The contagious nature of the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) jump-yip display may provide information to signalers and receivers regarding the vigilance of neighbours. Videotaping jump-yip bouts and the behaviour of both bout initiators and respondents within those bouts provided evidence that: 1) individuals became vigilant immediately following jump-yip production, but exhibited minimal changes in their immediate post-jump-yip behaviour with changes in the characteristics of the preceding bout, 2) bout initiators spent more time actively foraging and exhibited vigilance behaviours less frequently with greater levels of response in the preceding jump-yip bout, 3) respondents spent more time actively foraging and less time vigilant following bouts with greater response. These results suggest that black-tailed prairie dogs base behavioural decisions at least in part on the characteristics of their jump-yip bouts and thus the jump yip display may provide information about the vigilance of group members.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Bakgrund: Ökade fall av smittsamma sjukdomar inom sjukhus och samhälle har lett till högre krav på sjukvården samt ökad efterfrågan av isolering till att förhindra fortsatt smitta. Fler patienter kan behövas försättas i isolering samtidigt som bristande erfarenheter och kunskaper hos sjuksköterskor uppmärksammas för genomförande av denna vårdform. Brister ses i rutinerna kring isolering vilka krockar med redan etablerade rutiner och leder till tidsbrist och sämre kvalité på vården. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelser av att vara isolerade vid smittorisk. Metod: kvalitativ litteraturstudie med beskrivande syntes genom analys av tio kvalitativa vårdvetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Utifrån analys av detta arbetes författare framkom två teman för patienters upplevelser av att vara isolerade; Tillvaron förändras och Hantera den nya tillvaron. Utifrån första tema kunde tre subteman sammanställas; att vara begränsad i rum och rörelse, att ha behov av mänsklig kontakt samt Brist på information från vårdpersonal. Av andra temat kunde ett subtema sammanställas; Att ha positiv inställning som strategi för att hantera isoleringen. Slutsats: Det finns behov av tydligare riktlinjer gällande vilka patienter som behöver isoleras och huruvida hygien ska utformas i varje enskilt fall. Vården behöver utforma bättre rutiner för att tillhandahålla tillräcklig tid för sjuksköterskor att gå igenom information med närstående och patienter i vårdsituationer där isolering sätts in. / Background: Following a bigger rise in infectious diseases which is a danger to the public within hospitals aswell as society, the demands on nursing and healthcare has increased. The  need of availability and deployment of source isolation has increased to prevent and decrease transmission. This leads to more patients being placed in source isolation and thereby affected by the potential effects that this type of care may cause. The aim for this review is to study and describe patients experiences of being isolated due to risk for infection. Method: The study was conducted as a literature review through analysis of 10 qualitative care scientific articles. Results: The analysis gave rise to two major themes; The lived existance changes and Dealing with the changed existence. From the first theme, three sub-themes was formed; Being limited in room and movement, To have need of human contact, insufficient information from Healthcare personal. From the second theme one sub-theme was formed; To have a positive attitude as a strategy to handle the isolation. Conclusion: There is a need for more clear guidelines and signals for which patients is in need of isolation and to what extent. There is a lack of understanding and knowledge about the consequenses isolation can have on patients.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-21T12:41:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Alves de Moura Sobrinho.pdf: 655310 bytes, checksum: cf5f69ddf5c19bb603c77fd7a7012e4e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-21T12:41:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Alves de Moura Sobrinho.pdf: 655310 bytes, checksum: cf5f69ddf5c19bb603c77fd7a7012e4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The aim of the present study was to characterize the goat and sheep production systems, estimate the prevalence of small-ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) and study predisposing factors to infection in herds in the state of Tocantins (Brazil). Investigative questionnaires were administered addressing data on 29 goat herds and 28 sheep herds distributed among 21 towns in the state of Tocantins. To estimate the prevalence of SRLV, 838 samples of sheep blood and 843 samples of goat blood were analyzed using the immunodiffusion test in agarose gel. There was a mean number of 79 and 340 animals for the goat and sheep herds, respectively. According to the survey, 79.3 and 71.4% of the goat and sheep farms, respectively, were implanted after 2001. The animals making up the herds originated in the states of Bahia and Sergipe. The Santa Inês (61.0%) and SRD (38.7%) were the most frequent breeds among the sheep, whereas the Anglo-Nubian (55.4%), SRD (36.6%) and Saanen (7.1%) were the most frequent goat breeds. 