Consolidated memories can become reactivated in order to permit the integration of new information into the memory trace. Blockade of the resultant process, reconsolidation, with NMDA receptor antagonists or protein synthesis inhibition can lead to a decrease in subsequent memory expression. This may offer a potential tool for the treatment of psychiatric disorders characterised by maladaptive memories, including drug addiction and post-traumatic disorder. Given the importance of instrumental associations in supporting drug addiction experiments in Chapters 3 & 4 aimed to disrupt reconsolidation of these memories. Treatment with an NMDA receptor antagonist prior to retrieval sessions of various durations was not able to consistently prevent reconsolidation of these associations. Drug addiction is characterised by memories that have been formed not over days or weeks, but months or years. Experiments in Chapters 5 & 6 therefore investigated how the extent of training affects the propensity of an appetitive pavlovian memory to reconsolidate. Experiments in Chapter 5 were not able disrupt reconsolidation of these memories after a relatively short period of training. In Chapter 6 attempts to disrupt reconsolidation of a cocaine-seeking memory having undergone extensive training (>1 month, designed to promote the formation of drug-seeking habits) were also unsuccessful. However, when animals were trained in a similar fashion to respond for a food reinforcer treatment with a NMDA receptor antagonist prior to a reactivation session resulted in a decrease in food-seeking behaviour the following day. However, this deficit was only found in the first test session; drug treatment had no effect on responding following reminder of the memory. If data from preclinical studies are to inform future psychiatric treatments the findings from these works must be robust and replicable. Experiments in previous chapters encountered several issues in this regard, namely the repeated inability to prevent reconsolidation with NMDA receptor antagonism. Given that reconsolidation of auditory fear memories is well characterised a final series of experiments in Chapter 7 used this procedure to explore the possible reasons for the fleeting or absent effects of disrupted memory reconsolidation in previous chapters. Despite the use of similar methods as published reports showing decreases in memory expression as a result of blockade of reconsolidation it was not possible to disrupt this process with NMDA receptor antagonism or protein synthesis inhibition. Results suggested that the failure to observe reactivation-dependent amnesia was due to the amnestic agent used not being able to prevent reconsolidation, should it be taking place, and a failure of the given retrieval trial to result in memory reactivation. On numerous occasions throughout this thesis it was not possible to disrupt memory reconsolidation. One difficulty in interpreting null data of this nature is that it is often unclear whether the results are due to insufficient retrieval conditions to result in memory reconsolidation, or an inability of the pharmacological agent to disrupt this process. The final experiments of this thesis raised the possibility both of these issues may have contributed in tandem towards this inability to prevent memory reconsolidation.

Este trabalho discute o processo de democratização de Moçambique, iniciado em 1992 com o Acordo Geral de Paz (AGP) entre o Governo liderado pela Frelimo (Frente de Libertação de Moçambique) e a Renamo (Resistência Nacional de Moçambique), que pôs fim a uma guerra civil que durou dezesseis anos. Embora haja outros partidos políticos, o processo de democratização tem-se polarizado entre a Frelimo e a Renamo. Por essa razão a discussão do tema está em torno destes dois partidos, pois suas ações são determinantes para a consolidação da democracia no país. A pesquisa foca-se especialmente ao período 2005-2015 (período do governo de Armando Guebuza) momento em que várias incertezas, quanto à possibilidade da consolidação democrática, marcaram o processo. Neste sentido, a pesquisa tem como questão de partida