This thesis seeks to develop a fresh approach on immigration history in post-war Britain by focusing on public administration in a contract labour programme. The orthodox approach towards studies of immigration has been to concentrate upon the outcomes of state activity rather than the process. Consequently the experiences and reactions of volunteer workers have received much attention. This thesis offers new perspectives based on an analysis of the frameworks developed to deliver the Displaced Persons and European Voluntary Worker programmes after the Second World War. It is argued that the mundane aspects of government bureaucracy, normally unremarkable and unimportant, are indeed crucial to an understanding of how post-war labour and refugee policies were managed. With an abundance of government records extant, it is feasible to revise an important chapter of immigration history by exploring the architecture of public administration in an era of expanding bureaucracy. This study analyses the techniques and systems deployed by civil servants to provide a clearer understanding of the organisational character of a contract labour scheme that also granted political asylum to refugees. Although some political ambitions guiding the programmes were questionable, the method of their delivery suggests greater consideration was given towards participants than has previously been claimed. Emphasis is given to the origins of the immigration schemes within the wider framework of state activity, and towards the government machinery and resources available to implement policy. The state expanded dramatically during the Second World War and the civil service gained invaluable experience in managing complex new tasks. By analysing the application of this knowledge, it is possible to gain an insight into the culture of bureaucracy, explore how projects involving tens of thousands of individuals were conducted, and how the programmes affected the frame of reference of civil servants overseeing immigration and political asylum.

The thesis deals with the concept of flexicurity and its effects in the termination of the employment contract in the Czech Republic and the Kingdom of Sweden. The main aim of the thesis is to describe and compare both legislations from flexicurity perspective and suggest changes in the czech legislation. Strategy of flexicurity is one of the most discussed topics not only in the field of labour law but also in the field of social security systems and active labour market policies during the past few years. The concept of flexicurity can in a simplified way be characterized as a policy approach that tries to combine the flexibility of labor markets and job security for employees. According to the experts, flexicurity could help solve issues such as globalization or effects of economic crisis and higher unemployment occured due to the crisis. The thesis is composed of five chapters, each of them dealing with different aspect of the concept of flexicurity and its application in the Czech Reoublic and the Kingdom of Sweden. Chapter One defines and explaines the concept of flexicurity as such, followed by examples of succesful European flexicurity models. The chapter concludes with a brief outline of current development of flexicurity at European level. Chapter Two describes the individual components...

Existing theories and literature seeking to explain small business reticence to engage in enterprise bargaining, at times adopt a generalised approach which precludes or at least limits their relevance and ability to explain small business choice at the industry and even organisational level. Such explanations cannot be detached from the external contextual framework in which an organisation operates and its own, often unique, strategic corporate response to the environmental influences which are challenging it. Labour flexibility vehicles including bargaining, if chosen to facilitate broader corporate strategies, can thereby, be regarded as functionally dependent upon and interactive with the corporate orientations and objectives of the organisation which in turn are environmentally influenced and shaped. The research principally provides a focused description and analysis of the experiences of Clothingco, a small, up market, vertically integrated clothing manufacturer and retailer, which has undergone various strategic readjustments at the corporate and industrial relations level throughout the 1990s, in response to externally driven pressures. The research presents firm evidence to suggest that Clothingco has selected its labour flexibility mechanisms so that they are consistent with and able to accomodate prevailing corporate strategies and orientations. Its strategic corporate readjustments throughout the 90s, which can be perceived as falling along the continuum of cost minimisation to productivity enhancement, have in particular registered differing choices with respect to labour flexibility vehicle and strategies. In the light of the findings, the research as a preferred labour flexibility vehicle at Clothingco. These are identified as: an increasing corporate focus towards cost minimisation throughout the 1990s, coupled with an inability by management to countenance union intervention in enterprise bargaining procedures. The interaction of both these factors, rendered enterprise bargaining from the point of view of management, both a strategically and industrially inferior labour flexibility vehicle to the use of contract labour. The research's strength lies in these areas which have been highlighted and which can be monitored and tested more comprehensively in future research. / Master of Commerce (Hons)