55.1% of the 49 properties surveyed bred cattle + goats or sheep. The semi-extensive system was adopted in 51.7 and 46.4% of the goat and sheep farms, respectively. The most frequently adopted hygiene practices among the breeders were de-worming, cuts and disinfection of the navel and burying dead animals. Vaccination is practiced by 24.1% of goat breeders, most frequently for clostridiosis (20.7%), aphthous fever (6.8%) and rabies (3.4%). The clinical signs and diseases most often cited as having considerable importance were caseous lymphadenitis (34.5%) and pododermatitis (17%) by goat breeders and pododermatitis (42.3%) and diarrhea (30.8%) by sheep breeders. 51.7 and 28.6% of the goat and sheep breeders, respectively, knew about lentiviruses (CAE and Maedi-Visna). The frequency of ovine blood reagents was 0.9 ±0.3% (8/838). The results regarding the micro-regions of the state were distributed in the following manner: 3.3 (2/60), 0.61 (1/178), 1.3 (2/150) and 2.0% (3/150) for Bico Papagaio, North, Miracema and South, respectively. No animals tested positive in the Jalapão, Porto Nacional, Rio Formoso and Southeast micro-regions. The Santa Inês was the breed with the highest percentage of blood reagent animals (3.9%; 6/511), followed by Undefined Breed (0.6%; 2/324). Regarding age, 0.6% (2/238) and 1.2% (96/510)of animals under 24 and over months of age, respectively, tested positive. 1.2% (2/161) of males and 0.9% (6/677) of females tested positive. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of blood reagent regarding breed,age and gender (p > 0.05). The frequency of blood reagent goats was 2.7% (23/843). The results were distributed according to micro-region in the following manner: 10.0 (20/200) and 1.4% (3/207) for the North and Miracema micro-regions, respectively. The Saanen was the breed with the highest percentage of blood reagent animals (11.7%; 7/60), followed by the SRD (0.6%; 2/310) and Anglo-Nubian (3.0%; 14/466). Regarding age, 1.9% (6/314) and 3.2% (17/529) of animals under 24 and over months of age, respectively, tested positive. 2.4% (4/166) of males and 2.8% (19/677) of females tested positive. Analysis of the data revealed a predominance of the semiextensive breeding system with good installations, but little use of reproduction biotechniques and important hygiene management practices. The activity has been expanding in the state, with a tendency toward professionalization. SRLV infection occurs at a low prevalence among sheep and goats in the state of Tocantins and is evenly distributed according to micro-region, breeding system, breed, age and origin of the base herds. Control measures should be implanted to avoid the dissemination of the disease among the herds. / Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa caracterizar o sistema de produção de caprino e ovino, estimar a prevalência e estudar os fatores predisponentes à infecção por Lentiviroses de Pequenos Ruminantes (LVPR), em rebanhos no Estado do Tocantins. Foram aplicados questionários investigativos em 29 rebanhos de caprinos e 28 de ovinos, distribuídos em 21 municípios do Estado do Tocantins, sendo 15 para cada espécie. Para estimar a prevalência de LVPR, foram analisadas 838 amostras de soros ovinos e 843 amostras de caprinos, utilizando o teste de imunodifusão em gel de agarose – IDGA. Identificou-se um número médio de animais de 79 e 340 para os rebanhos de caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente. Conforme a pesquisa, 79,3 e 71,4% dos criatórios de caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente, foram implantados após 2001. Os animais para formação dos rebanhos bases tem como origem os Estados da Bahia e Sergipe. Os tipos raciais Santa Inês (61,0%) e o SRD (38,7%) são os mais encontrados entre os ovinos e na espécie caprina o Anglo-nubiano (55,4%), SRD (36,6%) e Saanen (7,1%). O estudo mostrou que 55,1% das 49 propriedades pesquisadas criam bovinos + caprinos ou ovinos. O sistema semi-extensivo é adotado em 51,7 e 46,4% dos criatórios de caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente. As práticas sanitárias adotadas com maior freqüência pelos criadores são vermifugação, cortes e desinfecção do umbigo e enterrar os animais mortos. A vacinação é prática adotada por 24,1% dos criadores de caprinos, sendo as mais freqüentes contra clostridioses (20,7%), febre aftosa (6,8%) e raiva (3,4%). Os sinais clínicos e doenças mais citados como de grande importância foram linfadenite caseosa (34,5%) e pododermatite (17%) pelos criadores de caprinos e Pododermatite (42,3%) e diarréias (30,8%) para os ovinos. Dos produtores de caprinos e ovinos, 51,7 e 