Historiskt sett har personer med smittsamma infektioner uteslutits från samhället. Personerna har setts med avsky och rädsla från omgivningen med risk för att överföra smittan. Multiresistenta bakterier (MRB) är ett ökande problem världen över och orsakar stort lidande för patienter. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka patienters upplevelse av att vara smittbärare av meticillinresistenta staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Litteraturstudiens resultat baseras på nio vetenskapliga artiklar, där resultatet utföll i två kategorier. I kategorin känslan av att vara smittsam framkom underkategorierna att vara smutsig, skuld och skam samt rädsla och oro. I kategorin känslan av att vara annorlunda framkom underkategorierna känna sig kränkt, ilska och frustration samt känna sig stigmatiserad. För att patienter med MRSA-smitta ska få en god vård krävs det att vårdpersonalen har evidensbaserad kunskap. Därför skulle det vara av stort intresse att forskning i framtiden fokuserar på patienters upplevelse av att vara smittbärare. Ytterligare forskning behövs inom området på grund av ett ökat globalt problem med MRB. / Historically, people with contagious infections has been excluded from society. The characters have been seen with disgust and fear from the environment with the risk of transmitting the infection. Multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRB) is a growing problem worldwide and causes great suffering for patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate patients' experience of being carriers of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Literature study results are based on nine scientific articles, which precipitated the result of two categories. In the category of feeling of being contagious emerged subcategories to be dirty, guilt and shame and fear and anxiety. In the category of the feeling of being different subcategories emerged feel hurt, anger and frustration, and feel stigmatized. For patients with MRSA infection should get good care requires that health professionals have evidence-based knowledge. Therefore, it would be of great interest to future research focusing on patient experience of being contaminated. Further research is needed in this area because of the increasing global problem of MRB.

A agalaxia contagiosa é uma doença de notificação obrigatória que causa severas perdas econômicas para produção de ovinos e caprinos mundialmente. Apesar de seu impacto na produção animal, pouco se sabe sobre os fatores de virulência e patogenicidade do M. agalactiae (principal agente etiológico). Desta maneira, o presente estudo possuiu como objetivo a identificação, purificação e caracterização de proteínas antigênicas de M. agalactiae. Para tanto, quatro proteínas de superfície com potencial antigênico (WP_011949419.1, WP_011949418.1 (P40), WP_011949336.1, WP_011949770.1) foram selecionadas. Essas proteínas foram expressas em Escherichia coli e purificadas em coluna de níquel. As proteínas purificadas foram avaliadas quanto a antigenicidade em Western blotting utilizando soros de caprinos naturalmente infectados com M. agalactiae. Todas as proteínas expressas foram imunorreativas aos soros de caprinos naturalmente infectados, demonstrando que as proteínas utilizadas nesse estudo são possivelmente antigênicas e possuem epítopos acessíveis. / The Contagious agalactia is a notifiable disease that causes severe economic losses to sheep and goats worldwide. Despite its impact on animal production, little is known about the virulence factors and pathogenicity of M. agalactiae (main etiological agent). Thus, the present study identified, purified and characterized antigenic proteins of M. agalactiae. Therefore, four surface proteins with antigenic potential (WP_011949419.1, WP_011949418.1 (P40), WP_011949336.1, WP_011949770.1) were selected. These proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified on nickel column. The purified proteins were assayed for antigenicity by Western blotting using goat sera naturally infected with M. agalactiae. All expressed proteins were immunoreactive with sera from naturally infected goats, demonstrating that the proteins used in this study are possibly antigenics and it have acessible epitopes.