近年來大量學術研究已經證實，自然資源對於國家發展眾多層面具有負面影響。過去的大部分研究關注的重點集中於自然資源對於經濟發展、政治體制、制度質量、以及內戰方面，鮮少研究涉及到其對疾病傳播的影響。進入二十一世紀之後人類社會更頻繁地被大規模的傳染疾病困擾。那些自然資源相對豐裕的地區，也正是被傳染疾病頻繁影響並造成大規模傷害的地區。瘧疾就是其中一種分布最廣且對公共健康造成巨大威脅的傳染病。這篇文章旨在研究自然資源對於瘧疾傳播的影響。通過所有國家從2000至2014年時間序列橫截面數據分析，結果證實自然資源豐裕程度以及依賴程度都會導致更多的瘧疾發病數以及更高的死亡數。 / A lot of researchers have proved that natural resources have adverse effects on the development outcomes. Most of the past researches focus on the effects of natural resources on economic growth, political regime, institutional quality, and civil war. An interesting phenomenon is that countries with rich in natural resources are also those affected frequently by contagious diseases. Malaria is one of the widest spread diseases that poses a major threat to public health. This paper aims to analyze the effects of natural resource abundance and natural resource dependence on the spread of malaria. By using the time-series, cross-sectional data of all countries from 2000 to 2014, the result shows that there is a resource curse on the contagious diseases. Both natural resource abundance and natural resource dependence lead to more confirmed cases and deaths from malaria. The effects on the incidence rate and death rate need further analysis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:12:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rubem Cruz Swensson.pdf: 3036022 bytes, checksum: e643053bdc4197534a3068303708ff89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-28 / Objective: Study the occurrence of infectious and contagious diseases in deafness children between 0 to 12 years old attended in a nongovernmental organization at Sorocaba city on the years 1995 and 2005. Method: This is a research based on retrospective study using database of an institution specialized on care of deafness people at Sorocaba city, São Paulo state. Were analyzed archives of children between zero to 12 years old on the years 1995 and 2005. Results: Of the 339 charts of patients between 0 and 15 years old attended the institution, were selected in 1995 and 2005, respectively, 70 and 155 children. In both years the cause of deafness was unknown in most children. Among the known causes, the most prevalent was the post-neonatal meningitis (24.0%) followed by congenital rubeola (11.1%). Although had not been statistically significant compared to the year 1995 and 2005, it was a decrease by 4.6% (from 14.3% to 9.7%) in prevalence of congenital rubeola. Was not observed any cases of neonatal herpes, HIV / AIDS or neonatal meningitis. Diseases such as congenital rubeola and meningitis decreased their prevalence rates in 2005 but toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus continued to occur. It´s possible observe a decrease of cases of children with late deafness (acquired) in 2005. This decrease may be due to vaccination campaigns against some etiologic agents especially the Haemophilus influenza type b, which became part of the portfolio of vaccine in 1999. Conclusions: Although the research conducted at the institution was not statistically significant, comparing the years 1995 and 2005, were find decreased by 4.6% (from 14.3% to 9.7%) in the prevalence of congenital rubeola, congenital syphilis, cytomegalovirus, and bacterial meningitis. The high number of unknown causes and late referrals emphasizes the need for adequate knowledge of the diagnosis and conduct in relation with hearing loss. Emphasize the professionals in the medical , fonoaudiologica and education fields, the importance of prevention and appropriate treatment of infectious and contagious diseases during pregnancy and postpartum. Disseminate the importance of vaccines, which play an important role to reduce or annul the hearing and neurological sequelae in relation to infectious and contagious disease. Warn the pregnant woman not to eat raw vegetables and raw or rare meat during the pregnancy to avoid toxoplasmosis. Be careful with sex partners due to syphilis and AIDS. Doing the appropriate medical or surgical treatment of diseases of the ear to prevent sequelae. Disclose to health professionals, educators, family, population, the referral to specialist services any suspected change in the hearing of the child especially in the first months of life / Objetivo: Estudar a ocorrência das doenças infectocontagiosas congênitas e adquiridas, em crianças deficientes auditivas, de zero a 12 anos de idade, atendidas em uma organização não governamental da cidade de Sorocaba nos anos de 1995 e 2005. Investigar se houve mudança na prevalência de perda auditiva por doença infectocontagiosa, em crianças deficientes auditivas, de zero a 12 anos de idade, atendidas em uma organização não governamental da cidade e Sorocaba nos anos de 1995 e 2005. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa baseada em estudo retrospectivo de banco de dados de uma instituição especializada no atendimento de deficientes auditivos da cidade de Sorocaba, SP. Foram analisados os prontuários de crianças de zero a 12 anos, nos anos de 1995 e 2005. Resultados: Dos 339 prontuários de pacientes, entre zero e 15 anos de idade, atendidos na instituição, foram selecionados nos anos de 1995 e 2005, respectivamente, 70 e 155 crianças. Em ambos os anos, a causa da surdez foi indeterminada na maioria das crianças. Dentre as causas conhecidas, a mais prevalente foi a meningite pós-neonatal (24,0%) seguida da rubéola congênita (11,1%). Embora não tenha sido estatisticamente significante, comparando-se os anos de 1995 e 2005, houve redução de 4,6% (de 14,3% para 9,7%) na prevalência de rubéola congênita. Não foi observado nenhum caso de Herpes neonatal, HIV/AIDS ou meningite neonatal. Doenças como a rubéola congênita e a meningite diminuíram seus índices de prevalência em 2005; porém, a toxoplasmose e citomegalovirose continuaram a ocorrer. É possível observar a diminuição de casos de crianças com surdez tardia (adquirida) em 2005. Essa diminuição pode ser devida às campanhas de vacinação contra alguns agentes etiológicos, especialmente o haemophilus influenza tipo b, que passou a fazer parte da carteira de vacina no ano de 1999. Conclusões: Embora no levantamento realizado na instituição não tenha sido estatisticamente significante, comparando-se os anos de 1995 e 2005, houve redução de 4,6 % (de 14,3 % para 9,7 %) na prevalência da Rubéola congênita., da Sífilis Congênita, Citomegalovírus Congênita, e Meningite bacteriana. O elevado número de causas desconhecidas e encaminhamentos tardios enfatizam a necessidade de conhecimento adequado do diagnóstico e a conduta em relação a perda auditiva da criança. Enfatizar aos profissionais nas áreas médica, fonoaudiológica e educacional, a importância da prevenção e tratamento adequado das moléstias infecto-contagiosas durante o período gestacional e pós-parto. Divulgar a importância das vacinas, que desempenham um papel importante para anular ou diminuir as seqüelas auditivas e neurológicas em relação a moléstia infecto-contagiosas. Alertar a gestante a não ingerir verduras cruas e carnes mal passadas ou cruas, durante o período de gravidez, a fim de evitar a toxoplasmose. Ter cuidado com os parceiros sexuais, devido a Sífilis e SIDA/AIDS. Realização do tratamento adequado clínico ou cirúrgico das patologias dos ouvidos, a fim de prevenir seqüelas. Divulgar aos profissionais de saúde, educadores, familiares, a população, o encaminhamento para serviços especializados, qualquer suspeita de alteração em relação à audição da criança, principalmente nos primeiros meses de vida

This Thesis expands on the current developments of the theory of stochastic diffusion processes of rumours. This is done by advancing the current mathematical characterisation of the solution to the Daley-Kendall model of the simple S-I-R rumour to a physical solution of the sub-population distribution over time of the generalised simple stochastic spreading process in social situations. After discussing stochastic spreading processes in social situations such as the simple epidemic, the simple rumour, the spread of innovations and ad hoc communications networks, it uses the three sub-population simple rumour to develop the theory for the identification of the exact sub-population distribution over time. This is done by identifying the generalised form of the Laplace Transform Characterisation of the solution to the three sub-population single rumour process and the inverse Laplace Transform of this characterisation. In this discussion the concept of the Inter-Changeability Principle is introduced. The general theory is validated for the three population Daley-Kendall Rumour Model and results for the three, five and seven population Daley-Kendall Rumour Models are pre- sented and discussed. The α - p model results for pseudo-Maki-Thompson Models are presented and discussed. In subsequent discussion it presents for the first time a statement of the Threshold Problem for Stochastic Spreading Processes in Social settings as well as stating the associated Threshold Theorem. It also investigates limiting conditions. Aspects of future research resulting from the extension of the three subpopulation model to more than three subpopulations are discussed at the end of the thesis. The computational demands of applying the theory to more than three subpopulations are restrictive; the size of the total population that can be considered at one