28,6%, respectivamente, conhecem as lentiviroses (CAE e a Maedi-Visna). A frequência de ovinos sororreagentes encontrada foi de 0,9 ±0,3% (8/838). De acordo com a microrregião do Estado, os resultados foram assim distribuídos: 3,3 (2/60), 0,61 (1/178), 1,3 (2/150) e 2,0 % (3/150) para Bico Papagaio, Norte, Miracema e Sul e Sudeste, respectivamente. As microrregiões Jalapão, Porto Nacional, Rio Formoso e Sudeste não tiveram animais positivos. Entre as raças, a Santa Inês foi a que apresentou numericamente o maior percentual de animais sororreagentes, 3,9% (6/511), seguida da Sem Raça Definida, 0,6% (2/324). De acordo com a idade, os animais com idade inferior e superior a 24 meses apresentaram 0,6% (2/328) 1,2% (6/510), respectivamente. Os machos apresentaram 1,2% (2/161) de positivos e as fêmeas 0,9% (6/677). Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,05) na prevalência de sororreagentes com relação às variáveis raça, idade e sexo. A frequência de caprinos sororreagentes encontrada foi de 2,7% (23/843). De acordo com a região, os resultados foram assim distribuídos: 10,0 (20/200) e 1,4% (3/207) para as microrregiões Norte e Miracema, respectivamente. Entre as raças, a Saanen foi a que apresentou numericamente o maior percentual de animais sororreagentes, 11,7% (7/60), a SRD 0,6% (2/310) e a anglonubiana 3,0% (14/466). De acordo com a idade, os animais com idade inferior e superior a 24 meses apresentaram 1,9% (6/314) e 3,2% (17/529)), respectivamente. Os machos apresentaram 2,4% (4/166) de positivos e as fêmeas 2,8% (19/677). A análise das informações mostrou uma atividade onde predomina o sistema de criação semiextensivo com boas instalações, mas pouco uso de biotécnicas da reprodução e uso de importantes práticas de manejo sanitário. Observou-se que a atividade vem se expandindo no Estado com uma tendência de profissionalização. A infecção por LVPR ocorre em ovinos e caprinos do Estado de Tocantins com baixa prevalência, homogeneamente distribuída de acordo com a microrregião, sistema de criação, raça, sexo, idade e origem dos rebanhos base. Medidas de controle devem ser implantadas no sentido de evitar a disseminação da doença entre os rebanhos.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-03T13:19:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosana Leo de Santana.pdf: 1515110 bytes, checksum: 27fa86f8f333295d8921b44bc59f3dcb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-03T13:19:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosana Leo de Santana.pdf: 1515110 bytes, checksum: 27fa86f8f333295d8921b44bc59f3dcb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / Contagious ecthyma is a severe and proliferative viral disease affecting ovine and caprine species, and eventually men, caused by the contagious ecthyma virus (ECV) of the Parapoxvirus genus. The disease is spread worldwide, including in Brazil, where in the state of Pernambuco, due to its endemicity, can be mistaken by other vesicular diseases such as the Foot and mouth Disease, which requires its diagnostic differentiation. Meanwhile, the control of the infection in endemic regions is limited due to the difficulties in replicating the virus in cell cultures, for the development of vaccines. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the behavior of ECV samples in primary cultures of fetal caprine cornea cells, and also to establish an efficient molecular diagnostic method for field samples, and to analyze the phylogenetic profile of the virus samples studied. Crust samples from twenty-two sheep and seven goats from the states of Pernambuco, Bahia, Sergipe and Paraiba presenting the clinical symptoms of EC were inoculated in cell monolayers, during seven consecutive passages at weekly intervals. During all passages, starting at 24 hours post-infection was observed a cytopathic effect (CE) characterized by cell rounding, cell fusion with the formation of small syncytia, cytoplasmic inclusion and vacuolization. The intensity of cell detachment from the layers ranged from 25% to 100% which varied according to the viral sample. We concluded that the primary cultures of the fetal caprine cornea cell appeared highly permissible to replication of ECV and the isolated samples of ECV seemed to adapt to the utilized culture with a slight variation among samples, and the identification by PCR showed to be an applicable method to the differential diagnosis of vesicular diseases, especially to support the actions of PNEFA, where goats and sheep are considered sentinel animals. The phylogenetic analysis showed that ORFV sequences from the northeastern of Brazil are highly correlated showing identical sequences up to 99%. In addition, they present more than 80% sequence identity with other isolates of ORFV worldwide. / Ectima contagioso (EC) ou orf é uma doença infecto-contagiosa da pele causada pelo vírus do ectima contagioso (ECV) ou ORFV, que acomete principalmente ovinos e caprinos, e ocasionalmente o homem. Protótipo do gênero Parapoxvírus da família Poxviridae, está