Orientadores: Maria Filomena Spatti Sândalo, Andrew Ira Nevins / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T21:16:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_MarioAndreCoelhoda_M.pdf: 3340484 bytes, checksum: 0b6343f55f846a7423f2b278869c0c99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta dissertação traz dados acústicos, estatísticos, sociolinguísticos e fonológicos sobre o fenômeno da pré-vocalização em Maxakalí, coletados a partir de experimentos controlados. Apesar de ser fenômeno comum nas línguas do mundo, a pré-vocalização de consoantes ocorre com praticamente todos os sons dessa classe na língua ora estudada, tornando possível uma análise fonológica das semelhanças entre essa categoria e a classe das vogais. Dentro da fala de um mesmo falante, é possível encontrar desde uma realização consonantal "pura" até uma completamente vocalizada. Acusticamente, comprovamos previsões teóricas de outros pesquisadores, como a de que consoantes de transição nessa língua são compostas somente por glides (Wetzels e Sluyters, 1995). Já estatisticamente, mostramos que a posição da coda dentro da palavra e a posição desta dentro da sentença são fatores que favorecem a lenição de consoantes. Além disso, o ponto de articulação é um fator condicionador desse fenômeno, alinhando sons dentais e palatais por um lado e labiais e velares por outro. Em nossa análise, demonstramos que um traço [coronal] não é suficiente para explicar essa categorização no Maxakalí, sendo que o traço acústico [grave] parece ser mais adequado para essa classificação (Jakobson, Fant e Halle, 1952). Usando uma teoria articulatória, baseada na análise de Operstein (2010), conseguimos explorar as relações entre uma fonologia acústica e articulatória. Outro fator que explica essa variação possui caráter extra-linguístico e está relacionado com a idade dos falantes. Listas de palavras feitas por viajantes do século XIX (Martius, 1867) dão indícios de que este fenômeno já operava no Maxakalí, ainda que de maneira mais restrita em comparação aos dias de hoje. No tempo aparente, falantes mais velhos são mais conservadores no que diz respeito à lenição e os dados deste trabalho em conjunto com as listas do século XIX podem ser um indicativo de mudança linguística em andamento. Portanto, através de uma metodologia experimental, hoje ainda pouco utilizada em estudos de línguas indígenas no Brasil, conseguimos analisar mais a fundo a pré-vocalização no Maxakalí, trazendo uma apreciação da lenição de consoantes a partir do ponto de vista de diversas disciplinas da linguística / Abstract: This work provides acoustic, statistical, sociolinguistic and phonological data collected experimentally in order to study the phenomenon of prevocalization in Maxakalí. Even though this is a common phenomenon in the world¿s languages, in Maxakalí, consonant prevocalization occurs in virtually all sounds of this class in this language, enabling a phonological analysis of the similarities between this category and the class of vowels. In the speech of a given individual, it is possible to find variation from a "pure" consonantal realization up to a completely vocalized one. Acoustically, we have provided evidence bearing out the theoretical predictions of other research, such as the fact that consonantal transitions in this language are composed just by glides (Wetzels and Sluyters, 1995). Statistically, we have shown that the coda position inside the word and word position inside the sentence are factors which favor consonant lenition. Moreover, place of articulation is a conditioning factor of this phenomenon, aligning dental and palatal consonants on one hand and labial and velar ones on the other. In our analysis, we have demonstrated that a [coronal] feature is not sufficient to explain this categorization in Maxakalí, and that the acoustic feature [grave] is more appropriate for this classification (Jakobson, Fant and Halle, 1952). Using a gestural theory, based on Operstein¿s (2010) analysis, we have explored the relations between an acoustic and an articulatory phonology. Another factor which explains this variation has an extralinguistic characteristic, and is related to the speakers¿ age. Word lists made by 19th century explorers (Martius, 1867) provide evidence that this phenomenon was already in operation in Maxakalí, though in a more restricted manner than today. In apparent time, older speakers are more conservative with regards to lenition and this data, together with the 19th century lists, may be an indicative of linguistic change in progress. Therefore, using an experimental methodology, still underused in indigenous language studies in Brazil, we have been successful in more deeply analyzing prevocalization in Maxakalí, enabling an appreciation of consonant lenition from the point of view of several disciplines of linguistics / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