time is considerably reduced. To retain the ability to compute a large population size, with an increase in the number of possible subpopulations, a possible method of repeated application of the three population solution is identified. This is done through the medium of two competing mutually exclusive rumours. The final discussion occurs on future investigation into the existence of limit values, zero states, cyclic states and absorbing states for the M subpopulation case. The generalisation and inversion of the Laplace Transform as well as the consequential statement of the threshold theorem, derivation of the transition probabilities and discussion of the limiting conditions are significant advances in the theory of rumours and similar social phenomena. / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Mathematical Sciences, 2008

L'objet de cette recherche est de définir les affects qui passent dans les groupes et leur transmission. Ce travail a pour objectif d'éclairer la façon dont des affects traversent le groupe et franchissent, pénètrent et parfois imprègnent la psyché des membres du groupe. Les affects désorganisent la capacité de penser, et circulent par les liens archaïques des identifications affectives, sans représentations et grâce à la capacité de co-éprouver des autres membres du groupe. Le groupe permet de reconnaître et traiter des souffrances très primitives et des conflictualités archaïques à la limite du corporel et du groupal. L'étude débute par une recherche du même et du semblable autour de la terminologie : affect, émotion, sentiment, sensation... L'affect est contagieux. La problématique interroge la contagiosité des affects dans les dispositifs groupaux. Par contagiosité des affects, nous entendons le processus de transmission intersubjective qui permet au sujet, par le groupe, d'être perméable à l'affect, de l'assimiler psychiquement, et d'effectuer un travail de transformation. La psyché primaire qui préexiste à l'ancrage corporel est le lieu où se situe le lien inconscient commun le plus profond des membres du groupe. Les souffrances auraient des effets de contamination, au niveau de cette psyché primaire, pour les personnes mais aussi les groupes. Par contamination, nous entendons un processus dans lequel l'affect fait effraction dans la psyché du sujet et où la confusion sujet-autre, s'apparente à une transmission transpsychique. Notre hypothèse postule que la contagiosité des affects serait un levier pour l'élaboration des souffrances primitives et favoriserait les processus associatifs dans le groupe alors que la contamination de la psyché par les fantasmes agressifs persécuteurs qui circulent dans le groupe entretiendrait la résistance. Dans un groupe de psychodrame d'adolescentes souffrant de troubles du comportement alimentaire, les passages et transmissions sont observés au travers d'un travail de lien, des mouvements du cadre et de la contenance groupale. / The purpose of this research is to define the emotions that pass through groups and the transmission of those affects. This work tries to show the way affects cross over groups and sometimes permeate the psyche of the group. The affects disrupt the ability to think and pass by archaic links of affective identifications, without representations and due to the ability to co-experience of other group members. The group allows to recognize and to treat primitive pains and archaic conflictualities between corporal and groupal. The study begins with a search around terminology : affect, emotion, feeling, sensation ... The affect is contagious. The question is the contagiousness of affects in groupal devices. By contagiousness affects, we mean the intersubjective transmission process that allows the subject, in the group, to be permeable to affect, to assimilate it psychically, and to transform it. The primary psyche that pre-exists the body feeling is the place of the deepest unconscious and common link of the group. The suffering could have the effect of contamination at this primary psyche, but also for groups. By contamination, we mean a process in which the affect is breaking into the psyche of the subject and where the subject-other confusion, is like a transpsychic transmission. Our hypothesis is that the contagiousness of the affects would be a way for the elaboration of primitive sufferings and for associative processes in groups whereas contamination of the psyche by the persecutors aggressive fantasies that circulate in groups would maintain the resistance. In a group of teenage psychodrama suffering from eating disorders, ways and transmissions are observed through a working link, movement of the frame and groupal capacity.