a seguinte: Quais as possibilidades e limites para uma eventual consolidação democrática em Moçambique? Ou seja, que fatores podem contribuir para que a democracia moçambicana se consolide? Defende-se a ideia de que a democracia em Moçambique está sendo construída num ambiente em que os dois principais atores (Frelimo/Renamo) responsáveis pela assinatura do AGP conservam um poder real. Por um lado a Frelimo controla o Poder desde o AGP, em 1992, e por via disso o controlo da Forças de Defesa e Segurança e, por outro lado, a Renamo mantendo um grupo de milícias armados alegadamente para proteger o seu líder. Esta situação alimenta um conflito armado latente com todos os elementos para brotar a qualquer momento O principal objetivo é analisar criticamente a influência da polarização do processo entre a Frelimo e a Renamo para a consolidação da democracia em Moçambique. Esta discussão se enquadra dentro do tema de transições política e consolidação democrática, que vem dominando alguns debates dentro da Ciência Política, sobretudo aos dilemas da passagem de um regime de caráter autoritário para um regime de natureza democrático e os dilemas da consolidação do sistema democrático. A pesquisa é de natureza documental, destacando-se três tipos de documentos: oficiais (protocolos do AGP, algumas leis fundamentais e alguns vídeos contendo discursos das principais lideranças desses partidos); jornais (Savana e Notícias e Boletim sobre o Processo Político em Moçambique) e; relatórios acadêmicos (Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Económicos, afrobarometer, Africa Governance Monitoring and Advocacy Project). / Seeking to discuss about the Mozambican process of democratization, which began in 1992 with the Peace General Accord between Frelimo (Mozambique Liberation Front), the Party Government leader at the time, and Renamo (Mozambique National Resistance), the armed opposition, which ended a civil war that lasted sixteen, is drawn up this research. Although there are other political parties, the process of democratization is being polarized by Frelimo and Renamo. Thus, the topic of debate is around these two parties because their actions are crucial for the country democracy consolidation. This study focus on Armando Guebuzas governance era (2005-2015) time that so many uncertainties situations, in terms of possibility of democratic consolidation, marked the process. In this term the query is, are there possibilities and limits of an eventual democratic consolidation in Mozambique? In other words, which key factors can contribute to consolidate the Mozambique's democracy? It argue that, democracy in Mozambique is being built in an environment in which the two main actors (Frelimo / Renamo) responsible for signing the GPA retain real power. On the one hand, Frelimo has been in control of Power since the GPA in 1992, and thus, controls the Defense and Security Forces and, on the other hand, Renamo maintaining a group of armed militias allegedly to protect its leader This situation fuels a latent armed conflict with all the elements to sprout at any moment.The main objective is to analyze critically the influence of this polarization of Frelimo and Renamo, on the process, for democracy consolidation in Mozambique. This debate falls on theme of political transition and democratic consolidation, mainstream of debates in political science, especially to the dilemmas of the passage of an authoritarian regime to a system of democratic nature and dilemmas of democratic consolidation system. It´s a documentary research based in three type of documents: official (GPA protocols, some fundamental laws and some videos containing speeches of the main leaders of these parties), newspapers (Savana, Notícias and Boletim sobre o processo político em Moçambique) and; academic reports (Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Económicos, afrobarometer, Africa Governance Monitoring and Advocacy Project).

Thesis. 1977. Sc.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Civil Engineering. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Vita. / Bibliography: leaves 381-386. / Sc.D.

