Nowadays, we can meet with the connection of businesses throughout the globalized world making the consolidation of an increasingly gains importance. The thesis focuses on a group of bakeries that shares are publicly traded on the capital market in EU. That is why they have to prepare the consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS at the end of the reporting period. The thesis is divided into two thematic parts. The first part is focused on explaining the process of consolidation. Readers will learn the definitions, how to prepare consolidated financial statements and its purpose. The second part, which I regard as crucial, is focused on explaining the problems of loss of control. Both parts are explained in the illustrative examples for better understanding.

The aim of the thesis is to assess the state and development of indebtedness of territorial self-governing units in the Czech Republic with regard to the sustainability of public finances. The first part of this work is focused on the definition of basic terms related to this issue. The methodology contains the methods and procedures that will be used in the results section. In the result section was calculated the annual growth rate of debt of regions, the ratio of debt to average revenues or debt per capita The result section is divided into 3 parts. The first part deals with the development of debt of the regions of the Czech Republic, including contributory organizations established by them in the years 2003 - 2017. The debt of all regions of the Czech Republic is assessed together, which gives an overall view of the state and dynamics of the debt. The second part analyzes the debt of individual regions in the Czech Republic. The monitored period is 2010 - 2017. In the last part, debt consolidation occurs. Consolidated debt consists of the debt of individual regions of the Czech Republic and the debt of contributory organizations that establish the regions, as well as the debts of commercial corporations that the regions set up. Consolidated debt is assessed for 2013-2017.

Thesis advisor: Kenneth Kersch / Thesis advisor: Robert Savage / There is perhaps no more interesting and complex relationship between states than that of Ireland and the United Kingdom – a matter made all the more complicated by their disagreements during the Second World War. The objective of this thesis was to determine whether Ireland’s policy in the war could accurately be described as neutral and what effects this policy had on Anglo-Irish relations. In order to address these questions, this work studies contemporary government documents, media reporting, and personal correspondence, as well as considering pre-existing scholarship on the matter. The principal conclusion of this work was that Ireland substantially aided the Allied war effort, and that its policies during the conflict did not have any lasting negative implications for the state’s relationship with the United Kingdom. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: International Studies Honors Program. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: International Studies.

