘tasmanica’ versus ‘semoni’ dichotomy, but instead a complex pattern involving discrete clusters for the Upper Murray plus Darling rivers, Lower Murray, Glenelg River and Tasmanian regions. These findings have implications for biodiversity, conservation and ecology. This chapter has been published in modified form (Marine and Freshwater Research 58, 327- 341). Nannoperca obscura (Chapter 4) is a small demersal fish with specialised habitat requirements. It is under threat of extinction, particularly in the western section of its range. Combined nuclear and matrilineal genetic data identified congruent within-species sub-structure, divided by patternsof distribution and biogeography. Four monophyletic mtDNA lineages, each distinct at multiple nuclear loci, indicate four Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs), namely (1) Lake Alexandrina in the Murray-Darling Basin (MDB), (2) Glenelg River, Millicent Coast River Basin and the outlying Mt Emu Creek, (3) Merri River and associated coastal streams, and (4) the eastern range section. Additional genetic and ecological data support multiple Management Units (MUs) within ESUs for individual or groups of river basins separated by marine barriers. Nannoperca australis (Chapter 5) has a similar character to its aforementioned congener, except that it occurs across a much wider area. Although generally common, particular populations are threatened, especially in the MDB. Allozyme analyses of 57 populations confirm the presence of two divergent species, with an eastern species containing two ESUs: (1) Gippsland and Flinders Island, and (2) Ansons River in northeastern Tasmania. The western species shows sub-structure across its range, including a separation of MDB and coastal populations as two heterogenous ESUs. The Lower Murray region (Mount Lofty Range streams and the Lower Lakes) harbours a remarkable level of between- and within-population diversity, underscoring its importance for conserving evolutionary potential. Mogurnda adspersa (Chapter 6) has been presumed extinct in South Australia since the early 1970s and has also been assumed lost from the southern MDB. This chapter reports on the rediscovery of M. adspersa from a wetland near the terminus of the Lower Murray, some 2500 river kilometres from the nearest known population. The nature and basic ecology of this population is documented, but the combined effects of drought and water abstraction recently have led to the probable extirpation of the wild population. A combined allozyme and mtDNA dataset confirmed the ‘nativeness’ of the population as a distinct sub-population (and MU), with a moderate level of allele heterogeneity. This information provides a platform for captive breeding as a conservation measure. The endemic genus Philypnodon (Chapter 7) contains two nominal species: P. grandiceps and the long recognised but only recently described P. macrostomus. The former is considered widespread and common (near ubiquitous), whereas the latter is more patchily distributed. Some tolerance to marine conditions is indicated, suggesting that there may be less sub-structure, but allozyme analyses of 269 individuals indicate the presence of multiple, species-level taxa within both described species. This obscures interpretations of existing ecological data. Although the presence of genetically-similar populations within and across some drainage divides indicates higher levels of gene flow, the pattern is complex and suggests historic genetic exchange between some but not other geographically-adjacent taxa. The freshwater blackfish genus Gadopsis (Chapter 8) has been a problem group for taxonomists, and it is unclear where the group is placed phylogenetically and how many species occur. Northern and southern forms on respective sides of the Great Dividing Range have been proposed, but with limited supporting evidence. Its dispersal ability (hence predicted genetic structure) is obscured by opposing life-history traits, including large body size (i.e. good swimming ability) versus habitat specialisation, demersal larvae and restricted home ranges. This chapter provides a genetic overview incorporating 61 locations across the range, and demonstrates unequivocally the presence of distinct northern and southern species of G. ‘marmoratus’. Moreover, distinct genetic discontinuities involving geographically abutting lineages indicate the likely presence of multiple ESUs within each species. A comparison of the allozyme data with previous mtDNA studies also identified two ESUs within G. bispinosus. Overall, considerable complexity is demonstrated signalling the need for a review of how the southern Australian fish fauna should be viewed, studied and protected. The genetic data also provide insight into the interplay of intrinsic biological characters (e.g. dispersal ability, population ecology) with historic and contemporary extrinsic environmental factors (e.g. fragmentation, biogeographic processes). Comparisons between and within traditionally-defined species are problematic, however, owing to multiple species-level splits and other genetic divisions that may have matching biological counterparts. Together with other reports in the literature, the findings presented herein have significant conservation implications, particularly given the rapid pace of human-mediated change in some regions that house high species and genetic diversity and unique evolutionary components, notably southeastern Queensland (especially the Mary River) and the lower River Murray in South Australia. Other regions displaying high genetic substructure or divergent populations include the Clarence River and Lachlan River in New South Wales; Gippsland, Goulburn River, Glenelg River and Mt Emu Creek in Victoria, and the Macquarie River and Ansons River in Tasmania. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1339749 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008