This research investigates composite tubes developed with hybrid preform manufacturing techniques of braiding and filament winding (FW). A quadriaxial braid-wound (QBW) preform [(±45°/0°/90°)2/(±45°/0°)] and a triaxial braided (TB60) preform [(±60°/0°)3] were developed. Quasi-isotropic (QI) fibre orientations were selected for both the lay-ups for comparison of mechanical properties. The large diameter of the tubes led to incomplete surface coverage with (±45°/0°)3 braided preforms (TB45). Circumferential distribution of multiple layers improved the coverage by reducing through the thickness resin pockets. Also addition of hoop winding improved the coverage and consolidated the braided preform. The use of braiding together with FW resulted in an improved fibre volume fraction. Also predicting surface coverage was a fundamental interest for a triaxial braided preform. An equation was proposed for cover factor estimation and was verified by using image analysis. Resin infusion of the preforms was carried out and composite tubes were fabricated. During resin infusion of braided preforms wrinkles were formed. A brief study on wrinkle formation was carried out and the reasons of wrinkle formation for braided tubes were identified based on existing literature. Longitudinal tensioning in conjunction with optimization of fibre amount in a layup and over-winding on braid was established to minimize wrinkle formation. This was primarily due to compaction of braided layers with hoop winding. Hence braid-winding has the additional advantage of manufacturing wrinkle free composite tubes. Finally composite tubes were tested under tension and torsion loads. One of the major findings was the effect of hoop winding on transverse deformation of the braid-wound tubes. As axial fibre percentage for QBW tube was less than that of TB45, the tensile strength was compromised. However presence of hoop winding resulted in lower transverse strain contributing to higher tensile modulus of QBW tubes along with lower Poisson's ratio. Although shear modulus of TB60 tube was exceptionally high for its fibre orientation, for QBW tubes, shear modulus was not significantly higher than that of other tubes. An aluminium tube was also tested for comparing the elastic properties of the QI tubes with those of an isotropic material. QBW tubes specific modulus was higher than that of the aluminium. The shear modulus of the QI and aluminium tubes was estimated by applying the theory for isotropic materials. In comparison to aluminium, for QBW tube the differences between estimated and actual shear modulus was higher. However QBW tube properties were in closer relation to those of the aluminium tube than TB60 tubes. Hence a QBW hybrid layup technique has the potential for manufacturing composite tubes without losing comparative composite material properties.

Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) often complain of a fading of new memories over days to weeks. This is particularly the case for patients with transient epileptic amnesia (TEA), a subtype of TLE. Objective memory testing sometimes corroborates this complaint, demonstrating normal or near-normal recall after standard delays (10-30 minutes), followed by a rapid decline in recall over longer delays (i.e. 1 week). This ‘nonstandard’ form of memory impairment has been termed accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF). It may reflect impairment of memory encoding, consolidation or retrieval. The aim of this thesis was to characterise the cognitive basis of ALF in TEA/TLE. The objectives were to: (a) determine the time scale of ALF of words (Chapter 3), (b) establish whether ALF affects picture recognition (Chapter 4), (c) establish whether ALF is affected by repeated retrieval (Chapter 2), number of learning trials (Chapter 5) and post-learning sensory stimulation (interference) (Chapter 5), (d) investigate ALF under incidental encoding conditions (Chapter 6), and (e) examine ALF associated with baclofen, a GABAB – receptor agonist (Chapter 7). A range of experimental paradigms and materials were applied to test memory function in several samples of TEA/TLE patients complaining of ALF and in healthy controls. The experiments revealed the following: ALF for word lists became apparent after 3–8 hours of daytime wakefulness, suggesting that disturbance of sleep related consolidation processes is not necessary for ALF to emerge in TEA. ALF for verbal information occurred both under incidental and intentional encoding conditions, and this rapid forgetting was not prevented by cued or recognition tests or by the matching of encoding conditions for patients and controls. This suggests that ALF is not associated primarily with an encoding or retrieval deficit. Although multiple learning trials and reduced sensory stimulation after learning reduced early forgetting (over 15-30 minutes) in TEA/TLE, neither factor reduced long-term forgetting. Moreover, in contrast to verbal recall, picture recognition was impoverished after minutes, but declined normally thereafter, demonstrating a subtle ‘early’ memory deficit in TEA, which might or might not be related to ALF. Overall, the present research suggests that ALF reflects a consolidation deficit, which results in accelerating forgetting the first few hours to days after memory acquisition, without a requirement for intervening sleep.