amplamente disseminado em todo mundo, inclusive no Brasil, especialmente na Região Nordeste, onde a caprinovinocultura é amplamente praticada para a produção de pele, carne e leite. Em Pernambuco, a doença ocorre de forma endêmica e pode ser confundida com enfermidades vesiculares, como a Febre Aftosa (FA), havendo a necessidade de diferenciação, sobretudo como suporte às ações do Programa Nacional de Erradicação da Febre Aftosa (PNEFA). Uma grande limitação no controle da doença é a dificuldade de replicação do vírus em cultivo celular, visando sua manipulação biotecnológica para a produção de vacinas. O objetivo deste trabalho é isolar e avaliar o comportamento de amostras de ECV em cultura primária de células de córnea fetal caprina, além de estabelecer um diagnóstico molecular eficiente para amostras de campo e avaliar o perfil filogenético das amostras de campo estudadas. Amostras de crostas de 22 ovinos e de sete caprinos que apresentavam sinais clínicos de EC, originários dos Estados de Pernambuco, Bahia, Sergipe e Paraíba, foram inoculadas em monocamadas de células epiteliais de córnea de feto caprino, durante sete passagens consecutivas, a intervalos semanais. Para realização do diagnóstico molecular foi utilizado para amplificação de um fragmento de 235pb do gene do envelope B2L o par de primers, PPP-3 e PPP-4 denominados pan-parapoxvirus. Observou-se em todas as passagens, a partir de 24 horas pós-infecção, efeito citopático (ECP) caracterizado pelo arredondamento celular, fusão com formação de pequenos sincícios, vacuolização e corpúsculos de inclusão citoplasmática, com intensidade de 25% a 100% de desprendimento da camada celular, que variou de acordo com a amostra viral. Conclui-se que as culturas de células primárias de córnea fetal caprina mostraram-se altamente permissíveis à replicação do ECV e que as amostras virais isoladas mostraram-se adaptadas ao cultivo utilizado, com pequena variação entre as amostras virais, e que, a identificação viral através da PCR é um método aplicável ao diagnóstico diferencial de enfermidades vesiculares, sobretudo como suporte às ações do PNEFA, no qual caprinos e ovinos são considerados animais sentinelas. A análise filogenética mostrou que as seqüências de ORFV do Nordeste do Brasil estão altamente relacionadas entre si, com seqüências idênticas acima de 99%. Além de apresentarem mais de 80% de identidade com seqüências de outros isolados de ORFV em todo mundo.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-04T13:11:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosana Leo de Santana.pdf: 693786 bytes, checksum: b9d2b7d60669ce82e4b87ed63463daad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-04T13:11:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosana Leo de Santana.pdf: 693786 bytes, checksum: b9d2b7d60669ce82e4b87ed63463daad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / Contagious ectima is a severe and proliferartive virus among ovine and caprine caused by the contagious ectima virus (ECV) of the Parapoxvirus genus. The control of the infection in endemic regions is done with vaccines, however there are limitations in the vaccine production due to the difficulties in replicating the virus in cell cultures. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the behavior of ECV samples in primary cultures of fetal caprine cornea cells, a system of cultures yet untested for the replication of ECV. Crust samples from nine sheep and two goats from the states of Bahia, Sergipe and Paraiba and presenting the clinical symptoms of EC were inoculated in monolayers of the cells, during seven consecutive passages at weekly intervals. During all the occasions we observed, after 24 hours of infection, the cytopathic effect (CE) characterized by cell rounding, fusion with the formation of small sincicia, cytoplasmatic inclusion and vacuolation. The intensity of detachment from the cell layers ranged from 25% to 100% which varied according to the sample. We concluded that the primary cell cultures of the fetal caprine cornea appeared highly permissible to replication of ECV and the isolated samples of ECV appeared to adapt to the utilized culture with slight variation among samples. / Ectima contagioso (EC) é uma virose aguda e proliferativa de ovinos e caprinos, causada pelo vírus do ectima contagioso (ECV), do gênero Parapoxvirus. O controle da infecção em regiões endêmicas é realizado através de vacinação, porém existem limitações nas técnicas de produção de vacinas, que é a dificuldade de replicação do vírus em cultivo celular. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de isolar e avaliar o comportamento das amostras de ECV em cultivo primário de células de córnea fetal caprina (CFC), sistema de cultivo ainda não testado para replicação de ECV. Amostras de crostas de nove ovinos e de dois caprinos que apresentavam sintomatologia clínica de EC, originários dos Estados da Bahia, Sergipe e Paraíba, foram inoculadas em monocamadas de células epiteliais de córnea de feto caprino, durante sete passagens consecutivas, a intervalos semanais. Observou-se em todas passagens, a partir de 24 horas pós infecção, efeito citopático (ECP) caracterizado pelo arredondamento celular, fusão com formação de pequenos sincícios, vacuolização e corpúsculos de inclusão citoplasmático, com intensidade de 25% a 100% de desprendimento da camada celular, que variou de acordo com a amostra. Conclui-se que as culturas de células primárias de córnea fetal caprina mostraram-se altamente permissíveis à replicação do ECV e que as amostras de ECV isoladas mostraram-seadaptadas ao cultivo utilizado, com pequena variação entre as amostras.

