本論文從發音語音學與聲學語音學之觀點研究英語字彙之語音表義現象，其中包括英語中主要五個元音與央元音，二十個輔音，二十九個字首二輔音群，以及六個字首三輔音群。此外也提出語音表義在英語教學上之啟示。首先，語音表義字彙教學配合見字識音法，可以成為形音義三者結合之教學。再者，由於語音表義字彙教學必須透過聯想力建立聲音與意義之間的關聯，因此可以轉被動沈悶之字彙學習為主動活潑之認知歷程，符合認知學習之原則。同時語音表義字彙教學可以訓練學習者之音韻覺識能力，以求在發音、拼字與閱讀方面收長期之效。此外，語音表義字彙教學法可以與其他字彙教學法如「字首字根字尾解字教學法」，或是「上下文語境字彙教學」相輔相成，也同時彌補此兩種教學法不足之處。最後，英語語音學教師若選擇符合語音表義現象之例字，言傳語音特色將會更容易。 本論文完整探討英語中語音表義現象，具有以下幾點貢獻。首先，本文從發音語音學並配合聲學語音學上之佐證完整探討英語語音表義現象，是前所未見的。此外，將語音之歷史發展納入研究考慮因素，認為二輔音群如sc-、sch-、sk-與sh-以及三輔音群scr-與shr-分別具有相同之語音表義現象。而在含有輔音s之輔音群部分，根據Kaye（1992）以及優選理論，本論文將s與後繼語音視為異音節來討論其語音表義現象，亦為本文另一獨特之分析。另外，本論文證明英語中除了擬聲字以外，在聲音與意義之間仍有許多自然之關聯。 / This thesis aims to explore the phenomena of sound symbolism (SS hereafter) in English in terms of articulatory phonetics and acoustic phonetics. The scope of the research covers 5 cardinal vowels, the schwa sounds, 20 single consonants, 29 word-initial two-letter consonant clusters, and 6 word-initial three-letter consonant clusters. Meanwhile, there are some implications on English pedagogy found in the research. First, by providing the association between sound and meaning, SS enriches phonics, which deals with the relationship between spelling and sound, so that spelling, sound and meaning are combined in English vocabulary teaching. Besides, SS turns passive, teacher-centered vocabulary instruction into an active, student-centered one, and this corresponds with the principles of cognitive learning theory. Moreover, the application of SS in teaching English language will help develop learners’ phonological awareness, which improves their pronunciation, spelling and reading abilities. SS at the same time completes other vocabulary teaching methods. Lastly, SS strengthens the instruction of English phonetics in that, if provided with some example words subject to SS phenomena, the features of a sound will be observed and conveyed more easily. Complete in the analysis of SS in English, this thesis pioneers in the following aspects. First of all, this topic is treated in the viewpoint of both articulatory phonetics and acoustic phonetics. Secondly, the historical development of a sound is taken into consideration, and consonant clusters such as sch-、sk- and sh-, therefore, are deemed to have the same sound-meaning relationship with sc- and shr- with scr-. Besides, such s-initial consonant clusters as sl-, sm-, and st- are analyzed in an unprecedented way, some phonological evidences considered. Finally, this thesis proves that there are other non-arbitrary associations between sound and meaning besides onomatopoeic words.