Emotional events are often better preserved in memory than events without an emotional component. Emotional stimuli benefit from capturing and holding the attention of a perceiver to a higher degree than more emotion-neutral stimuli. Arousal associated with experiencing emotionally valenced stimuli or situations affects every major stage in creating, maintaining and retrieving lasting memories. Presented in this thesis were models delineating the behavioral and neurological mechanisms that might explain arousal-induced effects on subsequent memory outcome. Based on a study of relevant literature, findings were presented in this thesis that highlight amygdala activation as crucial for the enhancement of memory generally associated with emotional arousal. The amygdala modulates processing in other areas of the brain involved in memory. Heightened levels of norepinephrine, stemming from sympathetic nervous system activation, underlies observable arousal-induced memory effects and seem to be a crucial component in enabling glucocorticoid augmentation of memory. Arousal seems to further amplify the biased competition between stimuli that favors the neural representation of motivationally relevant stimuli and stimuli of a sensory salient nature. The aim of this thesis was to outline the impact of emotional arousal on different stages of memory processing, including processes for memory formation, strengthening of memory traces, and eventual subsequent retrieval.

Abstract This thesis deals with the process of server consolidation, which is tightly connected to IT infrastructure of virtually any organization. Moreover it is dealt in some respect with the way the organization runs and with linking these two particular areas together. The goal of this thesis is to identify consequences or impacts of server consolidation process on the way the organization functions and on methods how to measure these impacts. One of the steps towards this goal is unmistakably analyzing the planning and deployment of server consolidation including virtualization technology. Server consolidation is characterized as a process leading to simplified and more effective IT infrastructure of an organization. To analyze the IT infrastructure in complete and systematic way it is used framework called IT Infrastructure Library respectively part of it called ICT Infrastructure Management. Because of that linking of the server consolidation process progress to organization's global goals is granted. Contribution of this thesis can be seen in complex analysis of the consequences of the server consolidation process to the functioning of an organization. Especially in areas that are usually not being considered in connection with server consolidation, which is considered to be IT matter, such as human resources and social enviroment. Key words: server consolidation, server consolidation consequences, ICT Infrastructure Management, Virtualization

O propósito desta tese foi investigar as operações de fusões e aquisições - F&A, uma subárea do que se denomina \"combinação de negócios\", observadas entre firmas brasileiras no período de 2002 a 2006, em que ao menos uma delas (firma \"bidder\" ou firma \"target\") fosse listada na Bovespa. Não foram amostradas fusões e aquisições celebradas entre firmas sob um mesmo controle, excluindo dessa forma as incorporações reversas. Foram amostrados 101 anúncios (1º Fato Relevante arquivado) envolvendo 104 operações, totalizando R$ 223,7 bilhões, ou 66,86% do universo que integrou o ranking da ANBID de 2002 a 2006. Duas técnicas foram utilizadas: o estudo de eventos por retornos ao redor dos anúncios e o estudo de eventos amparado por métricas contábeis. Para fins de amostragem, além da base de dados da ANBID, foi utilizada a base da Economática, a base da \"Melhores e Maiores\" e o sistema IPE da CVM/Bovespa. As evidências empíricas e os testes estatísticos conduziram à conclusão de que o anúncio das operações de fusão e aquisição criou expectativas de maximização de valor para os acionistas das firmas combinadas. Contudo, para os acionistas das firmas \"target\", na ocorrência de uma OPA, com a possibilidade da tensão durante o processo de definição do prêmio de controle a ser pago a acionistas não controladores, especialmente se investidores institucionais como fundos de pensão integram o grupo de não controladores, o anúncio das operações de fusão e aquisição foi precificado de modo diferenciado entre ações ordinárias e preferenciais, causando no mercado uma reação similar à hipótese da miopia, um fenômeno peculiar no ambiente brasileiro. A Contabilidade, por seu turno, não corroborou as expectativas médias do mercado no que concerne às possíveis sinergias advindas da combinação de firmas amostradas. Vale dizer que a medição da performance por métricas contábeis não foi influenciada pelo \"big bath\" tampouco por múltiplas aquisições efetivadas por firmas \"bidder\". Os resultados econométricos sugerem a necessidade de se proceder a um teste de \"impairment\" para averiguar a substância econômica de ágios. Por fim, em se tratando dos efeitos sobre os preços das operações não efetivadas e