This thesis is a French-Czech contrastive study which deals with schwa (mute E) in the two languages. It is conducted in a pedagogical perspective. After comparing the principal phonetic/phonological characteristics of the two languages, the topic of the theoretical part is schwa in spoken French. One of the chapters concerns the treatment of mute E in French songs and its treatment in poetry. The second part consists in an experimental study ; it contains the description and the results of three experiments concerning the two languages. The acoustic realization of schwa (or a "schwa-like" vocalic segment) is observed through production tasks and perception tests of syllabicity in French and Czech words. The acoustic analyses seem to support the well-known hypotheses that it is not just the effect of the phonological cribble, but also a mental representation of the graphical form that is operating in the process of the perception of a foreign language. Furthermore, the representation of the graphical form seems to play a role for French listeners when hearing their own language. The articulatory habits of native speakers can considerably influence not only the production of a foreign language being studied, but also its perception. In the case of our first two perception tests the French listeners were...

L’objectif de ce travail était d’examiner la spécificité fonctionnelle du traitement et des représentations des hauteurs musicales. À cette fin, ce traitement a été comparé à celui des phonèmes de la parole, d’une part, et aux associations spatiales évoquées par des séquences ordonnées, d’autre part. Nos quatre études avaient pour point commun d’adapter à un nouvel objet de recherche des méthodes bien établies en psychologie cognitive. Ainsi, nous avons exploité la tâche de classification accélérée (Etude 1) de Garner (1974), l’analyse des conjonctions illusoires en mémoire (Etude 2), l’additivité de la composante mismatch negativity (MMN) des potentiels évoqués (Etude 3) et l’observation d’associations spatiales de codes de réponse (Etude 4). Les trois premières études, menées chez des participants non-musiciens, portaient sur la spécificité de traitement des hauteurs par rapport à celui des phonèmes au sein de stimuli chantés. Les deux premières études ont mis en évidence un effet surprenant de la nature des phonèmes sur leurs interactions avec le traitement des mélodies : les voyelles apparaissaient plus intégrées à la mélodie que les consonnes. Ceci était vrai à la fois lors du traitement en temps réel de non-mots chantés (Etude 1) et au niveau des traces en mémoire de ces mêmes non-mots (Etude 2, utilisant une tâche de reconnaissance à choix forcé permettant la mise en évidence de conjonctions illusoires). Cette dissociation entre voyelles et consonnes quant à leur intégration avec les traitements mélodiques ne semblait pas causée par des caractéristiques acoustico-phonétiques telles que la sonorité. Les résultats de la troisième étude indiquaient que les MMNs en réponse à des déviations de hauteur et de voyelle n’étaient pas additives et que leur distribution topographique ne différait pas selon le type de déviation. Ceci suggère que, même au niveau pré-attentionnel, le traitement des voyelles n’est pas indépendant de celui des hauteurs. Dans la quatrième étude, nous avons comparé le traitement des hauteurs musicales à un autre domaine : la cognition spatiale. Nous avons ainsi montré que les non-musiciens comme les musiciens associent les notes graves à la partie inférieure et les notes aiguës à la partie supérieure de l’espace. Les deux groupes liaient aussi les notes graves au côté gauche et les notes aiguës au côté droit, mais ce lien n’était automatique que chez les musiciens. Enfin, des stimuli musicaux plus complexes (intervalles mélodiques) n’évoquaient ces associations spatiales que chez les musiciens et ce, uniquement sur le plan horizontal. Ces recherches contribuent de plusieurs manières à la compréhension de la cognition musicale. Premièrement, nous avons montré que les consonnes et les voyelles diffèrent dans leurs interactions avec la musique, une idée à mettre en perspective avec les rôles différents de ces phonèmes dans l’évolution du langage. Ensuite, les travaux sur les représentations spatiales des hauteurs musicales ouvrent la voie à un courant de recherche qui aidera à dévoiler les liens potentiels entre habiletés musicales et spatiales. / The purpose of this work was to examine the functional specificity of musical pitch processing and representation. To this aim, we compared musical pitch processing to (1) the phonological processing of speech and (2) the spatial associations evoked by ordered sequences. The four studies described here all use classical methods of cognitive psychology, which have been adapted to our research question. We have employed Garner’s (1974) speeded classification task (Study 1), the analysis of illusory conjunctions in memory (Study 2), the additivity of the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of event-related potentials (Study 3), as well as the observation of spatial associations of response codes (Study 4). The three first studies examined, in non-musician participants, the specificity of pitch processing compared to phoneme processing in songs. Studies 1 and 2 revealed a surprising effect of phoneme category on their interactions with melodic processing: vowels were more integrated with melody than were consonants. This was true for