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram os de verificar a validade do método de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (qPCR) para detectar e quantificar o Staphylococcus aureus em amostras de leite conservadas com bronopol oriundas de quartos mamários bovinos subclinicamente infectados, e de avaliar os efeitos da presença e da quantidade de células da bactéria sobre a contagem de células somáticas (CCS), a composição do leite (lactose, gordura, proteína bruta, proteína verdadeira e caseína), e a produção de leite de quartos mamários bovinos subclinicamente infectados pelo patógeno. Para a quantificação do S. aureus e das células somáticas bovinas por meio do qPCR, foi utilizado leite cru bovino para o preparo dos padrões como meio de diluição da inoculação seriada de células somáticas e do S. aureus ATCC 29213, e construídas as equações log10UFC = 37,86 23,54 log10CtSAU e log10CCS = 49,3 - 34,0 log10CtBMCB, com base nos resultados obtidos pelas metodologias de referência para cada procedimento. Para testar a equivalência dessas equações aos respectivos métodos de referência, determinar a sensibilidade e especificidade analíticas e a repetibilidade do método proposto, foram coletadas amostras de leite dos quartos mamários de 60 animais de 2 rebanhos leiteiros da região de Pirassununga dos quais se determinou previamente a ocorrência de casos subclínicos de mastite por S. aureus. Dos quartos mamários também foram mensuradas as produções e coletadas amostras de leite para análise de composição, diagnóstico da mastite, e determinação da sensibilidade e especificidade diagnósticas do procedimento de qPCR estabelecido no estudo. Cada amostra foi submetida à análise de composição, CCS, cultura microbiológica, contagem em placas do S. aureus, processadas para a extração do DNA genômico bovino e do S. aureus, e submetida à reação de qPCR. Para análise da concordância entre os resultados obtidos pelos métodos de referência para o diagnóstico da mastite por S. aureus e o de qPCR foi utilizado o teste Kappa. Para avaliação da equivalência das contagens obtidas pelos métodos de referência do S. aureus e de células somáticas bovinas, foi utilizado o teste das diferenças de Bland-Altman. Para a identificação do efeito da infecção subclínica pelo S. aureus sobre a composição e produção de leite do quarto mamário afetado foi utilizada a análise da variância num delineamento em parcelas subdivididas em faixas. Para estimar o grau de relação entre as contagens de S. aureus, a CCS, produção e composição do leite produzido pelo quarto mamário afetado foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. A correlação entre os resultados de contagem de células somáticas bovinas determinados pelos métodos de rotina e de qPCR para a quantificação de células somáticas apresentou coeficiente r = - 0,978 (P < 0,001). A correlação entre os resultados da contagem do S. aureus ATCC 29213 determinados pelos métodos de rotina e de qPCR para a quantificação do patógeno apresentou coeficiente r = - 0,989 (P < 0,001). A especificidade analítica do qPCR para a detecção do S. aureus em amostras de leite frente a Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, os estafilococos coagulase-negativa, e as espécies coagulase-positiva Staphylococcus hyicus e Staphylococcus intermedius foi de 100%. O método de qPCR aplicado à detecção de Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 em amostras de leite é replicável e apresentou sensibilidade analítica com limite de detecção para a faixa de 10 UFC/mL à 4,2 x 106 UFC/mL. Em amostras de leite conservadas com bronopol provenientes de quartos mamários subclinicamente infectados, o S. aureus pôde ser detectado, mas não pôde ser quantificado pelo método de qPCR. Nessas amostras, a CCS pôde ser determinada de forma equivalente ao método de rotina. A CCS independe da contagem de S. aureus viáveis, mas foi observada correlação linear e negativa entre o número total de células do patógeno e a CCS. A mastite subclínica pelo S. aureus aumentou a CCS nos quartos mamários, mas não alterou a composição do leite. A doença diminuiu a produção de leite e de gordura dos quartos mamários anteriores acometidos pela infeção, mas não se observou efeito da interação entre o posicionamento da glândula e a infecção sobre a produção de leite. Houve correlação entre as concentrações de lactose (r = 0,42; P = 0,0051), de gordura (r = 0,46; P = 0,0016), de produção de gordura (r = 0,49; P = 0,001), e de leite com produção ajustada para o teor de 3,5% de gordura (r = 0,41; P = 0,006), e o número de S. aureus presentes na amostra de leite. / The objectives of this study were to verify the validity of the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to detect and quantify Staphylococcus aureus in bronopol-preserved milk samples from subclinically infected mammary quarters, and to assess the effects of the presence and amount of the pathogen on the somatic cell count (SCC), the composition of milk and milk yield of bovine mammary quarters subclinically infected by the pathogen. In order to quantify S. aureus and bovine somatic cells through qPCR, raw bovine milk was used as a means of serial inoculation media of somatic cells and S. aureus ATCC 29213. From that, equations based on the reference methods for each procedure were built, log10UFC = 37,86 23,54 log10CtSAU and log10CCS = 49,3 - 34,0 log10CtBMCB, respectively. To test their equivalence with the reference methods, determine the analytical sensitivity and specificity, and repeatability