Amostragens ecológicas freqüentemente requerem técnicas não destrutivas que produzem dados quantitativos da estrutura da comunidade. Muitas das dificuldades de amostragem no infralitoral estão fortemente relacionadas com limitações da técnica de mergulho, principalmente pela pequena duração do tempo de submersão. Um caminho para solucionar esse problema é desenvolver uma técnica para aumentar o número de informações obtidas durante a descida. Neste contexto, o método do levantamento fisionômico, tendo como unidade de paisagem o povoamentos foi aplicado em um trecho de 750 m, no infralitoral, a profundidade que varia até 6,5 metros, no costão oeste da Enseada das Palmas, Ilha Anchieta. Objetivou-se neste trabalho realizar as quatro abordagens deste método, que são: descrever os povoamentos e suas espécies dominantes, determinar a repartição espacial geo-referenciada dos povoamentos e ESP, determinar quantitativamente a estrutura da comunidade bentônica e avaliar qualitativamente a composição específica de cada povoamento. A área de estudo foi dividida em quadro setores e três profundidades. Na primeira abordagem foram identificados todos os povoamentos discriminados visualmente e confeccionada uma ficha para cada um. Na segunda abordagem foi utilizado um GPS para determinação do geo-posicionamento. As posições verticais foram obtidas através do uso de profundímetro. Baseado nos dados de geo-referenciamento calculou-se os dados de freqüência relativa de cada povoamento na área total, nos setores e nas profundidades. Sessenta e nove povoamentos e oito ESP foram identificados e descritos sendo 52% formados por fitobentos, a maior ocorrência de Rhodophyta, e 42% de zoobentos, a maior ocorrência de Cnidaria. A categoria Colônia foi a mais representada e a maioria dos povoamentos ocorreu de forma pontual. No verão o Tapete de Ectocarpales com Amphiroa e Jania apresentou maior freqüência (17,6%) e, no inverno, Tapete de Bacillariophyceae com Amphiroa e Jania (20,0%) para toda a área. A colônia de Palythoa foi o povoamento zoobentônico que se destacou no verão e no inverno. Houve mais de 73% de similaridade entre alguns setores e profundidades nas duas amostragens. Na terceira abordagem buscou-se caracterizar quantitativamente a estrutura da comunidade bentônica através do recobrimento percentual de fotoquadrados de 35,00 x 26,25 cm. Foram realizadas análises de repartição espacial nos modos Q e R e avaliação de heterogeneidade dos agrupamentos formados. Foram obtidos 229 elementos amostrais no verão e 232 no inverno, os quais evidenciaram 47 povoamentos e 4 ESP. Os povoamentos fitobentônicos foram mais representativos na área (55,0%). Os dados de recobrimento permitiram observar oito povoamentos distribuídos ao longo do costão no período do verão e apenas dois no período do inverno. Na quarta abordagem elaborou-se uma listagem de táxons de fito e zoobentos sésseis e semi-sésseis encontrado na área nas duas amostragens e analisou-se a possível perda de informação ao nível específico por povoamento. Foram encontrados 131 táxons, sendo 93 fitobentos e 38 zoobentos. O número de táxons foi maior no inverno (117) do que no verão (111). O povoamento com maior número de táxons no verão foi Tapete de Ectocarpales com Amphiroa e Jania com 31 e no inverno Tapete de Wrangelia com Amphiroa e Jania com 39. Os resultados revelam que os povoamentos são formados por poucos táxons dominantes. / Ecological samples require frequently non destructive techinques which produce quantitative date from community structure. Many of sample difficulties in the infralittoral are strongly related with diver technich restrictions, mainly by small time duration of submersion. A way to resolve this problem is develop a technich to increase the number of information obtained during the deep descent. In this context, the Physiogonomic Assessment method, having the settlement as landscape unit was applied in a 750 meters in infralittoral strech at variables deeps until 6,5 meters, in the west rock shore of the Palmas Cove, Anchieta Island. Aim in this work to realize this four approachs of this method, which are: to describe settlements and your dominant species, to determine the spatial geo-referenced cutting of settlements and Landscape Sollitary Elements (ESP), to determine benthic community structure quantitativaly and to evaluate the specific composition of each settlement. The study area was divided in four sectors and three deeps. At first approach were identifieds all visualizely discriminateds settlements and made a card. In the second approach was used a GPS to determine the geo-referenced positions. The vertical positions was obtained with use of depth gauge. Based on geo-referenced data, the relative frequency data was calculated to each settlement in total area, in sectors and depths. Clustering analysis were performed for the qualitative sectors and depths. Sixty-nine settlements and eight Solitary Elements in the Landscape were identified and described, 52% formed by phytobenthos, the greater occurrence of Rhodophyta, and 42% of zoobenthos, the largest occurrence of Cnidaria. The category Colony was the most represented and most settlements occurred so punctual form. In summer, Ectocarpales with Amphiroa and Jania Carpet presented most frequency (17.6%) and, in winter, Bacillariophyceae with Amphiroa and Jania Carpet (20.0%) for the whole area. The Palythoa Colony was the zoobenthic settlement to standed out in both summer and winter. There were more than 73% similarity between some sectors and depths in the two samples. In third approach search to caracterize the community structure qualitatively throughout 35,00 x 26,25 cm photoquadrats percent cover. Was realized spatial cutting analysis in both modes Q and R and evaluation of formed grouping heteroneity. Was obtained 229 samples element in summer and 232 in winter, which to make clear 47 settlements and 4 ESP. Phytobenthic settlements was most representative in area (55,0%). Cover date to allow observe eight settlements distributed by allong of rock shore in Summer and just two in winter. In four approach was elaborate a sessile and semi-sessile phytobenthos and zoobenthos taxa list encoutered at area in two samples and was analized the possible information loss at specific level by settlement. Were encoutered 131 taxa, 93 phytobenthos and 38 zoobenthos. The taxa number was gratest in winter (117) than Summer (111). The settlement with greater taxa number in Summer was Ectocarpales with Amphiroa and Jania Carpet WITH 31 taxa and in winter Wrangelia with Amphiroa and Jania Carpet with 39. The results reveal with settlements are formed by few dominat taxa.

This memorandum outlines the role of De Beers and its leading position in the international diamond industry. It is designed to give a brief overview of the “diamond pipeline” that leads from prospecting and mining of diamonds in remote parts of Africa and elsewhere to glamorous jewellers’ shops the world oven It looks particularly at the unique and important role South Africa plays in the diamond pipeline.

The potential value of the chitin biomass (e.g. food waste) is recently considered being ignored by landfill. Chitin can be a potential cheap carbon source for converting into value-added chemicals by microorganisms. Serratia marcescens is a chitinolytic bacterium that harbors endogenous chitinase systems. With goals of characterzing S. marcescens chitinolytic capabilities and applying S. marcescens to chemical production from chitin, my dissertation main content includes five chapters: 1) Chapter 1 highlights background information of chitin source, S. marcescens and potential metabolic engineering targets using chitin as a substrate; 2) Chapter 2 demonstrates that ChiR is a key regulator in regulating 9 chitinase-related genes in S. marcescens Db11 and manipulation of chiR can be a useful and efficient genetic target to enhance chitin utilization; 3) Chapter 3 reports the production of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) from chitin by a bottom-up approach of engineering the nonconventional chitinolytic bacterium, Serratia marcescens, including native constitutive promoter characterization and transcriptional and translational pathway balancing; 4) Chapter 4 describes improvement of S. marcescens chitinolytic capability by an adaptive evolution approach; 5) Chapter 5 elucidates S. marcescens intracellular metabolite profile using a constraint-based genome-scale metabolic model (iSR929) based on genomic annotation of S. marcescens Db11. Overall, the dissertation work is the first report of demonstrating the concept of chitin-based CBP using S. marcescens and the computational model and genetic molecular tools developed in this dissertation are valuable but not limited to design-build-test of S. marcescens for contributing to the field of biological science and metabolic engineering applications.