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:55:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Amanda Eliza Goulart de Souza Britto.pdf: 709817 bytes, checksum: 09dadfee23fc97a74a25c1bb5e0136bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-27 / A preliminary study was carried out in the region around Brasília, in the area under the influence of the Corumbá IV Hydroelectric Power Plant where, through the recovered epidemiological data from the Reports Notification System (SINAN). These data were used for a preliminary evaluation of the impact of the construction of a hydroelectric power plant on diseases, before, during, and after the insertion of this kind of enterprise, divided in bacterioses, protozoonoses, and viruses. The data were compared with the data of occurrence of diseases in the region under the direct influence of this power plant and evaluated in relation of the environmental impact on the population health of other cities around Brasília, in this study interpreted as included in the indirect influence area. Despite being a preliminary study the results suggest preoccupation for some infirmities and could be suggestive for future studies in an area of extreme importance in public health. / Um estudo preliminar foi realizado na região do entorno de Brasília, na área de influência da Usina Hidrelétrica (UHE) Corumbá IV, através do resgate de dados epidemiológicos do Sistema de Notificação de Agravos (SINAN). Esses dados foram utilizados para uma avaliação preliminar do impacto da construção de uma usina hidrelétrica em doenças, antes, durante e após a inserção desse tipo de empreendimento, divididos em bacterioses, protozoonoses e viroses. Os dados foram comparados com os dados de ocorrência das doenças na região de influência direta dessa UHE e avaliados em relação ao impacto ambiental sobre a saúde da população de outras cidades do entorno de Brasília, nesse trabalho interpretadas como dentro da área de influência indireta. Apesar de ser um estudo preliminar, os resultados sugerem preocupações para algumas enfermidades e pode ser sugestivo para estudos futuros mais aprofundados em uma área de extrema importância em saúde pública.

A agalaxia contagiosa é uma doença de notificação obrigatória que causa severas perdas econômicas para produção de ovinos e caprinos mundialmente. Apesar de seu impacto na produção animal, pouco se sabe sobre os fatores de virulência e patogenicidade do M. agalactiae (principal agente etiológico). Desta maneira, o presente estudo possuiu como objetivo a identificação, purificação e caracterização de proteínas antigênicas de M. agalactiae. Para tanto, quatro proteínas de superfície com potencial antigênico (WP_011949419.1, WP_011949418.1 (P40), WP_011949336.1, WP_011949770.1) foram selecionadas. Essas proteínas foram expressas em Escherichia coli e purificadas em coluna de níquel. As proteínas purificadas foram avaliadas quanto a antigenicidade em Western blotting utilizando soros de caprinos naturalmente infectados com M. agalactiae. Todas as proteínas expressas foram imunorreativas aos soros de caprinos naturalmente infectados, demonstrando que as proteínas utilizadas nesse estudo são possivelmente antigênicas e possuem epítopos acessíveis. / The Contagious agalactia is a notifiable disease that causes severe economic losses to sheep and goats worldwide. Despite its impact on animal production, little is known about the virulence factors and pathogenicity of M. agalactiae (main etiological agent). Thus, the present study identified, purified and characterized antigenic proteins of M. agalactiae. Therefore, four surface proteins with antigenic potential (WP_011949419.1, WP_011949418.1 (P40), WP_011949336.1, WP_011949770.1) were selected. These proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified on nickel column. The purified proteins were assayed for antigenicity by Western blotting using goat sera naturally infected with M. agalactiae. All expressed proteins were immunoreactive with sera from naturally infected goats, demonstrating that the proteins used in this study are possibly antigenics and it have acessible epitopes.

A Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa Bovina (PPCB) é uma enfermidade respiratória grave, causada pelo Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC), sendo de primeira ordem no quadro nosológico em Angola, com alta prevalência e grandes repercussões econômicas na pecuária angolana. Objetivando caracterizar os achados anatomopatológicos e a resposta inflamatória na ocorrência natural da PPCB, realizou-se a coleta de amostras de pulmão e linfonodos regionais em 50 bovinos com lesões macroscópicas compatíveis com a doença e abatidos na cidade de Huambo, Angola. As amostras teciduais foram fixadas em formol 10% e incluídas em parafina para avaliação histopatológica, pela técnica de hematoxilina-eosina, e detecção do agente infeccioso por PCR a partir do DNA total extraído do tecido pulmonar parafinado. A caracterização da resposta inflamatória foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica, utilizando-se o método de detecção por polímero para os marcadores de linfócitos T (CD3) e B (Pax5), assim como as interleucinas (IL)-1β e 4. Após avaliação molecular, 7 amostras foram excluídas por não apresentarem DNA viável e 16/43 (37,2%) animais foram positivos para o MmmSC pelo PCR. Dos animais positivos, a lesão macroscópica mais frequente foi a aderência (7/16, 43,8%); enquanto a lesão microscópica mais frequente foi a hiperplasia linfoide (9/16, 56,2%). Houve associação significativa entre a positividade dos animais e a presença da alteração nas lesões de aderência (p=0,047), pulmão marmoreado (p=0,012), sequestro (p=0,001) e fibrose pulmonares (p<0,05). O pulmão esquerdo e lobo diafragmático esquerdo foram frequentemente afetados na doença, porém sem diferença significativa. Os resultados imunohistoquímicos demonstraram marcação focal para linfócitos B e T, assim como imunoexpressão de IL-1β e IL-4 em intensidade fraca a moderada na maioria dos casos analisados. Os resultados demostraram que a PPCB está presente em bovinos na região estudada, porém com lesões anatomopatológicas e resposta inflamatória inespecíficas. Estes resultados ressaltam a importância da avaliação integrada de dados epidemiológicos, anatomopatológicos, imunológicos e moleculares para estabelecer um diagnóstico preciso e definitivo da PPCB nestes animais. / Bovine Contagious Pleuropneumonia (PPCB) is a serious respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC) , being of first order in the nosological framework in Angola, with high prevalence and great economic repercussions in Angolan livestock. Aiming to characterize the anatomopathological findings and the inflammatory response in the natural occurrence of PPCB, samples of lung and regional lymph nodes were collected in 50 cattle with macroscopic lesions compatible with the disease and slaughtered in the city of Huambo, Angola. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin for histopathological evaluation by the hematoxylin-eosin technique and detection of the infectious agent by PCR from the total DNA extracted from the paraffin-shaped lung tissue. The characterization of the inflammatory response was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, using the polymer detection method for T (CD3) and B (Pax5) lymphocytes, as well as interleukins (IL) -1β and 4. After molecular evaluation, 7 samples were excluded because they did not present viable DNA and 16/43 (37.2%) animals were positive for MmmSC by PCR. Of the positive animals, the most frequent macroscopic lesion was adhesion (7/16, 43.8%); while the most frequent microscopic lesion was lymphoid hyperplasia (9/16, 56.2%). There was a significant association between the positivity of the animals and the presence of changes in adhesion lesions (p = 0.047), marbled lung (p = 0.012), pulmonary sequestra (p = 0.001) and fibrosis (p <0.05). The left lung and left diaphragmatic lobe were frequently affected in the disease, but without significant difference. Immunohistochemical results demonstrated focal labeling for B and T lymphocytes as well as weak to moderate intensity of IL-1β and IL-4 immunoexpression in most of the analyzed cases. The results showed that CPBP is present in cattle in the studied region, but with nonspecific anatomopathological lesions and inflammatory response. These results highlight the importance of the integrated evaluation of epidemiological, anatomopathological, immunological and molecular data to establish an accurate and definitive diagnosis of CBPP in these animals.