of the proposed method, milk was sampled from quarters of 60 animals from two dairy herds in Pirassununga, where subclinical S. aureus mastitis cases had been previously diagnosed. Also, quarter milk yield had been measured and samples collected for milk composition analysis, diagnosis of mastitis, sensitivity and specificity of the procedure established in the study had been determined. Each sample was subjected to composition analysis, SCC, microbiological culture, plate counting of S. aureus, DNA extraction, and subjected to qPCR reaction. Agreement between results from reference methods and qPCR for the diagnosis of mastitis by S. aureus was assessed by Kappa test. Equivalence between S. aureus, SCC scores obtained by reference and qPCR was assessed with Bland-Altman procedures. The effect of S. aureus subclinical infection on milk composition and milk yield of affected quarters was measured using a strip plot design. To estimate the degree of relationship between the counts of S. aureus, SCC, yield and composition of the milk from affected quarters was assessed by the Pearson Correlation. Correlation between SCC determined by routine methods and qPCR was r = - 0.978 (P <0.001). Correlation between S. aureus ATCC 29213 determined by routine methods and qPCR was r = - 0.989 (P <0.001). Analytical specificity of qPCR to detect S. aureus in milk samples against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, coagulase-negative staphylococci and coagulase-positive species, Staphylococcus hyicus and Staphylococcus intermedius was 100%. The use of the qPCR to detect S. aureus ATCC 29213 in milk samples is replicable. Analytical sensitivity detection limit of the method ranged from 10 CFU/mL to 4.2 x 106 CFU/mL. S. aureus could be detected, but not quantified by qPCR in bronopol-conserved milk samples from subclinically infected quarters. In these samples, SCC could be determined by qPCR as it had been done by routine method. SCC was not dependent on S. aureus viable cells, but a negative linear correlation between the total number of cells of the pathogen and SCC was observed. S. aureus subclinical mastitis increased quarters SCC, but did not change milk composition. The disease decreased quarter milk and fat yield, but no interaction effect was observed between the gland positioning and S. aureus subclinical infection on milk production. Correlations between lactose (r = 0.42, P = 0.0051), fat (r = 0.46, P = 0.0016), fat yield (r = 0.49, P = 0.001), and 3.5% fat adjusted milk yield (r = 0.41, P = 0.006), and the number of S. aureus present in the milk sample were observed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:12:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monique Kelly Duarte Lopes.pdf: 450811 bytes, checksum: 0b819395982a5d4d5a8a377e0891fa64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Introduction: the data submitted by the Surveillance Epidemiological Center of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, pointed out that the number of children, particularly with infectious diseases increases each year. Some of these diseases are considered as indicators of risk for hearing. To know their occurrence is important in order to support official programs for hearing loss prevention and hearing conservation. Objective: to analyze and compare the occurrence of risk indicators for hearing in a period of 10 years (1995-2005) in a public maternity of São Paulo, Brazil. Method: It is a retrospective and quantitative study, based on collected data of newborn records of a public maternity of São Paulo. Records of babies born between January and December of 1995 and 2005 and that presented deafness risk indicators, such as: prematurity, low weight and asphyxia, and/or, have suspected or confirmed diagnosis of TORSCH-A group infection (toxoplasmosis, congenital rubella, syphilis, cytomegalovirus, Herpes and HIV+) were included. Results: from all the babies records, were considered 565 children born in 1995, and 1047 in 2005. Among the risk indicators for deafness analyzed in two years, it was observed that there was significant difference for the indicator prematurity, being the largest percentage of premature children in 1995 (p<0,001); there was no significant difference between the percentages of low weight indicator occurrence in 1995 and 2005 (p =-0,209), and there was significant difference between the percentages of children with asphyxia in two years (p = 0,027). The higher percentage of occurrence was in 1995. The risk indicators: prematurity, low weight and asphyxia were more frequent than toxoplasmosis, syphilis and HIV. The compared analysis of concurrency of these 3 risk factors has been reviewed and compared, in 1995, 1.2% of children did not present any of 3 risk indicators, while, in 2005, that percentage was 9.1%. In 1995, we observed the largest percentage of children with prematurity and low weight (28.9%), while in 2005 it was only low-weight (31.1%). It was also noted that in 1995 there was simultaneous occurrence of 3 risk factors in 7.3% of children, while that in 2005 the percentage was 3.2%. There is no significant difference between the associated percentages for prematurity, low weight and asphyxia in two years (p<0,001). In two years, the largest number of indicators observed in one child was 3. Most of the babies presented at least one risk indicator (57.1% in 1995 and 69.4% in 2005). Conclusion: Children born in 1995 tended to have a greater number of indicators of risk than those born in 2005 (p<0,001) / Os