both on-line processing of sung nonwords (Study 1) and for the memory traces of these nonwords (Study 2, using a forced-choice recognition task allowing the occurrence of illusory conjunctions). The difference between vowels and consonants was not due to acoustic-phonetic properties such as phoneme sonority. The results of the third study showed that the MMN in response to pitch and to vowel deviations was not additive and that its brain topography did not differ as a function of the kind of deviation. This suggests that vowel processing is not independent from pitch processing, even at the pre-attentive level. In the fourth study, we compared pitch processing to another domain: spatial cognition. We showed that both musicians and non-musicians map pitch onto space, in that they associate low-pitched tones to the lower spatial field and high-pitched tones to the higher spatial field. Both groups of participants also associated low pitched-tones with the left and high-pitched tones with the right, but this association was automatic only in musicians. Finally, more complex musical stimuli such as melodic intervals evoked these spatial associations in the horizontal plane only in musicians. This work contributes to the understanding of music cognition in several ways. First, we have shown that consonants and vowels differ in their interactions with music, an idea related to the contrasting roles of these phonemes in language evolution. Second, the work on the spatial representation of pitch opens the path to research that will help uncover the potential links between musical and spatial abilities.

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Leung, Ming Ming Grace. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-277). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

All in all, the thesis tries to fill the research gap in the study of English pronunciation in a Hong Kong context. It exhausts the pronunciation of all types of English consonant clusters by native Cantonese learners of English, provides experimental studies to investigate the most effective approach to the acquisition of English consonant clusters, and applies Optimality Theory to elucidate the pronunciation phenomena found among Cantonese learners of English. / Apart from the inquiry into language pedagogy, this thesis also analyses and expounds the language phenomena of consonant cluster production through the application of Optimality Theory. From the data of the pre-test and post-tests, the pronunciation modification phenomena of subjects were summarised and analysed. It is found that subjects produced pronunciation forms that resembled that of native English speakers, but at the same time they produced forms that deviated from that of native English speakers. The most frequent pronunciation modifications are substitution and deletion. / Optimality Theory argues that phonological differences between languages are the results of the differences in the ranking of universal constraints; therefore, the preference towards certain modification phenomena and the production of certain pronunciation forms by Cantonese speakers can be viewed as the differences in the ranking of constraints between English and Cantonese. In the interlanguage phonology of Cantonese speakers, words like pray /pre I/ and find /faInd/ could become [pe I] and [faIn] phonetically. This can be explained by assuming that the English words are input to a phonology in which *COMPLEX (complex onset or coda is not permissible) is highly ranked, and that in order to observe this constraint, Cantonese learners of English might apply deletion to delete a consonant in syllables with consonant clusters. / Yam Pui Suen, Josephine. / "June 2005." / Advisers: G. Gong; J. Hung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-01, Section: A, page: 0170. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 202-214). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Author's name: Petra Kahounová School: Charles University, Prague, Faculty of Arts Institute of Linguistics and Finno-Ugric Studies Náměstí Jana Palacha 2, 116 38 Praha 1 Program: Finnish language Title: Problems of consonant gradation in Finnish as a second language Consultant: Mgr. Lenka Fárová, Ph.D. Number of pages: 65 + 11 pages of attachments Number of attachments: 5 Year: 2012 Keywords: gradation of consonants in Finnish, corpus, analysis of mistakes, direct gradation, reverse gradation, student's language The aim of this thesis is to explore and describe mistakes made in the consonant gradation in interlanguage by students of Finnish language. Finnish has a complicated system of inflection in comparison with indoeuropean languages, so it is necessary to know the rules to create the right form of the word. The mistakes were found in czech and polish students' texts and I tried to identify in which types of gradation they are most frequent. Particular mistakes were sorted into groups according to types of consonant clusters. I compared what mistakes czech and polish students make, which mistakes are the most frequent and if there are some any similarities between these two nations. I focused on explanation of wrong word forms.