No description available.

The research paper presents qualitative research and aims to examine the impact of social media on consumers’ stockpiling behavior under the situation of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Sweden since week 11, 2020. Data is collected by interviewing five middle-aged women in Sweden who are either native Swedes or permanent immigrants and who had experienced stockpiling behavior. The interpretation of collected data is discussed based on the two-step flow theory, risk communication and the theory of planned behavior, and the social contagion theory. The qualitative content analysis is used to analyze the data with the results of three themes: being inclined to reach information, realizing why and when to hoard things, and behavior changes and showing confidence. The five women interviewed all use various social media ways to get information about COVID-19. There is a significant correlation between social media use, risk perception formulation, and stockpiling behavior. Participants have their judgment to look into the authenticity and reliability of related news. They trust the official social media reports, underwent the influence of social media reports, two-way online interaction, and other stockpiling consumers. They also experience the decreasing level of risk perception and thus changes in stockpiling behavior.

This dissertation describes the epidemiological investigation and management of the first outbreak of Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) reported in South Africa. In addition, the subsequent implementation of a nationwide quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)- based stallion screening programme and traceback of exposed animals to define the spread of CEM in South Africa is described. The first South African outbreak of CEM caused by the bacterium, Taylorella equigenitalis was reported on the 9th May 2011 to the World Health Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). The outbreak was recognized subsequent to the importation of a young Warmblood stallion from Germany. The outbreak initially appeared confined to a single index property (focus property), an equine breeding facility in Midrand, Gauteng, South Africa with a single confirmed case of transmission involving the index stallion and a Thoroughbred mare. The initial response was rapidly instituted following the suspicion of T. equigenitalis on the index property. This included an inspection of the index property and its records. A riskclassification of in-contact animals allocated them to “high,” “moderate” or “low”-risk categories. The classification was dependent on the temporal relationship of their presence on the index property relative to the period of residence of the index cases. After T. equigenitalis infection was confirmed from both index cases, the breeding facility was placed under state– administered quarantine and all exposed mares and the index cases were transferred to a quarantine facility. The animals were re-tested by genital swabbing for bacterial culture following a standard protocol according to internationally-accepted practice (OIE Terrestrial Manual on Contagious Equine Metritis). Additional duplicate swabs were obtained for real time qPCR. None of the mares were shown to be positive on either bacterial culture or qPCR. All animals were however treated according to an accepted protocol for T. equigenitalis infection (Luddy and Kutzler, 2010, UK Horseracing Betting Levy Board (HBLB) Code of Practice, 2011). All stallions that had been present on the index property and undergone semen collection on the same day as the index stallion were classified as “moderate risk” and were similarlytested. This identified two additional T. equigenitalis-positive stallions, which were confirmed on bacterial culture (World Organization for Health (OIE) Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Chapter 2.5.1, Contagious Equine Metritis version adopted 20/10/2011) and which were subsequently quarantined and successfully treated. Following recognition of this outbreak, the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) in consultation with the Equine Research Centre (ERC) of the Faculty of Veterinary Science at the University of Pretoria promulgated a nationwide qPCR-based screening programme that aimed to establish the prevalence and distribution