dados apresentados pelo Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica do Estado de São Paulo apontam que o número de crianças, acometidas por doenças infecto-contagiosas, aumenta a cada ano. Algumas destas doenças são consideradas de risco para a audição. Conhecer sua ocorrência é importante para fundamentar ações de prevenção e de promoção de saúde auditiva. Objetivo: verificar e comparar a ocorrência de indicadores de risco para Deficiência Auditiva em um intervalo de 10 anos (1995 e 2005) em uma maternidade municipal de São Paulo. Método: é um estudo de caráter quantitativo e retrospectivo, realizado a partir do levantamento e análise de dados dos registros fornecidos por uma Maternidade da cidade de São Paulo. Foram incluídos na pesquisa, os registros dos bebês que nasceram entre janeiro a dezembro dos anos de 1995 e 2005, e que apresentassem indicadores de risco para surdez, como: prematuridade, baixo peso e asfixia, além de, possuir diagnóstico confirmado ou suspeita de doenças infecto-contagiosas do grupo TORSCH-A. Resultados: Foram considerados os prontuários de 565 crianças nascidas em 1995, e 1047 em 2005. Dentre os Indicadores de Risco para surdez analisados nos dois anos, observou-se que houve diferença significativa para o indicador prematuridade, sendo a porcentagem de crianças prematuras maior em 1995 (p<0,001), não houve diferença significativa entre as porcentagens de ocorrência do indicador baixo peso em 1995 e 2005 (p=0,209), e houve diferença significativa entre as porcentagens de crianças com asfixia nos dois anos (p=0,027), sendo a porcentagem de ocorrência maior em 1995. Os indicadores de risco: prematuridade, baixo peso e asfixia, foram mais freqüentes do que a Toxoplasmose, a Sífilis e o HIV+. A análise comparada da simultaneidade desses 3 fatores de risco foi analisada e comparada, em 1995, 1,2% das crianças não apresentaram nenhum dos 3 indicadores de risco, enquanto que, em 2005, essa porcentagem foi de 9,1%. Em 1995, a maior porcentagem observada foi a de crianças com prematuridade e baixo peso (28,9%), enquanto que em 2005 foi somente de baixo peso (31,1%). Notou-se ainda que em 1995 houve a ocorrência simultânea dos 3 indicadores de risco em 7,3% das crianças, enquanto que em 2005 a porcentagem foi de 3,2%. Há diferença significativa entre as distribuições de porcentagens conjunta de prematuridade, baixo peso e asfixia nos dois anos (p<0,001). Assim, nos dois anos, o maior número de indicadores observados em uma mesma criança foi 3. A maioria destas apresentou pelo menos um indicador de risco (57,1% em 1995 e 69,4% em 2005). Conclusão: pode-se concluir que, as crianças nascidas em 1995 tenderam a ter um maior número de indicadores de risco do que as nascidas em 2005 (p<0,001)

La peste des petits ruminants (PPR) et la Pleuropneumonie Contagieuse Caprine (PPCC) causées respectivement par un Morbillivirus (Virus de la Peste des Petits Ruminants) et un mycoplasme (Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae) sont deux maladies respiratoires très contagieuses des petits ruminants. La PPR est présente en Afrique, en Asie, au Moyen Orient, et depuis peu en Europe. Sur le continent africain, notamment en Afrique de l’Ouest, elle est en expansion et représente un facteur majeur d’insécurité alimentaire pour la population agricole. La PPCC identifiée au Niger en 1995 n’est que suspectée au Mali sur la base de résultats sérologiques.La PPR est un modèle pour l’étude des maladies transfrontalières car sa diffusion est très étroitement liée aux mouvements régionaux d’animaux vivants. La compréhension de cette diffusion est une condition essentielle à la mise en place de mesures de contrôle efficaces (vaccination, contrôle aux frontières etc.).La thèse a pour ambition de clarifier la situation épidémiologique de la PPR et de la PPCC au Mali, notamment pour savoir si ces deux maladies coexistent, afin d’en évaluer le risque pour les filières de production de caprins et de proposer des stratégies de contrôle adaptées. Nous n’avons pas réussi à mettre en évidence la présence de la PPCC au Mali. Pour la PPR, l’objectif de la thèse est de caractériser la diversité génétique de souches collectées en Afrique de l’Ouest et plus particulièrement au Mali en utilisant en première instance le gène partiel de la nucléoprotéine du virus. Nous avons ensuite estimé la diversité et le taux d’évolution du PPRV dans la région à partir de séquences génomiques complètes. Notre étude a montré qu’au Mali ainsi que dans les autres pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, trois lignées génétiques du PPRV circulent dont l’une d’elles, la lignée II est dominante dans la région et est caractérisée par une grande diversité génétique transfrontalière. Cette étude démontre également une progression de la lignée IV dans l’Afrique de l’Ouest et la persistance au Mali et au Niger de la lignée I (au moins jusqu’en 2001). Ces résultats reflètent par rapport aux données précédentes connues de la répartition des lignées de PPRV, une intensification des mouvements du bétail dus à l’échange et au commerce de ces animaux, flux qui n’est pas contrôlé entre tous les pays de l’ouest africain. Au Mali, il n’existe aucun moyen de contrôle, de traçabilité et d’identification animale. L’utilisation de la diversité génétique comme marqueur épidémiologique serait un moyen d’améliorer notre connaissance de la diffusion de la PPR et de là son contrôle, plus particulièrement dans les pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest. / Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) caused