Bakgrund: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) i nucleus subthalamicus (STN) och i kaudala zona incerta (cZi) har visat positiva effekter på motoriska symtom (rörelseförmåga och balans) vid Parkinsons sjukdom. Efter DBS har dock negativa taleffekter noterats, inklusive nedsatt artikulatorisk precision och stabilitet. Nedsatt artikulatorisk precisionoch stabilitet påverkar klusilproduktionen mest vilket kan resultera i att klusilexplosionen uteblir eller att multipla explosioner uppstår. Mål: Att undersöka artikulatorisk precision och stabilitet vid klusilexplosionen efter DBS i STN respektive cZi. Metod: I studien deltog 19 patienter varav 9 deltagare stimulerats i STN och 10 deltagare i cZi. Talinspelningar gjordes innan operation och ett år efter operation med DBSstimulering på och av. Klusilerna i talmaterialet delades in i tre kategorier, de med en klusilexplosion, de med två eller flera klusilexplosioner samt de utan klusilexplosion. Hypotesprövning gjordes gällande fördelningen av klusiler med multipla explosioner samt klusiler utan explosion mellan och inom patientgrupperna samt inom respektive klusil. Resultat: Multipla explosioner ökade hos cZi-patienterna och minskade hos STNpatienterna. Klusiler som saknade explosion ökade hos STN-patienterna medan de minskade hos cZi-patienterna. För båda patientgrupperna ökade multipla explosioner och klusiler utan explosion då stimuleringen var på jämfört med av. Skillnaderna mellan och inom grupperna var inte signifikanta. Slutsats: Artikulatorisk precision och stabilitet påverkades efter DBS i form av bristande stabilitet, för kort slutningsrörelse och felaktig koordination av slutningsrörelsen. Detta resulterade i multipla explosioner och uteblivna explosioner med olika effekter för elektrodlokalisationerna. / Background: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in Subthalamicus Nucleus (STN) and Caudala zona incerta (cZi) have shown positive effects on motor symptoms in Parkinson‘s disease. Negative effects on speech after DBS has been noted including reduced articulatory precision. Reduced articulatory precision and stability affects the production of stop consonants and as a result, loss of burst or multiple burst can occur. Aim: To investigate articulatory precision and stability regarding the burst in stop consonants after DBS of STN or cZi. Method: The study included 19 patients with 9 patients stimulated in STN and 10 patientsin cZi. Speech recordings were made before surgery and one year after with stimulation ON and OFF. The stop consonants were divided into three categories, those with one burst, those with two or more bursts (multiple burst) and those with loss of burst. Hypothesis testing was done on the categorization of the stop consonants in and between the groups and between the stop consonants types. Results: Multiple burst increased in the cZi group and decreased in the STN group. Stop consonants with loss of burst increased in the STN group but decreased in the cZi group. For both groups multiple burst and stop consonants with loss of burst increased with stimulation on. The differences between and within the groups were not significant. Conclusion: Articulatory precision and stability were affected by DBS with decreased stability, shortened occlusion and incorrect coordination. As a result multiple burst and loss of burst occurred in both groups. / Speech, voice and swallowing outcomes after deep brain stimulation of the zona incerta and the pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson’s disease: Comparsion with stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus

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Este estudo pretendeu verificar como aprendizes de inglês (L2) do sul do Brasil percebem, em termos de ponto de articulação, consoantes plosivas surdas sem soltura audível em codas simples finais de palavras do inglês. A pesquisa contou com 17 acadêmicos do primeiro semestre do curso de graduação em Letras, matriculados na disciplina Inglês I, turmas A e B, da UFRGS. Os acadêmicos foram submetidos ao Oxford Placement Test (ALLAN, 2004), que apontou duas categorias, básico e intermediário. Para medir a acurácia quanto ao ponto de articulação das consoantes propostas, foram aplicados dois testes de percepção: (a) teste de identificação perceptual, com 81 questões e (b) teste de discriminação categórica [de acordo com o modelo ABX (LIBERMAN et al. 1957)], com 135 questões. As palavras que serviram como estímulos auditivos nos testes foram selecionadas segundo a estrutura silábica CVC e equidistribuídas de acordo com as vogais [], [] e [] (como em ―beep”, ―lit”, ―sack”). Todas as palavras foram gravadas por três falantes nativos de inglês americano, gênero masculino, provenientes do oeste americano. De modo a verificar se a instrução explícita sobre o fenômeno da não soltura de oclusivas teria papel sobre a acuidade na percepção dos pontos de articulação das consoantes, os acadêmicos foram alocados em dois grupos: (a) grupo experimental, que recebeu instrução sobre o fenômeno, contando com 10 alunos; e (b) grupo controle, o qual foi composto de 7 alunos que não receberam qualquer instrução sobre o fenômeno. Os testes foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Línguas da universidade e executados durante 25 minutos em média. Através dos experimentos mencionados, os resultados mostram que: (a) os pontos de articulação labial e velar obtiveram maiores índices de acuidade; (b) as vogais nucleares [] e [] são as que favorecem a percepção do ponto de articulação das consoantes abordadas; (c) o grupo experimental obteve maiores índices de acuidade quando comparado ao grupo controle; e (d) os acadêmicos de nível intermediário apresentam maiores índices de acuidade, comparados aos acadêmicos de nível básico. / This study aimed to investigate how Southern Brazilian EFL learners perceive, in terms of distinctions in place of articulation, the English unreleased voiceless stops in word-final position. Seventeen undergraduate students of English from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul participated in this research study. The participants took the Oxford Placement Test (Allan, 2004), which grouped them in two levels of proficiency (basic and intermediate). In order to determine the perceptual accuracy regarding the place of articulation of the three consonants, two perception tasks were applied: (a) a perceptual identification task, containing 81 questions, and (b) a categorical discrimination task, following the ABX pattern (Liberman et al., 1957), with 135 questions. The words which served as auditory stimuli in both tasks were selected to meet the CVC syllabic structure and were equidistributed according to the vowels [], [], and [], as in ―beat”, “bit”, “bat”. The stimuli were recorded by three male native speakers of American English. In order to check whether explicit instruction regarding wordfinal consonant unrelease would play a role in the perception of the consonants‘ places of articulation, the participants were divided into two groups: (a) an experimental group, which has been instructed on the phenomenon, composed by 10 students; and (b) a control group, which refers to 7 students who were not instructed on the phonetic aspect researched. The tasks were conducted in the Language Laboratory of the university and took the participants around 25 minutes to be done. The results are the following: (a) the labial and velar places of articulation had higher levels of accuracy; (b) the nuclear vowels [] and [] are the ones that optimize the perception of the consonants‘ place of articulation; (c) the experimental group showed higher levels of accuracy, when compared to the control group; and (d) intermediate students show higher levels of accuracy in the perception tasks, when compared to the basic students.