The aim of this paper is the comparison of the Czech and Spanish labour law focused on the law dealing with the termination of the labour contract, forms and methods of this termination in Czech and Spanish law and description of law connected with that plus description of some groups of employees who deserve a special protection of their labour contracts and special labour conditions. This paper tries to highlight some differences in law of these two countries and the consequences of these differences. This paper can be divided into three parts. In the first part, composed by first three chapters, there is the general concept of the labour law, its' position in the system of law and its' historical development, including changes in the relation between labour law and civil law. There are here the basic terms and principles of Czech labour law and Spanish labour law as well. There is possible to see the origin of the labour law and changes in this law until nowadays by following the historical context, than it is easier to understand the differences of both legal systems. The second part of this paper describes in the fourth chapter the particular forms of termination of the labour contract in the Czech and Spanish law and the differences of these forms in law of both countries. This shows that...

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This thesis seeks to explore how the life histories and the voices of the contract labourers from the Kavango contribute to our understanding of the contract labour system in Namibia. In particular, it seek to ask what light do they shed on migration and on new living and working experiences, their experiences with recruiting organizations and local recruiting agents and the effect of the contract labour system on them? Is it possible to view the migration of the Kavango . workers as a progressive step or does the paradigm of exploitation and suppression remains dominant? Oral interviews were carried out among the former contract labourers and their narratives were used empirically for information about their experiences. Yet this thesis also pays attention to analyzing these narratives for meaning. Archival sources further provided insight into the colonial views about contract labourers and the operation of the system itself. This thesis points to the slow inclusion of the Kavango in the contract labour system. It also draws attention to how there is a silencing of the Kavango in the contract labour system due to the colonial counting of contract labourers earlier where they were often included under the 'Ovambo' label. During the South African colonial rule, traditional chiefs sided with South Africa for continued survival and they supported the colonialists in labour recruitment. Although contract labourers made their own decision to leave home to get recruited they did so because of the compelling social and economic hardships that resulted from the activities of the colonial officials. Labour narratives point to many journeys both within and outside Namibia. Contract labourers aimed to purchase clothing which they lacked locally, as a result of the stringent colonial laws. The 1923 Kavango workers' protest against being sent to the diamond mines in the south, where they heard workers were dying in high numbers, played a role in shaping their labour recruitment and distribution to the copper mines such as Tsumeb, Otavi, and Grootfontein according to their wishes. From the perspective of workers, the contract labour system was nothing but slavery. They felt treated like property to be sold. The naming of employers became a way to deal emotionally with this mistreatment. The memory of the 'missus' lingers on centrally because workers related to their home experience of the submissive role of women and, therefore, they could have found it traumatizing to be shouted at by a woman. The labourers adapted to new colonial times and a new rhythm of labour such as bells and whistles. They developed good inter-ethnic relations among them. Contrary to the literature, the workers' relation with the location residents was not always bad. The impact of the labour system was that there were but small benefits and these were not long lasting and necessitated a return to contract. The thesis points to this cycle of entrapment which led to the mobilizing of workers. The workers' mobilization extended to the Kavango and resulted in rebelliousness against SWANLA and its institutions. While this thesis hopes to contribute to ending silences about the Kavango's engagement within the contract labour system, it points also to the need for future research highlighting women's narratives about life in the Kavango as well as postcolonial labour migration to the charcoal and grape farms which, as narratives of the former Kavango contract labourers show, continues.

The study examined the factors affecting the African foreign doctors' perception of knowledge transfer with special reference to South African provincial hospitals. The influence of three organisational factors (Interpersonal relationships, Language & communication and organisational culture) and the demographic variables on knowledge transfer were assessed. From these variables four hypotheses were formulated and tested. The study employed a cross-sectional study and a total of 62 African foreign doctors practicing in South African provincial hospitals completed a structured questionnaire. The findings indicated that interpersonal relationships, language and communication as well as organisational culture influenced knowledge transfer. Also, there was a variation on the influence of language and communication on knowledge transfer among different age groups in the organisation. Based on the research findings the results were discussed and compared and contrasted to previous research and the literature review. The recommendations as outlined in a graphical representation indicate how the organisation can improve the transfer of knowledge and improve their efficacy in the process subsequently. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2012.