respectively by a Morbillivirus and a mycoplasma (Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae) are two highly contagious respiratory diseases of small ruminants. PPR is present in Africa, Asia, Middle East, and has just entered Europe. On the African continent, particularly in West Africa, it is emerging and is a major factor of food insecurity for low-income farmers. CCPP, identified in Niger in 1995, is only suspected in Mali on the basis of serological results.PPR is a model for the study of transboundary diseases because its diffusion is closely linked to regional movements of livestock. Understanding this diffusion is an essential condition for the implementation of effective control measures (vaccination, border control, etc.).The aims of our study is to clarify the epidemiological situation of PPR and the CCPP in Mali, including whether these two diseases coexist in order to assess the risk for goat production chains and propose appropriate control strategies.We did not succeed in confirming the presence of the CCPP in Mali. PPR has already been identified in Mali. The aim of our study for PPR is to characterize the genetic diversity and therefore the different lineages that circulate in Mali and, more generally, in the West African sub region by using at first the partial gene of Nucleoprotein of PPRV. We then estimated more accurately the diversity and rate of evolution of the virus in the region from PPRV genomic sequences. Our studies showed that three lineages of PPRV are circulating in Mali and West Africa. The lineage II is dominating and is characterized with a wide genetic diversity and extensive transboundary circulation. We also demonstrate the progression of lineage IV in West Africa and the persistence of lineage I in Mali and Niger (at least until 2001). These results reflect the large flow of uncontrolled livestock trade between all West African countries. In Mali, there is no means of control, traceability and animal identification. The use of genetic diversity as an epidemiological marker is an effective means of controlling the spread of PPR in these West African countries.

In the thesis "Comprehensive approach of emergency medical services provider to a highly-contagious patient transportation" we concentrated on nursing care and aspects of transportation administered by operating paramedics, all in cases that public health authorities suspect to be related to a highly - contagious disease and transportation in isolated transportation vehicle is mandated. The theoretical part of the thesis defines the key concepts of highly - contagious disease, it describes individual causal agents of contagious diseases and their ways of transmission to humans. For description of contagious diseases were chosen those with high morbidity, lethality and interpersonal transmission. We mention the danger of biological agents misuse, ways of protection against contagious diseases and types of decontamination procedures. We describe different means of personal protection used by biohazard team members and even environmental factors affecting the work of paramedics using personal protective agents. Further on, we bring to attention legal aspects and inner policies related to aforementioned issues including analysis of procedure logistics of emergency services teams dealing with emergencies with suspicion of highly - contagious disease. Research in practical part of the thesis concentrates on aims related to optimizing nursing care for patients suspected of suffering from a highly - contagious disease, when securing them in the transportation vehicle, furthermore, we examine the impact of personal protective agents used by paramedics when transporting the patient, and we also analyze environmental factors inside the ambulance vehicle and isolated personal transportation vehicle. All of these aims were researched with the help of planned experiments and the resulting findings are based on the outcomes of these experiments.

<p>Det psykiska hälsoläget har förbättrats totalt sett i befolkningen de senaste åren, men trots det är detfortfarande oroväckande många unga som upplever att de mår psykiskt dåligt. Ett fenomen som ökat under senare tid och som kopplats samman med psykisk ohälsa, är olika former av självskadehandlingar. Det har tidigare visats att andra typer av riskbeteenden sprids i populationer genom att individer influeras av varandra. Bakgrunden till den här studien var en tanke om att ökningen av självskadehandlingar kan vara ett resultat av en form av smittspridning snarare än enbart ett tecken på försämrad psykisk hälsa. Som primär kanal för spridningen av beteendet undersöktes Internet eftersom mycket av ungdomars sociala liv utspelar sig på den arenan. Studien grundar sig på en enkät (n=192) till gymnasieelever. Syftet var att undersöka hur väl ungdomar kände till fenomenet självskadebeteende samt hur de kommunicerade med och influerades av sina vänner. Resultatet visade att mer än hälften av ungdomarna kommit i kontakt med självskadebeteende i form av bilder eller skriftliga inlägg på Internet och 86 % av tjejerna och 71 % av killarna kände dessutom till minst en person i sin närhet som medvetet skadat sig själv. Eftersom ungdomar exponeras av beteendet från många håll är det rimligt att anta att individer som upplever någon form av psykisk stress kan influeras av andra att prova ett självdestruktivt beteende. Beteendet förefaller mer utbrett än vad som skulle kunna förväntas om en svårare psykisk ohälsa var den enda orsaken. Att tidigt arbeta med självkänsla och se till att barn och unga har trygga sociala nätverk runt omkring sig kan vara ett sätt att förse dem med den motståndskraft som behövs för att stå emot negativa influenser från omgivningen.