租稅為政府最主要籌措財源的方式，如何運用租稅政策籌措財源以舒緩財政窘迫的壓力，是當前政府最急切的關鍵和挑戰。而在若干已開發國家，因經濟體系存有拉佛效果，減稅措施將可刺激經濟活動，使稅基大幅擴大，稅收亦因此而增加。因此，本文即在探討我國綜利用伊布爾模型來探討我國在剔除物價上漲對稅收的影響後，大幅降低所得稅的邊際稅率對較高所得級距者而言，是否會有拉佛效果之產生。而研究結果顯示，減稅並未帶來豐厚的稅收，即未符合拉佛曲線負斜率段落在稅收函數改為傳統線性函數時，應用費格及麥吉之模型來探討生產因素供給彈性、地下經濟規模及過高的稅率對稅收的影響並藉以推導最適稅率。經實證估計我國1989年綜合所得稅的最適平均稅率大約為50

合併財務報表在我國為強制性揭露資訊，但財務會計準則公報在特定情形下，仍允許子公司不編入合併報表，上市公司除遵循管制機構的規定外，是否可能有其他理由會主動提供合併報表資訊？本研究以我國上市公司民國83年編製合併財務報表情況，探討上市公司是否編製合併財務報表的意願及其經濟動機，同時，進一步討論我國公報規定的適切性。研究方法以代理理論為架構，探討公司外部人士與內部人員存在資訊不對稱的環境下，公司是否為降低代理成本會主動揭露合併報表？ 　　由多變量Logistic迴歸分析之實證結果發現，與編製成本有關的動機之自變數可解釋合併報表編製的情況，但預期符號均與對立假說相反，至於與債務及權益有關的動機之自變數在解釋因變數，未達統計上顯著水準，顯示編製成本越高時，上市公司傾向於不編製合併報表。因此，上市公司可能在資訊不對稱的環境下，僅依據財務會計準則公報第七號規定編製合併財務報表，若符合公報可不編製的規定時，基於編製成本的考量，並不會主動提供合併報表。所有公報可不編製的規定中，以子公司總資產及營業收入未達母公司各該項金額的百分之十得不編製之規定影響最深，此規模重要門檻設定是否適當，對目前我國合併報表資訊之提供以及該資訊品質的優劣有極大影響。 　　本研究之結果可提供管制機構作為未來是否修訂「合併財務報表」公報之參考，以切合國內目前的經營環境，期能忠實表達集團企業之財務狀況與經營成果。

Background: Companies often invest in foreign subsidiaries and that gives rise to translation exposure. Translation exposure arises with the consolidation of the foreign subsidiary and depends on the rate of exchange that are used for translation of the foreign subsidiary. In time several different methods of translation and recommendations has been developed. Companies listed on OM Stockholmsbörsen shall follow RR8. According to RR8 a classification of foreign subsidiaries as indipendent or integral to the parent company determines which method of translation that should be used. Therefore it is important that the classification is made correct. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to examen how the classification of foreign subsidiaries as independent or integral to the parent company is done, what criteria that are being used and if RR8 has had any influence on the classification. This should answer the question of whether RR8 is being observed or if there is a need of further explanations within the field. Demarcations: Only companies listed on OM Stockholmsbörsen are included. Branches are not included and not special recommendations for foreign subsidiaries in countries with high rate of inflation. Accomplishments: A questionnaire to 75 companies. Before that a small study of ten annual reports was carried out. Results: RR8 is not being observed and there is a big spread in how the indicators in RR8 is being used. The companies do not consider the concequences of the classification. Only a few companies have reclassified their foregn subsidiaries since RR8 came into force. The companies do not seem to give any importance to the classification and therefore the effectiveness of RR8 can be questioned.

As one of the oldest and most innovative financial institutions, a clearinghouse efficiently clears and settles payments for equity transactions as well as other securities. However, this paper will only be concerned with common and preferred equity securities. The purpose of a clearinghouse is to reduce counterparty risk. It acts as an intermediary between two parties, so that the risk of one party failing to honor its contractual obligation is diminished. It reduces settlement risk through netting, the process of eliminating offsetting transactions, thus decreasing the amount of cash flow. I examine the impact of the New York Stock Exchange Clearinghouse upon its establishment in May 1892. Specifically, I analyze the clearinghouse’s effect on trading costs for different equity securities, scrutinizing the effects on bid-ask spreads. I find that once a firm joined the NYSE clearinghouse, both its relative and absolute bid-ask spreads are narrowed, representing an overall reduction in spreads of 5.28 percent.