anunciadas (\"unsuccessful takeovers\"), as evidências empíricas indicam que o mercado de capitais brasileiro ajusta tempestivamente os papéis das firmas combinadas, em linha com o que prescreve a hipótese do mercado eficiente na sua forma semi-forte. / The aim of this thesis was the investigation of Mergers and Acquisitions - M&A, a subset of what is named \"business combination\", observed among Brazilian firms from 2002 to 2006, which at least one of them (bidder firm or target firm) was listed in Bovespa. Mergers and Acquisitions - M&A among firms under the same group of control were not sampled, which means that special transactions usually named \"incorporações reversas\" were not considered in the sample. There have been sampled 101 announcements (1st Fato Relevante filed) involving 104 M&A, totalizing R$ 223,7 billion, or 66,86% of the universe that took part in ANBID ranking from 2002 to 2006. Two techniques were used: the event studies on returns before and after M&A announcements and the event studies on accounting based measures. For sampling purposes, besides ANBID database, Economática database, \"Melhores e Maiores\" database and IPE system from CVM/Bovespa were used. The empirical evidences and the statistical tests led to the conclusion that the announcement of M&A transactions raised expectations of value maximization to the shareholders of the firms combined. Nonetheless, for the target firm shareholders, in the occurrence of a tender offer, with the possibility of a tension during the process of defining the control premium to be paid to minorities, specially if institutional investors such as pension funds take part in the minority group, the announcement of M&A transactions was priced differently among common and preferential shares, causing in the market a reaction alike to the myopia hypothesis, a particular phenomena in Brazil. Accounting, it must be pointed out, did not corroborate the average expectations of the market related to synergies associated with the combination of firms sampled. It must be mentioned that the measurement of the performance based on accounting based measures was not influenced by \"big bath\" neither by multiple acquisitions done by bidder firms. The econometric results suggest the necessity of adopting impairment test to check the economic substance of goodwill. Last, concerning the price effects of the unsuccessful takeover transactions announced, the empirical evidences indicate that the Brazilian stock market timely adjusts the stock prices of the combined firms, which is coherent with the efficient market hypothesis in the semi-strong form.

No presente trabalho são apresentadas sugestões de critérios executivos, fundamentados nos tratamentos efetuados em três obras brasileiras, em especial na Usina de Rasgão. O uso dos recursos da estatística também é proposto para avaliar a injeção de solo-cimento, ainda durante a fase executiva dos trabalhos. As análises realizadas mostram que as médias da pressão de iniciação da ruptura do maciço, em terreno natural, são crescentes com a profundidade. Observa-se também que à medida que o tratamento avança, os valores médios das pressões de ruptura e de injeção crescem nas linhas subseqüentes, tendendo a um valor constante com a profundidade e, conseqüentemente, indicando certa homogeneização do maciço. Destaca-se a performance do ensaio do tipo crosshole, executado ainda que em campo de prova, na avaliação da eficiência do tratamento. Nas paredes de uma trincheira escavada no campo de prova, observam-se fraturas hidráulicas predominantemente subverticais, algumas sub-horizontais e poucas inclinadas. Embora diferentes corantes tenham sido empregados nas caldas para observar as possíveis relações entre as fraturas hidráulicas, o processo de pigmentação adotado parece não ter sido adequado. / Soil-cement slurry grouting has been applied for a long time, although not is commonly used in Brazil, a tropical country where thick layers of soil are frequently found. The present paper is based on the soil mass treatment carried out at three different sites, particularly at Rasgão hydroelectric power plant. Statistics methods were applied in order to analyse the variation of the grouting pressures. They showed that pressure of fracturing were increasingly higher with depth in the natural soil mass. As long as the treatment goes on, it has also noticed that the average values of pressures fracturing and injection in each line of grouting became gradually higher, while the subsequent lines showed values of pressures tending to become constant with depth, suggesting a homogeneity of mechanical strength of the natural soil mass. Field geophysical tests performed before and after the grouting, using cross-hole technique, succeeded in verifying the efficiency of the treatment. The excavation of a trench into the test site indicated that the hydraulic fracturing has developed greatly in a vertical position, other than horizontally. Although different colours of pigments were mixed into the slurry in order to investigate the possible relationship among hydraulic fractures, that procedure proved to be unsuccessful.