隨著全球化經濟時代的來臨，台灣不可避免的將處於一個大競爭之環境中，為提高競爭力並降低營運成本，於是中小企業，甚至大型企業紛紛精簡人事成本及大幅裁員，或僅保留行政中心部門，而將生產線完全外部化（外包或廠外委託加工）。在台灣，外包制度等廠外勞動絕不僅是扮演企業生產的輔助性角色，其對於台灣經濟成長具有絕對地貢獻。外包制度中的勞工雖提供本身僅有的勞動力供企業使用，但往往因被視為次級勞動力市場之勞工，無法立於初級勞動力市場之勞工地位而享有勞動法的保障，不論其勞動報酬或工作條件通常低於從事類似性質工作的初級勞動力市場之勞工（歧視待遇）。 外包與代工依照傳統民法與現存勞動法的見解，應該屬於承攬契約的一種，而言典型的雇傭契約。所以現存理論上，從事代工與外包之承攬人與發包人（定作人）間的關係僅為承攬之關係，並非雇用關係，自然也不得享有勞動法中勞工之特殊保障。但在台灣社會社世界趨勢，是否即可簡單地聲稱該承攬人並非該定作人之受雇人，所以不受勞動法之涵蓋，該發包人（定作人）可以完全免除對於承攬人之社會義務呢？顯然ILO並不同意如此看法，國際勞動總署（International Labour Office）在1997年第85會期便對此議題進行討論並做成關於承攬勞動之具體的提案公約（以下稱承攬勞動公約）與提案建議書。雖然各會員國質疑ILO之承攬勞動公約是否在獨立承攬人的與傳統受雇人間成立第三種種類的勞工？承攬勞工是否享有完全的受雇人保障？使用人事業單位與承攬勞工之關係如何？此提案公約是否過度地侵犯了傳統商業之領域而影響了契約自由與經營選擇權的自由？但就勞工保護之目的言，ILO之承攬勞動公約及建議書僅係披露日漸增加的類雇用關係之承攬，而建立起一套遊戲規則。 雖然承攬勞動公約及建議書迄今尚未正式通過，但藉由對於公約及建議書內容之分析探討，應可以瞭解未來勞動力市場之趨勢及ILO的期待，最後透過本國法律體系與司法實務的分析，提出公約適用上可能的問題並促進所謂「承攬勞工」之保障。 / The first discussion of the question of contract labour took place at the 85th Session (1997) of the International Labour Conference. The International Labour Office prepared and communicated to the governments of member States a report containing a proposed Convention and a proposed Recommendation concerning contract labour, based on the conclusions adopted by the Conference at its 85thSession.based on this proposal text, named "Contract Labour Convention" and "Contract Labour Recommendation", "contract labour" was defined as "work performed for a natural or legal person (referred to as a "user enterprise") by a person (referred to as a "contract worker") where the work is performed by the worker personally under actual conditions of dependency on or subordination to the user enterprise and these conditions are similar to those that characterize an employment relationship under national law and practice and where either: (1) the work is performed pursuant to a direct contractual arrangement between the worker and the user enterprise; or (2) the worker is provided for the user enterprise by a subcontractor or an intermediary", resembling a specific relationship between "contract of service" and "contract for service". But the amendments or comments from member government of ILO were very complicated and strict, main confusion as follow: will the proposal Convention result in a brand new type of workers or "third category" of workers out of independent contractor and traditional employee? Will so called "contract worker" entitle to be covered by labour law and enjoy full employee''s right? Will an ILO instrument that deals with matters outside the direct employment relationship be inconsistent with current commercial law and practice and the policy of reducing the regulatory burden on business or improving employment opportunities? Would Contract labour be an extremely broad and complicated issue? Although lots of member governments took a oppositive position, but for the purpose of worker protection, "Contract Labour Convention" set up a new equal playing rule, might be too advanced but would be helpful and just. Although "Contract Labour Convention" still didn''t be approved by ILC, but through analyzing and discussing the proposal Convention text, we would realize the trend of future labour market and the expectancy of ILO. After analyzing national law structure and judgments of court and finding the inconsistent with proposal Convention, we would work out the problems and improve the protection of so-called "contract worker".