of T. equigenitalis in South Africa. This required certification of all South African stallions used for breeding either by natural cover or assisted reproductive techniques. The compliance for certification was based on submission of two sets of genital swabs that both tested negative for T. equigenitalis on qPCR-testing. The process was coordinated by a web-based platform (http://wto the prescribed World Organisation for Health (OIE) method (Terrestrial Manual on Contagious Equine Metritis). All stallions apart from one could be linked to the index property. As of 31st October 2013, two additional T. equigenitalis-positive females have been identified, following a traceback of all identified potentially-exposed mares and their offspring that was instituted in September 2012. An “exposed mare” was defined as a mare that had been bred, either by natural breeding or assisted breeding techniques to the index stallion or any other T. equigenitalis-positive stallion. These mares were distributed across five provinces of South Africa at the time the traceback was initiated. During the nationwide traceback, a subpopulation focus was identified when 24 of the 33 resident stallions at the South African Lipizzaner Centre, Midrand, Gauteng tested positive for T. equigenitalis. Six of these stallions had visited the index property for semen collection over the course of several years prior to the arrival of the index stallion. This suggested the possible albeit undetected presence of T. equigenitalis on these premises prior to the arrival of the first reported index case. We strongly suspected that there may have been undetected CEM incursions into South Africa in the past. The index case in this outbreak may either have introduced a new infection or was infected by a pre-existing source of infection subsequent to his arrival. It is hoped that future strain-typing of the isolates from the positive cases identified during this intervention will further clarify this scenario. The use of qPCR-based screening proved to be a highly specific and sensitive method for detecting T. equigenitalis and helped to define the distribution and prevalence of T. equigenitalis in breeding stallions and exposed mares in South Africa. In addition, this method had significant practical advantages with respect to the associated costs, turn-around times and in-the-field application when compared with bacterial culture. The institution of a web-based platform from which the national screening programme was launched and coordinated proved to be indispensable in managing stakeholder access and information availability. To date, 31st October 2013, a total of 39 horses (36 males and 3 females) have been identified as T. equigenitalis-positive and have all subsequently been successfully treated. © Universityww.cemsa.co.za) As of 31st October 2013, an additional 33 carrier stallions have been identified by this screening programme. Of these stallions, 23 have been confirmed on bacteriology according to the prescribed World Organisation for Health (OIE) method (Terrestrial Manual on Contagious Equine Metritis). All stallions apart from one could be linked to the index property. As of 31st October 2013, two additional T. equigenitalis-positive females have been identified, following a traceback of all identified potentially-exposed mares and their offspring that was instituted in September 2012. An “exposed mare” was defined as a mare that had been bred, either by natural breeding or assisted breeding techniques to the index stallion or any other T. equigenitalis-positive stallion. These mares were distributed across five provinces of South Africa at the time the traceback was initiated. During the nationwide traceback, a subpopulation focus was identified when 24 of the 33 resident stallions at the South African Lipizzaner Centre, Midrand, Gauteng tested positive for T. equigenitalis. Six of these stallions had visited the index property for semen collection over the course of several years prior to the arrival of the index stallion. This suggested the possible albeit undetected presence of T. equigenitalis on these premises prior to the arrival of the first reported index case. We strongly suspected that there may have been undetected CEM incursions into South Africa in the past. The index case in this outbreak may either have introduced a new infection or was infected by a pre-existing source of infection subsequent to his arrival. It is hoped that future strain-typing of the isolates from the positive cases identified during this intervention will further clarify this scenario. The use of qPCR-based screening proved to be a highly specific and sensitive method for detecting T. equigenitalis and helped to define the distribution and prevalence of T. equigenitalis in breeding stallions and exposed mares in South Africa. In addition, this method had significant practical advantages with respect to the associated costs, turn-around times and in-the-field application when compared with bacterial culture. The institution of a web-based platform from which the national screening programme was launched and coordinated proved to be indispensable in managing stakeholder access and information availability. To date, 31st October 2013, a total of 39 horses (36 males and 3 females) have been identified as T. equigenitalis-positive and have all subsequently been successfully treated. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