送氣與非送氣的對比是台灣華語塞音及塞擦音之特性。為討論送氣的議題，本篇論文透過語音實驗，從兩方面來探討：其一為嗓音起始時間(voice onset time)，另一則為語誤的方向性(directionality)及標記 (markedness)。 本研究有兩個實驗，皆以四字非詞為實驗材料。實驗一為語誤實驗，此實驗結合繞口令以及立即回想的方法來誘發語誤；實驗二則為嗓音起始時間實驗，只讓受試者回想，並未結合繞口令。這兩個實驗的設計由於受到中文本身音韻限制及詞彙空缺的限制，韻母使用了單母音(V)及韻母(VG或GV)兩種形式，因此實驗二亦將母音對子音數值的影響之比較結果納入討論。 嗓音起始時間實驗的結果顯示，使用四字非詞並結合回想作為實驗內容所測量出的數值與前人使用實詞所測量出的數值並無太大不同，並支持送氣子音的數值較非送氣子音的大。此外，塞音的研究結果支持Cho & Ladefoged (1999)所提出的原則，也就是塞音除阻的位置若越後面，則其數值會越大；若將塞音的數值套用Cho & Ladefoged (1999)的分類，則中文的非送氣塞音確為非送氣子音，而送氣塞音的數值則介於稍微送氣及送氣子音之間。塞擦音的研究結果若如Lai (2013)般套用Cho & Ladefoged (1999)之原則，則會發現送氣塞擦音符合此原則，但非送氣塞擦音卻非如此。另外，子音後接的母音或韻母亦會影響子音之嗓音起始時間。研究結果顯示當大部份子音後接單母音時，子音之嗓音起始時間較長；研究結果亦指出當子音後接的為單母音[a]或以[a]開頭的韻母時，子音的嗓音起始時間會較接其他母音如[u], [i], [ow]時短。 語誤實驗的結果顯示，除了[k], [kh]有以有標送氣塞音取代無標非送氣塞音的情形外，其他組塞音及所有塞擦音皆無以有標送氣子音取代無標非送氣子音(反之亦然)的情形。就方向性而言，研究結果顯示語誤來源出現在語誤之前(perseveration)的方向性顯著最多。 / The contrast of aspiration is one of the characteristics of stops and affricates in Taiwan Mandarin. Through the conduction of two phonological experiments, we discuss the issue of aspiration from two aspects: one is from voice onset time (VOT), and the other one from directionality and markedness of speech errors. Non-word quadruple sets were used in both two experiments. The first experiment was speech errors, which combined tongue twister and immediate recall to induce speech errors; the second experiment was voice onset time, which only had the subjects to recall. Due to the limitation of phonological ill-form and lexical gaps, the rhymes of the two experiments had two forms, V and VG/GV; as a result, how vowels affected the VOT of stops and affricates were also discussed. The findings of the second experiment (voice onset time) showed that the VOT measured by using non-word quadruple set was similar to the VOT measured by using real words as stimuli, and the findings also indicated that the VOT of the aspirated consonants was longer than that of the unaspirated ones. In terms of the results of the stops, they supported the principle proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) that the duration of VOT has a further back relationship with the closure; furthermore, the categories proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) were applied onto the results, it showed that Mandarin unaspirated stops were indeed unaspirated consonants, and the aspirated stops fell between slightly aspirated and aspirated consonants. The findings of the aspirated stops, if applied the principle proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) like Lai (2013), revealed that aspirated affricates supported the principle, yet the unaspirated ones did not. Regarding the influence of vowels on the VOT, it was found that when the succeeding vowel was a single vowel [a] or rhymes beginning with [a], the VOT of the stops and the affricates would be shorter. The findings of the first experiment (speech errors) indicated that with regard to the stops, the aspirated velar stop tended to replace the unaspirated counterpart, while for the other stops, the probability for marked aspirated stops to replace unmarked unaspirated ones or vice versa was of the same. With regard to the directionality of speech errors, the findings showed that perseverations significantly outnumbered anticipations and exchange.

Ce mémoire analyse, à l’aide du Sérialisme Harmonique, un processus de gémination consonantique s’opérant à travers des frontières de morphème en groenlandais de l’ouest. Une partie intégrante de cette analyse se base sur les restrictions sur les formes de surface des consonnes géminées et le comportement général des consonnes chez les frontières de morphème. Le processus de gémination discuté implique l’assimilation consonantique régressive quand un affixe qui commence par une consonne se rattache à un stem qui se termine par une consonne. Un processus d’effacement consonantique en fin de stem s’opère dans le même contexte. Ces deux processus empêchent des groupes consonantiques d’apparaître dans des représentations de surface. Bien que la distribution de ces processus ne soit pas évidente, cette analyse propose une explication basée sur des mores flottantes qui déclenchent l’assimilation. En outre, l’analyse implémente une série d’opérations qui imposent des restrictions sur les représentations de surface des consonne géminées et établit une relation formelle entre ces représentations et leur position dans un morphème. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de proposer un exemple de comment une analyse plus moderne et unifiée de la grammaire du groenlandais pourrait être accomplie par le Sérialisme Harmonique. Alors que la majorité des travaux antérieurs sur la phonologie groenlandaise sont entièrement descriptifs ou impliquent des règles de réécriture ne pouvant pas être formellement reliées, ce mémoire suggère une approche à l’aide d’un cadre théorique sérial et basé sur des contraintes comme une option viable. / This thesis proposes an analysis in Harmonic Serialism of a cross-morpheme consonant gemination process in West Greenlandic. Central considerations to the analysis are surface restrictions on geminate consonants as well as general consonant behavior at morpheme boundaries. The gemination process at hand involves regressive consonant assimilation when a consonant-initial affix is introduced to consonant-final stem. This operates alongside a process of stem-final consonant deletion, with both processes serving as mutually exclusive strategies to prevent heterorganic consonant clusters from surfacing in West Greenlandic. While the distribution of these processes is not surface-apparent, it is explained through the proposal of unattached moras that function as triggers for assimilation. Additionally, the analysis implements a set of operations that impose restrictions on the output forms of geminate consonants and establishes a formal relationship between these output forms and their position within a morpheme. The objective of this thesis is to propose an example of how a more modern, unified analysis of West Greenlandic grammar could be modeled in Harmonic Serialism. While the majority of earlier works on West Greenlandic phonology are either purely descriptive in nature or involve rewrite rules that cannot share a formal relation or output goal, this thesis proposes an approach within a serial, constraint-based framework as a viable alternative.