A Pleuropneumonia Contagiosa Bovina (PPCB) é uma enfermidade respiratória grave, causada pelo Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC), sendo de primeira ordem no quadro nosológico em Angola, com alta prevalência e grandes repercussões econômicas na pecuária angolana. Objetivando caracterizar os achados anatomopatológicos e a resposta inflamatória na ocorrência natural da PPCB, realizou-se a coleta de amostras de pulmão e linfonodos regionais em 50 bovinos com lesões macroscópicas compatíveis com a doença e abatidos na cidade de Huambo, Angola. As amostras teciduais foram fixadas em formol 10% e incluídas em parafina para avaliação histopatológica, pela técnica de hematoxilina-eosina, e detecção do agente infeccioso por PCR a partir do DNA total extraído do tecido pulmonar parafinado. A caracterização da resposta inflamatória foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica, utilizando-se o método de detecção por polímero para os marcadores de linfócitos T (CD3) e B (Pax5), assim como as interleucinas (IL)-1β e 4. Após avaliação molecular, 7 amostras foram excluídas por não apresentarem DNA viável e 16/43 (37,2%) animais foram positivos para o MmmSC pelo PCR. Dos animais positivos, a lesão macroscópica mais frequente foi a aderência (7/16, 43,8%); enquanto a lesão microscópica mais frequente foi a hiperplasia linfoide (9/16, 56,2%). Houve associação significativa entre a positividade dos animais e a presença da alteração nas lesões de aderência (p=0,047), pulmão marmoreado (p=0,012), sequestro (p=0,001) e fibrose pulmonares (p<0,05). O pulmão esquerdo e lobo diafragmático esquerdo foram frequentemente afetados na doença, porém sem diferença significativa. Os resultados imunohistoquímicos demonstraram marcação focal para linfócitos B e T, assim como imunoexpressão de IL-1β e IL-4 em intensidade fraca a moderada na maioria dos casos analisados. Os resultados demostraram que a PPCB está presente em bovinos na região estudada, porém com lesões anatomopatológicas e resposta inflamatória inespecíficas. Estes resultados ressaltam a importância da avaliação integrada de dados epidemiológicos, anatomopatológicos, imunológicos e moleculares para estabelecer um diagnóstico preciso e definitivo da PPCB nestes animais. / Bovine Contagious Pleuropneumonia (PPCB) is a serious respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC) , being of first order in the nosological framework in Angola, with high prevalence and great economic repercussions in Angolan livestock. Aiming to characterize the anatomopathological findings and the inflammatory response in the natural occurrence of PPCB, samples of lung and regional lymph nodes were collected in 50 cattle with macroscopic lesions compatible with the disease and slaughtered in the city of Huambo, Angola. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin for histopathological evaluation by the hematoxylin-eosin technique and detection of the infectious agent by PCR from the total DNA extracted from the paraffin-shaped lung tissue. The characterization of the inflammatory response was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, using the polymer detection method for T (CD3) and B (Pax5) lymphocytes, as well as interleukins (IL) -1β and 4. After molecular evaluation, 7 samples were excluded because they did not present viable DNA and 16/43 (37.2%) animals were positive for MmmSC by PCR. Of the positive animals, the most frequent macroscopic lesion was adhesion (7/16, 43.8%); while the most frequent microscopic lesion was lymphoid hyperplasia (9/16, 56.2%). There was a significant association between the positivity of the animals and the presence of changes in adhesion lesions (p = 0.047), marbled lung (p = 0.012), pulmonary sequestra (p = 0.001) and fibrosis (p <0.05). The left lung and left diaphragmatic lobe were frequently affected in the disease, but without significant difference. Immunohistochemical results demonstrated focal labeling for B and T lymphocytes as well as weak to moderate intensity of IL-1β and IL-4 immunoexpression in most of the analyzed cases. The results showed that CPBP is present in cattle in the studied region, but with nonspecific anatomopathological lesions and inflammatory response. These results highlight the importance of the integrated evaluation of epidemiological, anatomopathological, immunological and molecular data to establish an accurate and definitive diagnosis of CBPP in these animals.