Resumo: O sistema de plantio direto vem sendo empregado em diversas regiões do Brasil; porém, dependendo do local e da intensidade do tráfego de máquinas, tem provocado a compactação do solo e muitos produtores utilizam como solução a escarificação da área para romper a camada que diminui o crescimento das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da escarificação (0,30 m) nas propriedades físicas de um Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico, comparando os resultados com uma área contigua não escarificada, ambas conduzidas, anteriormente, pelo sistema de plantio direto. Para a determinação da resistência mecânica à penetração, densidade e pressão de pré-consolidação do solo foram amostradas as duas áreas de plantio direto, com escarificação (PDCE) e sem escarificação (PDSE). Utilizando-se a UMAS - Unidade Móvel de Amostragem do Solo, construída pelo NEMPA - Núcleo de Ensaio de Máquinas e Pneus Agroflorestais da FCA/UNESP de Botucatu/SP, equipada com GPS, possibilitando o georeferenciamento dessas amostras. A resistência mecânica do solo à penetração de um cone foi obtida através do penetrômetro hidráulico-eletrônico e as outras propriedades foram avaliadas em laboratório através da coleta de anéis padronizados. A amostragem foi realizada no sistema de malha ("grid") seguindo as dimensões de 15 x 25 m para a resistência à penetração do solo e para a amostragem com anéis numa dimensão de 15 x 50 m, sendo coletados 160 anéis. As amostras com anéis, para a determinação da densidade e para o ensaio no consolidômetro, foram coletadas nas camadas de 0 a 0,10 m, 0,10 a 0,20 m, 0,20 a 0,30 m e 0,30 a 0,40 m e com os dados obtidos com o penetrômetro foram calculados os índices de cone para essas mesmas camadas. Com os dados obtidos e calculados foram construídos e comparados os mapas desse atributo para as áreas escarificada... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The no-tillage system has been used in several regions of Brazil, but depending on the location and intensity of machinery traffic has caused soil compaction and many producers use as a solution to scarification of the area to break the layer decreases plant growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of scarification (0.30 m) on physical properties of an Alfisol dystrophic, comparing the results with a contiguous area not scarified, both conducted previously by the system of tillage. To determine the penetration resistance, density and pressure of pre-consolidation of soil were sampled both areas of tillage, with scarification (PDCE) and without scarification (PDSE). Using the MUSS - Mobile Unit of Soil Sampling, built by NEMPA - Nucleus for Agronomic and Forest Machines and Tires Tests and FCA/UNESP, Botucatu/SP, equipped with GPS, allowed the georeferencing of these samples. The mechanical resistance to penetration of a cone penetrometer was obtained through the hydraulic-electronic and other properties were evaluated in the laboratory by collecting rings standardized. The sampling was performed at loop system ("grid") following the dimensions of 15 x 25 m for the penetration resistance and soil sampling rings with a dimension of 15 x 50 m, and collected 160 rings. Samples with rings for determining the density and test in consolidometer were collected in layers of 0 to 0.10 m, 0.10 to 0.20 m, 0.20 to 0.30, 0.30 to 0.40 m with the data obtained with the penetrometer were calculated for a cone to those layers. With the data collected and calculated were constructed and compared this attribute maps for the areas scarified and not scarified (Tillage). For the test with consolidometer rings were used with undisturbed samples to derive the load-bearing capacity of soil. Soil management adopted provide a decrease in the density of soil tillage with chiseling at depths... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Kleber Pereira Lanças / Coorientador: Reginaldo Barboza da Silva / Banca: Renato Lara de Assis / Banca: Maria Helena Moraes / Mestre