<p>While pronunciation has previously been described as a neglected skill in the second language classroom, a growing body of literature has demonstrated that pronunciation training improves students’ productions (Derwing & Munro, 2005). Mispronunciations have been shown to impact comprehensibility, intelligibility, and accentedness (Derwing & Munro, 2009). As pronunciation instruction methods have begun to be the subject of empirical research, Visual Feedback (VF) has begun to emerge as a novel method for teaching pronunciation. This method has been shown to be particularly effective for teaching voice onset time (VOT), a characteristic of voiceless stop consonants (e.g., /p, t, k/). Worth noting, English and Spanish differ concerning VOT, with English employing long VOTs (30-100ms) and Spanish short VOTs (0-30ms) (Lisker & Abramson’s, 1964). Previous research has focused exclusively on employing VF for shortening VOT, although there are some compelling reasons to question whether the size and nature of the effect would be similar for lengthening VOT. The present study examines the potential effectiveness of VF as a means of lengthening the VOT of Spanish learners of English.</p> <p>The participants of the study were twenty-six students from a large Colombian university. The experiment design consisted of a pretest, three VF interventions, a posttest, and a delayed posttest. The tests were composed of two tasks, differing in their complexity: recording words in isolation and words in utterances. Stimuli consisted of English words (n= 4266) with word-initial voiceless stops (/p, t, k/). Stimuli were controlled for stress, following vowel, and word familiarity  and were measured for VOT using Praat (Boersma & Weenink, 2022).</p> <p>Results from statistical analysis coupled with a visual inspection of the data indicated that the experimental group performed similarly in the three stages of the study and that the visual feedback paradigm did not result in changes in VOT. However, some degree of variation was found among the participants concerning their average VOTs. While some participants showed an overall increase (i.e., improvement) in English VOTs for the three phonemes /p/, /t/, and /k/ over time, other participants did not. In general, most of the participants produced English-like VOTs in the pretest, constituting a degree of ceiling effects. The rate of exposure to the target language and the saliency of English are factors that could have played a role in the development of the VOT scores of the participants before the study. Therefore, the discussion focuses on both the nature of the individual variability and the theoretical implications of ceiling effects found in the current study versus the lack of ceiling effects in other studies with similar populations.</p>

The text deals with the current state of the language of the Czech minority in Crimea. Based on field research, it describes phenomena and changes that occurred in the language of Crimean Czechs that were caused by the influences of the foreign language and culture environment. Main focus of the text is phonetics, i.e. the way how speakers are affected by the Russian pronunciation standards. The text contains historical and cultural context relevant to the departure of Czechs to Crimea and the shape of the Czech minority nowadays. Individual chapters are dedicated to specific phenomena: deviations in the pronunciation of vocals in first syllables of words, changes in the pronunciation of the consonant [j], labialization in pronunciation of consonant [v], changes in the pronunciation of loanwords, pronunciation of consonants [ ] and [ ] in Czech words, pronunciation of toponyms, prosthesis and elimination of speech sounds from the beginning of words, deviations in the pronunciation of speech sounds from the middle of words, vocalization of prepositions and influences of Russian language standards on the use of their vocalized form.