Companies have always had to adapt to external changes by innovation and reorganisation, in order to stay competitive and survive. For many industries, such as the automotive industry for example the need to quickly adapt to new conditions is expected to increase. In the automotive industry this is due to amongst other factors the globalised value chains and megatrends such as decarbonisation, autonomous vehicles and shared mobility. The megatrends could possibly be disruptive for the industry. Therefore, the ability to successfully implement necessary changes is a key ability. Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings. While protecting the individual from anxiety, they often result in a resistance to changes and is therefore problematic for organisations in need of implementing change. Emotional contagion is a subconscious process that can make people emotionally converge.  The authors propose that within a business context, emotional contagion enables stable organizational groups to converge with regard to which defense mechanisms that are employed. Within a case study of the automotive supplier Swedish Electro Magnets a quantitative analysis of defense styles was conducted based on the Defense Style Questionnaire on groups in the organisation. Three defense style categories were analysed Mature, Neurotic and Immature defense styles.  For Mature defense styles significant findings confirmed that stable groups do converge with regard to what mechanisms are employed. Neurotic defense styles were not found significant, however these results are rather uncertain with a power of 15 %. Immature defense styles could not be analysed because of inhomogeneity of variance between the groups on this variable.  The study shows that the two theories of Emotional contagion and Defence mechanism are interacting within the organisation of Swedish Electro Magnets with regard to Mature defense styles. The study also finds a large effect size, that suggests that the differences in the defense styles are visible to the naked eye of a careful observer. The large effect size makes the findings a promising field for further research to ultimately reduce the resistance to change in organisations. / Företag har alltid behövt anpassa sig till yttre omständigheter genom innovation och omorganisering för att bevara sin konkurrenskraft och överleva. För många branscher som exempelvis fordonsindustrin, förväntas behovet av att snabbt kunna anpassa sig till nya omständigheter öka. Bland annat på grund av globaliserade värdekedjor och megatrender såsom koldioxidneutralitet, självkörande fordon och delad mobilitet. Potentiellt kan megatrender verka disruptivt för industrin. Därför är förmågan att framgångsrikt implementera förändring en nyckelfaktor Defense mechanisms är undermedvetna psykologiska strategier använda för att skydda en person från ångest som uppkommer från oacceptabla tankar eller känslor. Medan individen skyddas från ångest, leder ofta också Defense mechanisms till motstånd till förändring och är därför problematiskt för företag som är i behov av att implementera förändring. Emotional contagion är en undermedveten process som kan få personer att känslomässigt konvergera.  Författarna föreslår att i företagssammanhang kan Emotional contagion få stabila grupper att konvergera med avseende på vilka Defense mechanisms som används av medlemmarna i gruppen. I en fallstudie på fordonsindustri underleverantören Swedish Electro Magnets har en kvantitativ studie genomförts baserat på självskattningsformuläret defense style Questionnaire på grupper i organisationen. Tre defense style kategorier undersöktes Mature, Neurotic och Immature.  För Mature defense styles fanns signifikanta resultat vilka konfirmerade att stabila grupper konvergerar för vilka Defense mechanisms som används. Neurotic defense styles gav inte signifikanta resultat. Dessa resultat är dock osäkra då analysens styrka endast var 15 %. Immature defense styles kunde inte analyseras på grund av inhomogenitet i variansen mellan grupperna för denna variabel.  Studien visar att de två teorierna Emotional contagion och Defense mechanisms interagerar i organisationen Swedish Electro Magnets med avseende på Mature defense styles. Studien fastslår också att det föreligger en stor effektstorlek, vilket tyder på att skillnader i defense styles är synlig för blotta ögat för en uppmärksam observatör. Den stora effektstorleken medför att fynden utgör ett lovande fält för fortsatt forskning vilket slutligen kan leda till att motstånd till förändring i organisationer kan reduceras.