</p> / <p>The mental health status has improved in the overall population recent years although it is still worrying many young people who feel that they have a poor psychological health. A phenomenon that has increased recently, and are linked to mental illness, are various forms of self-injury acts. It has previously been shown that other types of risk behaviours spread in populations by individuals influenced by each other. The background of this study was to examine whether the increase in selfinjury acts can be the result of a form of contagion, rather than merely a sign of impaired mental health. Since a lot of young people's social life takes place on the Internet, this was the arena which was investigated. The study is based on a survey (n = 192) and was designed to examine how well young people were aware of the phenomenon of self-injury, and how they communicated with and how they were influenced by their friends. The results showed that more than half of the participants had been in contact with self-injury such as pictures or written messages on the Internet. Among the respondents 86% of the girls and 71% of the boys also knew at least one person who deliberately harmed themselves. Since adolescents are exposed to this behaviour from many directions, it is reasonable to assume that individuals who experience some form of mental stress may be influenced by others to try self-destructive behaviour. The behaviour seems to be more prevalent than would be expected if a severer mental illness was the solely cause. Early work on self-esteem and ensuring children and young people have a safe social network around them can be a way to provide them with the resilience needed to withstand the negative influences from their surroundings.</p>

Det psykiska hälsoläget har förbättrats totalt sett i befolkningen de senaste åren, men trots det är detfortfarande oroväckande många unga som upplever att de mår psykiskt dåligt. Ett fenomen som ökat under senare tid och som kopplats samman med psykisk ohälsa, är olika former av självskadehandlingar. Det har tidigare visats att andra typer av riskbeteenden sprids i populationer genom att individer influeras av varandra. Bakgrunden till den här studien var en tanke om att ökningen av självskadehandlingar kan vara ett resultat av en form av smittspridning snarare än enbart ett tecken på försämrad psykisk hälsa. Som primär kanal för spridningen av beteendet undersöktes Internet eftersom mycket av ungdomars sociala liv utspelar sig på den arenan. Studien grundar sig på en enkät (n=192) till gymnasieelever. Syftet var att undersöka hur väl ungdomar kände till fenomenet självskadebeteende samt hur de kommunicerade med och influerades av sina vänner. Resultatet visade att mer än hälften av ungdomarna kommit i kontakt med självskadebeteende i form av bilder eller skriftliga inlägg på Internet och 86 % av tjejerna och 71 % av killarna kände dessutom till minst en person i sin närhet som medvetet skadat sig själv. Eftersom ungdomar exponeras av beteendet från många håll är det rimligt att anta att individer som upplever någon form av psykisk stress kan influeras av andra att prova ett självdestruktivt beteende. Beteendet förefaller mer utbrett än vad som skulle kunna förväntas om en svårare psykisk ohälsa var den enda orsaken. Att tidigt arbeta med självkänsla och se till att barn och unga har trygga sociala nätverk runt omkring sig kan vara ett sätt att förse dem med den motståndskraft som behövs för att stå emot negativa influenser från omgivningen. / The mental health status has improved in the overall population recent years although it is still worrying many young people who feel that they have a poor psychological health. A phenomenon that has increased recently, and are linked to mental illness, are various forms of self-injury acts. It has previously been shown that other types of risk behaviours spread in populations by individuals influenced by each other. The background of this study was to examine whether the increase in selfinjury acts can be the result of a form of contagion, rather than merely a sign of impaired mental health. Since a lot of young people's social life takes place on the Internet, this was the arena which was investigated. The study is based on a survey (n = 192) and was designed to examine how well young people were aware of the phenomenon of self-injury, and how they communicated with and how they were influenced by their friends. The results showed that more than half of the participants had been in contact with self-injury such as pictures or written messages on the Internet. Among the respondents 86% of the girls and 71% of the boys also knew at least one person who deliberately harmed themselves. Since adolescents are exposed to this behaviour from many directions, it is reasonable to assume that individuals who experience some form of mental stress may be influenced by others to try self-destructive behaviour. The behaviour seems to be more prevalent than would be expected if a severer mental illness was the solely cause. Early work on self-esteem and ensuring children and young people have a safe social network around them can be a way to provide them with the resilience needed to withstand the negative influences from their surroundings.