Uma das principais caracterÃsticas de obras rodoviÃrias à a forte incidÃncia de equipamentos pesados usados nos serviÃos de terraplenagem e de pavimentaÃÃo, que correspondem à maior parcela do orÃamento de uma obra desse gÃnero. Apesar dessa importÃncia, o processo de seleÃÃo dos equipamentos nÃo à bem definido. Empreiteiras dependem de julgamentos subjetivos baseados em experiÃncias anteriores, e, muitas vezes, nÃo hà sequer, nenhum processo de seleÃÃo, adotando-se a prÃtica de utilizar em todas as obras os mesmos equipamentos disponÃveis. O presente trabalho de dissertaÃÃo vem contribuir com o preenchimento desta lacuna, tendo como objetivo desenvolver um sistema de apoio à decisÃo para a seleÃÃo da frota de equipamentos. Apresenta-se a ferramenta computacional denominada de Sistema para SeleÃÃo de Equipamentos de Terraplenagem e PavimentaÃÃo (SiSEq), que pode, a partir das informaÃÃes de projeto, permitir ao tomador de decisÃo escolher a frota ideal de equipamentos. Como resultado, o SiSEq apresenta cenÃrios de configuraÃÃes de frotas, com produÃÃes dos equipamentos, nÃmero de unidades necessÃrias para atender ao prazo e custos de produÃÃo. Espera-se mostrar ao setor de construÃÃo que a ferramenta proposta pode ser Ãtil na avaliaÃÃo de cenÃrios, o que pode a levar a reduÃÃes de custos substanciais no valor de uma obra. / One of the main characteristics of road construction projects is the high utilization of heavy construction equipment in earthmoving and paving jobs, which correspond to the largest percentage of the budget of a project of this type. Despite its importance, the selection of equipment is not well defined. Contractors depend on subjective judgments based on personal experience and there is not usually any selection method. Contractors usually use the same construction equipment in all the projects. This thesis is a contribution to solve that problem and aims to develop a decision support system for selecting the equipment fleet. This work presents a computational system called SiSEq, which allows the decision maker to choose the ideal equipment fleet for a road construction project. SiSEq presents fleets scenarios, with production rates of the equipments, number of units required to meet the deadline and production costs. It is expected to show the construction community that the proposed system can be useful in evaluation of scenarios and in reduction of costs.

Orientador / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T03:51:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RiosSotomayor_WilbertRaymundo_M.pdf: 4799702 bytes, checksum: 552e8c4c8626703b7bc4bf6e0e052621 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Para o desenvolvimento de um projeto rodoviário, é conhecida a grande incidência de custos que tem os equipamentos empregados para a sua construção. Um fator importante para a otimização de custos neste tipo de empreendimentos é apresentado neste trabalho, já que há quantidade insuficiente de uma literatura clara e concisa sobre a produção de alguns equipamentos. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar, descrever e analisar as diversas variáveis, que condicionam o desempenho dos equipamentos empregados na execução de bases e revestimentos de pavimentos flexíveis, propor métodos e criar ábacos para a fácil determinação da produção dos mesmos. Conhecendo a interação das variáveis será mais simples que engenheiros ligados ao projeto, execução e manutenção de rodovias tomem uma decisão acertada. Palavras-chave: Pavimentação, Equipamentos de Construção, Estimativa de Produção / Abstract: In the development of a road project, it is known that one of the most significant contributors for the high costs are the equipments used for its construction. As there are few clear and concise literatures about production of some equipments, important factors in cost optimization in this type of enterprises will be presented in this work. The objective of this study is to identify, describe and analyze several variables that influence the equipment performance used in the execution of bases course and surfacing course of flexible pavement, propose methods and create abacs that provide an easy determination of equipment production. By knowing the interaction of the variables, it becomes easier to engineers who work in project, execution and maintenance of highways to take a mode accurate decision. Key words: Pavement, Construction Equipment, Estimative of Production / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

La presente tesis pretende analizar la importancia que tienen las metodologías de excavación en los edificios de la ciudad de Lima Metropolitana. Las metodologías más usadas son: conformación de rampas, conformación de banquetas, método del pasamanos con el uso de banquetas, método de cuchara a cuchara, uso de faja transportadora, uso de baldes basculantes y el sistema de izaje vertical. En el país no se tiene conocimiento del tipo de método o control que se debe regir para un eficiente proceso de eliminación de material para la construcción de sótanos, dando así confianza a las empresas subcontratas que se encargan de la ejecución de esta etapa de movimiento de tierras o también experiencia del staff de producción. El buen control y el manejo de una buena producción de eliminación de material ayudarían a determinar la eficiencia de un proceso a futuro, lo que nos permite la buena elección de una metodología de mayor eficiencia, con la finalidad de evitar un mal flujo de producción. Para este estudio se analizará 4 edificios ubicados en los distritos de Lima Metropolitana. Donde este análisis se limitará a proyectos que presenten áreas entre 700 – 1200 m2, contengan la construcción de 4 a más sótanos, que se encuentren ubicadas en zonas características al suelo de Lima que son los suelos Granulares tipo gravas y que presenten las condiciones óptimas en cuanto a maquinaria para el desarrollo de las excavaciones profundas. La importancia de este trabajo es asegurar la mejora de los procesos y métodos en excavaciones profundas de edificaciones con ciertas características constructivas en base al estudio del proceso constructivo de excavaciones para la construcción de sótanos mediante ratios, lo que nos permitirá determinar la eficiencia por anillo y por proyecto de este proceso durante la eliminación de material. / The following thesis aims to analyze the importance of excavation methodologies in the buildings of the city of Metropolitan Lima. The most used methodologies are: ramp installation, sidewalk installation, handrail method using sidewalks, spoon to spoon method, conveyor belt usage, use of tilting buckets, and vertical lifting system. In the country, there is no knowledge of the method or control that should be used for an efficient process of material removal for basement constructions; hence, there is trust in subcontracting companies which are responsible or perform for this activity based on experiences already carried out in other similar projects. The purpose of this thesis project is to develop the appropriate control and management of a good production of material removal that would help to establish the efficiency of any process in the future. This study will analyze 4 buildings located in the districts of Metropolitan Lima. This analysis will be limited to projects which areas are ranked between 700 - 1200 m2, include the construction of 4 or more basements, with locations based in typical areas that represent the main characteristics of the Lima soil. Within the group of soils, there is focus in the granular gravel type that shows the optimal conditions in terms of suitable machinery for deep excavations performance. The importance of this work is to ensure the improvement of processes and methods in deep excavations of buildings that present some construction characteristics, based on the study of the construction process of basement excavations by ratios, which will allow to determine the efficiency by ring and by project of this process during the material removal phase. / Tesis

Background. At the year of 2021, 770 million people worldwide were living without access to electricity. In parallel with this, electrification of vehicles and other equipment constantly increases which results in a demand for access to reliable off-grid energy to allow for operation in remote locations or places without sufficient energy infrastructure due to external factors such as natural disasters. As the use of fossil fuels is predicted to decrease, the need for sustainable energy production utilizing renewable energy sources has proved to be critical. The combination of these factors results in a need for the development of sustainable off-grid energy systems utilizing renewable energy sources.  Objectives. The objective of this thesis is to highlight needs and present a developed solution to portable off-grid energy production and distribution utilizing renewable energy sources. The goal is to highlight problems within the area of focus and present a potential solution to one, or multiple, of these problems. The presented solution shall be based on a solid engineering foundation and meet the technical requirements developed from needs that arise during the project. Methods. The work presented in this thesis was conducted with the use of DRM, Design Research Methodology, as the choice of research methodology while Design thinking was the choice of design approach. The use of DRM allowed for a structured and efficient research process that allowed for the possibility to validate result. The use of Design thinking as design approach provided methods and tools to support innovation while working with problems that were initially unknown or vaguely defined. Results. The result of the work presented in this thesis provides information regarding multiple problems and critical aspects within the area of focus. A list of requirements for a sustainable energy system to satisfy in order to enter the market is presented, where portability, reliability and redundancy are marked as key requirements. A proposed solution in the form of a portable modular sustainable energy production trailer utilizing different renewable energy sources was developed to allow for off-grid electricity generation. This combined with an energy distribution solution in the form of a energy storage module mounted on the Volvo TA15 system allows for autonomous energy transportation to the location of the energy need.  Conclusions. As the need for sustainable energy constantly increases, development of sustainable energy production and distribution systems that can operate off-grid has proven to be critical. The utilization of renewable energy sources has also been identified as a critical factor in parallel with the phasing out of fossil fuels. The proposed solution has provided evidence of the potential for a portable off-grid hybrid energy system and its potential impact on the global 2030-agenda goals for sustainability.

Este proyecto tiene la finalidad de informar al lector sobre una forma en que el vidrio desaprovechado puede ser empleado en el sector construcción brindando beneficios para la ingeniería civil. Esta investigación se lleva a cabo utilizando vidrio molido reciclado como adición al concreto y logrando un diseño de mezcla con una resistencia requerida a la compresión de 210 kg/cm2 a los 28 días de curado y un asentamiento de 3 - 4 pulgadas. Para averiguar las ventajas de utilizar vidrio molido reciclado como adición al concreto, es necesario hacer una comparación entre un concreto patrón y los adicionados con polvo de vidrio. Se plantearon tres tipos de concreto con diferentes dosis de sustitución parcial de cemento Tipo I por polvo de vidrio, estas son 0%, 10% y 20%. Se realizaron múltiples diseños de mezcla hasta llegar a los diseños finales, los cuales cumplen con un asentamiento de 3 a 4 pulgadas y un f’cr de 210 kg/cm2 a los 28 días. Luego, se realiza un análisis de precios unitarios para los diseños finales y se procede a la comparación de estos. Finalmente, los resultados muestran que el concreto con 20% de sustitución tiene un costo de producción menor que el resto. Otro resultado importante es que, a más vidrio adicionado en el concreto, menor es su resistencia a edades tempranas. En resumen, al reemplazar el 20% del cemento por polvo de vidrio se puede obtener un beneficio económico. / This project aims to inform the reader about a way in which wasted glass can be used in the construction sector providing benefits for civil engineering. This investigation is carried out using recycled ground glass as an addition to concrete and achieving a mix design with a required compressive strength of 210 kg / cm2 after 28 days of curing and a 3-4 inch slump. To find out the advantages of using recycled ground glass as an addition to concrete, it is necessary to make a comparison between a standard concrete and those added with glass powder. Three types of concrete were proposed with different doses of partial replacement of Type I cement with glass dust, these are 0%, 10% and 20%. Multiple mixing designs were made until reaching the final designs, which comply with a 3 to 4 inch slump and a f’cr of 210 kg / cm2 at 28 days. Then, a unit price analysis for the final designs is carried out and these are compared. Finally, the results show that concrete with 20% replacement has a lower production cost than the rest. Another important result is that, the more glass added to the concrete, the lower its resistance at an early age. In summary, by replacing 20% of the cement with glass dust, an economic benefit can be obtained. / Tesis

Sweden has set a goal to become the first fossil-free country and by 2045, they aim to achieve net zero emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Construction equipment accounts for approximately 3.3 million tons of CO2 equivalents in Sweden. Volvo Construction Equipment is a world-leading manufacturer of articulated haulers and wheel loaders, excavation equipment, road development machines and compact construction equipment. The majority of their machine products are fueled by diesel, but to be in line with the Paris Agreement 2030 and being emissions-free, they are looking to develop sustainable and emissions-free machines. The purpose of this thesis is to understand the implications of the transition to fossil-free fuels for construction equipment manufacturers, and all actors in the value chain, by investigating the challenges and opportunities of adopting existing and potential sustainable machinery solutions in the construction equipment industry. Managing change in a relationship can be challenging; however, there are strategies that can help businesses cope with this process. Focusing on comprehending the network logic that underlies the relationship between the parties involved is an effective strategy. To accomplish this, it is necessary to consider how these connections fit into a broader context beyond the parties’ immediate activity links, resource ties, and actor bonds. To aid the analysis, an analytical framework is introduced. The analytical framework can serve as both a conceptual framework for analysing the effects of changes within a relationship and as a practical tool for managers to make decisions and solve problems related to managing relationships in a business context. The method used in this thesis was a case study. The study exploited experienced staff competencies: their insights and experience are the foundation for a qualitative approach where the data collection consists of interviews. The study concludes that there are several challenges and obstacles ahead for the construction equipment industry to transition to zero-emission machines, including changes in competence, business models, productivity, demand, and availability. To facilitate this transition, the construction equipment manufacturer has several actions, including understanding network dynamics, changing business models, closer relationships with clients, and new partnerships to offer an end-to-end solution.

Increased focus on sustainability and climate change has made reduction in CO2 emissions a priority across all industries. The construction equipment (CE) industry sees alternate powertrain technologies like battery electric and hydrogen fuel-cells as the solution to the climate problem and has therefore started investing in this domain. However, with their niche application, the demand on construction equipment is unique and this indicates that it is important to understand the customer preferences when introducing new technologies in this market. This presents the research question answered in thisthesis - do customers prefer non-fossil based alternate powertrain in construction equipment?. In order to answer this question, extensive literature review is carried out and parallelsare drawn with passenger vehicle and commercial truck industry. Based on previous workin this area, the first step is to calculate the total cost of ownership of the four different alternatives - diesel, bio-diesel, battery electric and fuel-cell electric. This information is then used to establish a discrete choice experiment, which is designed to gauge thes tated preference of the customers. A survey was conducted to this effect, where CE customers were provided with multiple choice scenarios and asked to choose between fouralternatives, differentiated by varying attributes such as total investment cost, total variablecost, operation range, refill duration and technology maturity. The survey responsewas then used to build a random utility model using logistical models like MultinomialLogit, Mixed Logit and Nested Logit. The utility coefficients were estimated in these three models and compared against each other and the most significant attributes were identified. Out of 54 respondents, even though majority 62% preferred a conventional diesel machine in the stated preference choices, an overwhelming 38% had opted for the sustainable alternatives which was more than expected, specially since such machines are not available in the mainstream market. The mixed multinomial logit model showed the best fit among the model alternatives tested and attributes like fixed cost, variable cost and market share showed statistical significance with this model. The results indicate that the market preferenceis still in favour of diesel machinery but the perception towards sustainable poweredmachinery looks positive and better than expected. Original Equipment Manufacturers(OEMs) need to target smaller fleet owners for adoption of sustainable alternatives like Battery Electric and Fuel Cell electric machines. Even though Sustainable powered machines show a lot of promise, they are still not competitive in terms of cost as the discrete choice analysis shows that variable cost significantly influence purchase decision.

Demand forecasting plays an important role for every business and gives companies an opportunity to prepare for coming shifts in the market. The empirical findings of this study aim to support construction equipment manufacturers, distributors, and suppliers in apprehending the equipment market in more depth and foreseeing market demand to be able to adjust their business strategies and production capacities, allocate resources more efficiently, optimize the level of output and stock and, as a result, reduce associated costs, increase profitability and competitiveness. It is demonstrated that demand for construction equipment is heavily influenced by changes in economic conditions and country-specific economic indicators can serve as reliable input parameters to anticipate fluctuations in the construction equipment market. The Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) forecasting technique has been successfully employed to predict sales of construction equipment four quarters ahead in selected countries (Germany, The United Kingdom, France, Italy, Norway, Russia, Turkey and Saudi Arabia) with country related economic indicators used as an input.

Earth-moving machines are machines used in a wide range of industries, such as the construction industry, to perform tasks related to earthworks.Currently, the vast majority of earth-moving machines are human-operated where expert operators perform these industry vital tasks.One such task is the short-loading cycle which is a repetitive work cycle performed in high quantities within the construction industry.This work cycle aims to use a wheel-loader to move material from a pile or from the ground to the tipping body of a dump truck.Not only is this task repetitive and performed in high quantities, but it is also representative of the knowledge required to perform a wide set of other work cycles, hence a good candidate for automation. Skilled operators use their sensory input to perform the tasks required, such as tactile, sound and sight.One of the most important senses leveraged during normal operations is sight, as it is used to locate dynamic objects and detect dangers.Thus to be able to replace the driver of an earth-moving machine with an autonomous system, the system requires similar vision capabilities.Machine Vision is a field where the goal is to use some type of vision sensor, such as cameras, to extract relevant high-level information from images or video streams.This thesis aims to examine how machine vision can be used within the short-loading cycle to facilitate performing said work cycle autonomously. The main findings in this thesis are threefold: Firstly, two knowledge gaps are identified in the domain of automation during the short-loading cycle.These relate to the loading of heterogeneous material and navigation during loading and unloading.Secondly, we show that it is possible to train a deep learning model to detect the cab, wheels and tipping body of a scale-model dump truck while mimicking the approach towards the load carrier during the short-loading cycle.This model can then be applied to real vehicles to detect the same objects, with no additional training.Lastly, we show that linear interpolation can be used to perform semi-automatic labelling of camera-based video data of the approach of a wheel-loader towards a dump truck during the short-loading cycle.This technique decreases the annotation workload by around 95% while retaining comparable performance. The future direction of this work includes using techniques such as reinforcement learning to teach a model to perform the navigation required during the short-loading cycle.Future work also includes using world models to learn representations of underlying structures in the environment, open-ended learning to transfer the learned knowledge to adjacent work cycles and using machine vision to find the point of attack for scooping heterogeneous material.

The construction equipment one of the least digitized sectors, and the problems have only been amplified by the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Many construction equipment OEMs are turning towards the aftermarket by offering services and products to extend value of the machine. To provide more user satisfaction, and capture a larger share of the aftermarket, they are implementing Agile. However, transitioning from plan-based methods to Agile in an incumbent carry along specific challenges connected to the user experience (UX) designers working on such projects. Through an exploratory approach this study aims to identify challenges encountered by UX designers when integrating Agile and UX. The method entails two rounds of interviews with five stakeholders. First round being structured, and the second round semi-structured. Using thematic analysis, I identify three main challenge areas: designers’ uncertainty with Agile, industry-specific challenges, and misunderstanding of UX among other stakeholders. Finally, I present the ethical considerations, discuss limitations, and further research possibilities.