The contagious nature of the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) jump-yip display may provide information to signalers and receivers regarding the vigilance of neighbours. Videotaping jump-yip bouts and the behaviour of both bout initiators and respondents within those bouts provided evidence that: 1) individuals became vigilant immediately following jump-yip production, but exhibited minimal changes in their immediate post-jump-yip behaviour with changes in the characteristics of the preceding bout, 2) bout initiators spent more time actively foraging and exhibited vigilance behaviours less frequently with greater levels of response in the preceding jump-yip bout, 3) respondents spent more time actively foraging and less time vigilant following bouts with greater response. These results suggest that black-tailed prairie dogs base behavioural decisions at least in part on the characteristics of their jump-yip bouts and thus the jump yip display may provide information about the vigilance of group members. / October 2007

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP), caused by Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides small colony (MmmSC), is a devastating respiratory disease of cattle in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Little investigation has been done on molecular disease pathogenesis and host response beyond soluble cytokine detection. This study developed and characterized models for three strains of MmmSC of varying severity. Strains used were Gladysdale, Ondangwa and Shawawa. Samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, bronchial biopsy, nasal epithelial cells and blood were obtained prior to and at weekly time points post-infection. Microarray analysis of RNA extracted from samples revealed host cellular pathways and genes important in the pathogenesis of CBPP, including multiple immune system and inflammatory response pathways. A number of pathways whose influence on disease pathogenesis was not immediately clear were also activated, including pathways involved in amino acid synthesis, fat metabolism, and endocrine hormone responses. Microarray results were confirmed with real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of selected genes. Comparative RT-PCR analysis of selected genes between the three strains of MmmSC revealed genes possibly responsible for differential strain virulence, including interleukins 1B, 6, 8, and 18 and the gene nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha (NFKBIA). A similar analysis of selected genes between survivors and nonsurvivors of the virulent Gladysdale strain of MmmSC suggested genes involved in survival, including interleukin 8, calmodulin 2 (CALM2), and NFKBIA. Avenues of additional study were identified.

This dissertation explores the relationship between the imperial city of Nuremberg and its extramural, contagious disease hospitals (i.e. for leprosy, plague and syphilis) between 1490 and 1585. It analyzes to what extent the patients in these outlying institutions belonged to the city or were ostracized from it. The diseases presented in three drastically different ways, providing a comparative framework to analyze early modern concepts of vulnerability to disease and levels of accepted responsibility for its citizens, inhabitants, and foreigners. My project takes Nuremberg as a conceptual unit and analytically slices it multiple ways in order to explore whether the outlying patients were inside or outside of the boundaries of the city. I begin by focusing on the hospitals' fundamental "separated status" as geographically outside the boundary of the city walls. I then complicate this simple definition by exploring the geographic and physical movements of the contagious disease workers as they were the corporal instruments of disease care; the expenditure of the city's resources in the supply of nutrition to the patients; and the provision of patients' spiritual services as their symbolic participation in Nuremberg's Body of Christ. I argue that the inhabitants of Nuremberg's contagious disease hospitals were separated outside the walls in order to limit the city's vulnerability to their contaminating physical condition, but they still belonged under the city’s administration, provision, and protection, and, therefore, within the boundary of civic responsibility. In the movement of bodies, all of these seemingly competing boundaries were observed simultaneous, creating the paradoxical position of the extramural patients and continuously redefining Nuremberg as a civic unit.

The contagious nature of the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) jump-yip display may provide information to signalers and receivers regarding the vigilance of neighbours. Videotaping jump-yip bouts and the behaviour of both bout initiators and respondents within those bouts provided evidence that: 1) individuals became vigilant immediately following jump-yip production, but exhibited minimal changes in their immediate post-jump-yip behaviour with changes in the characteristics of the preceding bout, 2) bout initiators spent more time actively foraging and exhibited vigilance behaviours less frequently with greater levels of response in the preceding jump-yip bout, 3) respondents spent more time actively foraging and less time vigilant following bouts with greater response. These results suggest that black-tailed prairie dogs base behavioural decisions at least in part on the characteristics of their jump-yip bouts and thus the jump yip display may provide information about the vigilance of group members.