Colonial Natal has become an increasingly popular field of investigation for historians of Southern Africa over the last decade or so. This trend is not premature or " irrelevant for, although not demonstrating" the economic impact of the diamond-mining industry of the Cape, or the gold-mining industry of the Transvaal, the political " economy of nineteenth century Natal played a significant role in forming patterns of South African social and economic development, as well as attitudes towards this, not least of all in terms of labour exploitation. The history of Natal during this period has been lacking by and large in what I consider to be two important aspects. Firstly, the colony, on the whole, has been neglected by Marxist and radical historians; and secondly, the history of women in South Africa, as yet a nascent area of research in itself, has not included an attempt to date, understand the lives of those women who lived along the south-east coastal belt of Southern Africa, between the Drakensberg and the Indian Ocean. This study strives to be a preliminary step in the direction of redressing this imbalance, by offering an introductory exposition on the political economy of women in colonial Natal. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1982.

Ziel des Beitrags ist es, den Blick auf einen Trend sozialstaatlichen Umbaus lenken: die Vertariflichung sozialer Sicherung. Darunter versteht der Verfasser die zunehmende Überantwortung der Wohlfahrtsproduktion an die kollektiven Akteure des Systems der industriellen Beziehungen, also an eine Aushandlungs- und Gestaltungsebene, die sich durch ihre Eigengesetzlichkeiten von Sozialstaatlichkeit ebenso deutlich unterscheidet wie vom Handeln individueller Akteure auf Wohlfahrtsmärkten. Die Beteiligung der Tarifpartner an der Wohlfahrtsproduktion ist für sich genommen nichts Neues. Neu ist, dass die von Tarif- und Betriebsakteuren ausgehandelten Elemente sozialer Sicherung vermehrt substitutiv statt komplementär zu sozialstaatlichen Leistungen fungieren sollen. Einleitend beleuchtet der Autor das Verhältnis von Tarifsystem und staatlicher Sozialpolitik; dabei zeichne ich historische Prozesse der funktionalen Differenzierung beider Systeme ebenso nach wie deren in jüngerer Zeit zu beobachtende partielle Entdifferenzierung (1). Diese Richtungsumkehr wird ausführlicher an zwei sozialpolitisch relevanten Bereichen sichtbar gemacht: an der Gestaltung des Rentenübergangs und an der betrieblichen Altersvorsorge (2). Dann werden die Folgen der Entdifferenzierungsprozesse für die Akteure im System der Industriellen Beziehungen diskutiert (3) und Überlegungen zu den daraus resultierenden wahrscheinlichen Konsequenzen für den Staat angestellt (4). Der Beitrag schließt mit einem Ausblick und mit dem Versuch, die Vertariflichung sozialer Sicherung mit den anderen, oben genannten Entwicklungen in Beziehung zu setzen (5). (ICB2):Das dynamische Verhältnis von Sozialpolitik und Tarifsystem; Die Re-Funktionalisierung des Arbeitsvertrages für Zwecke sozialer Sicherung; Die Vertariflichung sozialer Sicherheit: ein Problem für die Verbände; Die Vertariflichung sozialer Sicherheit: kein Problem für den Staat; Ausblick und Einordnung

This study is a gendered historical analysis of the legal administration of Indian Immigrants in British Colonial Natal in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By focusing primarily on the attempts of the Natal Government to intervene in the personal law of especially indentured and ex-indentured Indians, this thesis presents an analysis of the role that gender played in the conceptualization and promulgation of the indentured labour scheme in Natal, and in the subsequent regulation of the lives of Indian immigrants in the Colony. It traces the developments in the administration of Indian women, especially, from the beginning of the indenture system in colonial Natal until the passage of the Indian Marriages Bill of 1907 and attempts to contextualize arguments around these themes within broader colonial discourses and debates, as well as to examine the particularity of such administrative attempts in the Natal context. This study observes the changing nature of 'custom' amongst Indian immigrants and the often simultaneous and contradictory attempts of the Natal colonial administration to at first support, and later, to intervene in what constituted the realm of the customary. Through an analysis of legal administration at different levels of government, this analysis considers the interactions of gender and utilitarian legal discourse under colonialism and, in particular, the complex role of Indian personal law and the ordinary civil laws of the Colony of Natal in both restricting and facilitating the mobility of Indian women brought to Natal under the auspices of the indentured labour system. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.