L’objectif de ce travail était d’examiner la spécificité fonctionnelle du traitement et des représentations des hauteurs musicales. À cette fin, ce traitement a été comparé à celui des phonèmes de la parole, d’une part, et aux associations spatiales évoquées par des séquences ordonnées, d’autre part. Nos quatre études avaient pour point commun d’adapter à un nouvel objet de recherche des méthodes bien établies en psychologie cognitive. Ainsi, nous avons exploité la tâche de classification accélérée (Etude 1) de Garner (1974), l’analyse des conjonctions illusoires en mémoire (Etude 2), l’additivité de la composante mismatch negativity (MMN) des potentiels évoqués (Etude 3) et l’observation d’associations spatiales de codes de réponse (Etude 4).<p>Les trois premières études, menées chez des participants non-musiciens, portaient sur la spécificité de traitement des hauteurs par rapport à celui des phonèmes au sein de stimuli chantés. Les deux premières études ont mis en évidence un effet surprenant de la nature des phonèmes sur leurs interactions avec le traitement des mélodies :les voyelles apparaissaient plus intégrées à la mélodie que les consonnes. Ceci était vrai à la fois lors du traitement en temps réel de non-mots chantés (Etude 1) et au niveau des traces en mémoire de ces mêmes non-mots (Etude 2, utilisant une tâche de reconnaissance à choix forcé permettant la mise en évidence de conjonctions illusoires). Cette dissociation entre voyelles et consonnes quant à leur intégration avec les traitements mélodiques ne semblait pas causée par des caractéristiques acoustico-phonétiques telles que la sonorité. Les résultats de la troisième étude indiquaient que les MMNs en réponse à des déviations de hauteur et de voyelle n’étaient pas additives et que leur distribution topographique ne différait pas selon le type de déviation. Ceci suggère que, même au niveau pré-attentionnel, le traitement des voyelles n’est pas indépendant de celui des hauteurs. <p>Dans la quatrième étude, nous avons comparé le traitement des hauteurs musicales à un autre domaine :la cognition spatiale. Nous avons ainsi montré que les non-musiciens comme les musiciens associent les notes graves à la partie inférieure et les notes aiguës à la partie supérieure de l’espace. Les deux groupes liaient aussi les notes graves au côté gauche et les notes aiguës au côté droit, mais ce lien n’était automatique que chez les musiciens. Enfin, des stimuli musicaux plus complexes (intervalles mélodiques) n’évoquaient ces associations spatiales que chez les musiciens et ce, uniquement sur le plan horizontal.<p>Ces recherches contribuent de plusieurs manières à la compréhension de la cognition musicale. Premièrement, nous avons montré que les consonnes et les voyelles diffèrent dans leurs interactions avec la musique, une idée à mettre en perspective avec les rôles différents de ces phonèmes dans l’évolution du langage. Ensuite, les travaux sur les représentations spatiales des hauteurs musicales ouvrent la voie à un courant de recherche qui aidera à dévoiler les liens potentiels entre habiletés musicales et spatiales.<p>/<p>The purpose of this work was to examine the functional specificity of musical pitch processing and representation. To this aim, we compared musical pitch processing to (1) the phonological processing of speech and (2) the spatial associations evoked by ordered sequences. The four studies described here all use classical methods of cognitive psychology, which have been adapted to our research question. We have employed Garner’s (1974) speeded classification task (Study 1), the analysis of illusory conjunctions in memory (Study 2), the additivity of the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of event-related potentials (Study 3), as well as the observation of spatial associations of response codes (Study 4).<p>The three first studies examined, in non-musician participants, the specificity of pitch processing compared to phoneme processing in songs. Studies 1 and 2 revealed a surprising effect of phoneme category on their interactions with melodic processing: vowels were more integrated with melody than were consonants. This was true for both on-line processing of sung nonwords (Study 1) and for the memory traces of these nonwords (Study 2, using a forced-choice recognition task allowing the occurrence of illusory conjunctions). The difference between vowels and consonants was not due to acoustic-phonetic properties such as phoneme sonority. The results of the third study showed that the MMN in response to pitch and to vowel deviations was not additive and that its brain topography did not differ as a function of the kind of deviation. This suggests that vowel processing is not independent from pitch processing, even at the pre-attentive level.<p>In the fourth study, we compared pitch processing to another domain: spatial cognition. We showed that both musicians and non-musicians map pitch onto space, in that they associate low-pitched tones to the lower spatial field and high-pitched tones to the higher spatial field. Both groups of participants also associated low pitched-tones with the left and high-pitched tones with the right, but this association was automatic only in musicians. Finally, more complex musical stimuli such as melodic intervals evoked these spatial associations in the horizontal plane only in musicians.<p>This work contributes to the understanding of music cognition in several ways. First, we have shown that consonants and vowels differ in their interactions with music, an idea related to the contrasting roles of these phonemes in language evolution. Second, the work on the spatial representation of pitch opens the path to research that will help uncover the potential links between musical and spatial abilities.<p> / Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished