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Chemotherapy is one of the most important treatments for cancer. However, systemic toxicity, drug resistance and unstable kinetics of the drug in the blood are serious problems of chemotherapy. The use of biodegradable polymers for controlled release of anticancer drugs has gained popularity in recent years. Controlled release of drugs from polymeric carriers has some advantages such as improvement in the efficiency of treatment, reduction in systemic toxicity and prevention of the drug resistance that is developed by the cancer cells. In this study, poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles were used as carriers for the controlled release of all-trans-Retinoic acid, tamoxifen, tamoxifen citrate and idarubicin. It was aimed to prepare a drug carrier system for controlled release of hydrophobic anticancer drugs. The empty and drug loaded poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles were prepared by solvent extraction/evaporation technique with single emulsion (oil/water). Optimized microparticles were characterized by using inverted light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to examine their morphology and sizes. Drug content of microparticles and the amount of released drug were determined spectrophotometrically. In vitro toxicity of the microparticles on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells was investigated. It was revealed that the microparticles were smooth and spherical in shape. Their sizes differed in the range of 2-20 &micro / m. atRA-loaded microparticles showed approximately 90% encapsulation efficiency and it was confirmed that changing in drug/polymer ratio affected the extend of drug content. Increase in drug content caused a slower release pattern. Moreover, although the empty microparticles caused some toxicity, atRA-loaded PLGA microparticles showed slight cell growth inhibition.

In tissue engineering applications, use of biodegradable and biocompatible materials are essential. As the tissue regenerate itself on the material surface, the material degrades with enzymatic or hydrolytic reactions. After a certain time, natural tissue takes the place of the artificial support. Poly(&epsilon / -caprolactone) (PCL) is one of the preferable polymers used in the restoration of the bone defects due to its desirable mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Addition of inorganic calcium phosphate particles in PCL structures can improve the mechanical properties as well as osteoconductivity / and presence of an antibiotic can prevent infection that may occur at the defect site. In this study, three forms of biodegradable hard tissue supports which are bone fillers, bone regenerative membranes and 3D scaffolds were designed and prepared. As biodegradable bone fillers, composite microspheres containing gelatin and &beta / -tricalcium phosphate (&beta / -TCP) were prepared and characterized. Synthesized &beta / -TCP particles were coated with gelatin at different weight ratios and the effects of &beta / -TCP/Gelatin ratio on the morphology of the microspheres were evaluated. Also, a model antibiotic, gentamicin, was loaded to these microspheres and release behaviours of the drug and its antibacterial effect on E.Coli was determined. The selected composition of these microspherical bone fillers were used as additives in the preparation of bone regenerative membranes and scaffolds. For this purpose, microspheres were added into PCL solution and processed by either solvent casting or freeze-drying in order to prepare bone regenerative membranes or scaffolds, respectively. For every material, the ratio of constituents (microsphere and PCL) was altered in order to obtain optimum properties in the resulted hard tissue support structure. The effects of the ratio of the microspheres to PCL in terms of morphological, mechanical and degradation properties of composite films, as well as in vitro antibiotic release and antibacterial activities against E.Coli and S.Aureus were investigated. For scaffolds, the effects of the ratio of the microspheres to PCL on the morphological, mechanical, pore size distribution, degradation properties and in vitro antibiotic release were examined.

Breast cancer is the most frequent type of cancer seen in woman. Chemotherapy is one of the most important treatments for breast cancer. However, systemic toxicity, drug resistance and unstable kinetics of the drug in the blood are serious problems of chemotherapy. The use of biodegradable polymers for controlled release of anticancer drugs has gained popularity in recent years. Controlled release of anticancer drugs from polymeric carriers has some advantages such as improvement in the efficiency of treatment, reduction in systemic toxicity and prevention of the drug resistance that is developed by the cancer cells. In this study, it was aimed to prepare such a controlled release system for anticancer drugs which are used in breast cancer treatment by using biodegradable copolymer poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) and to characterize in terms of morphology, size, drug content and drug release rate. In the first part of this study / empty and drug loaded poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres were prepared. Two sets of empty poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique with single emulsion (oil/water) to determine the effect of stirring rate on size of microspheres. Increase in stirring rate caused decrease in size of microspheres. Drug loaded poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres were prepared for controlled release of anticancer drugs which are used in breast cancer treatment namely / 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate and tamoxifen by using solvent evaporation technique either with double emulsion (water/oil/water) or single emulsion (oil/water). In the second part of this study / empty and drug loaded microspheres were characterized. Inverted light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine morphology and size of microspheres. Drug content of microspheres and amount of released drug were determined and drug release profile was obtained for each anticancer drug separetely.

Actuellement, la mise au point de systèmes de vectorisation d'agents chimio-thérapeutiques performants fait l'objet d'une intense recherche. Les nanoparticules en particulier sont étudiées, car elles permettent de solubiliser des molécules hydrophobes en milieux aqueux tout en diminuant leur toxicité et leur dégradation. Toutefois, le devenir à long terme des nanoparticules est un paramètre important qu'il faut considérer dans la conception de ces nanovecteurs. Pour cette raison, le développement de nanoparticules auto-assemblées constituées de copolymères à bloc entièrement biocompatibles, biodégradables et aux propriétés de libération contrôlée est recommandé. Dans cette perspective, nous avons étudié les propriétés d'auto-organisation de copolymères greffés amphiphiles de type chitooligosaccharide-grafted-polycaprolactone. Le premier chapitre révèle l'utilisation de l'aniline et de son dérivé alcyne comme un outil efficace pour l'amination réductrice de chitooligosaccharides. Dans le second chapitre, différentes familles de polycaprolactone avec des fonctions azide latérales sont décrites. Le troisième chapitre traite du couplage par chimie « click » de chaque bloc ainsi que de la caractérisation physico-chimique des nanoparticules en solution aqueuse. La réticulation de ses particules a permis d'obtenir les nanogels finaux. Pour conclure, des tests d'encapsulation et de libération contrôlée de la Doxorubicine (avec ou sans ajout de glutathion) ont été effectués / Currently, the development of efficient drug delivery systems has a great attention. Nanoparticles are particularly studied for their capacity to solubilise hydrophobic drugs in aqueous media and to decrease their toxicity and degradability. However, long term compatibility has to be considered in the conception of this nanocarrier. For this reasons, the development of self-assembled particles constituted of biocompatible, biodegradable block copolymers is highly recommended. In this perspective, we have studied the self-assembled properties of chitooligosaccharide-grafted-polycaprolactone copolymers. The first chapter reveals aniline catalysis and its alkyne derivative as an efficient way for reductive amination of chitooligosaccharides. The second chapter describes the synthesis of different polycaprolactones with pendant azide groups. The third chapter is dedicated to the grafting of each bloc performed by “click” chemistry as well as the formation and characterisation of nanoparticle conducted in aqueous media. These nanoparticles were cross-linked to form reduction-sensitive final nanogels. At last, entrapment and controlled Doxorubicine release (with or without glutathione) were explored.

La frequence elevee et les consequences considerables des maladies parodontales sur la qualite de vie orale et la sante generale font de ces pathologies une preoccupation de sante publique. Le developpement de traitements innovants est un moteur essentiel du progres dans la prise en charge de ces maladies. Ce travail s’interesse a l’utilisation d’agents antimicrobiens (non-antibiotiques) et anti-inflammatoires comme adjuvants au debridement mecanique des poches parodontales. Il est consacre a la mise au point et a l’optimisation d’une forme galenique appelee implant forme in-situ (IFIS), a base de polymeres biocompatibles et resorbables, concue pour le traitement des poches parodontales. Ce dispositif est injecte dans la lesion ou il libere de facon prolongee une combinaison d’antiseptique (chlorhexidine) et d’anti-inflammatoire (ibuprofene). Nos resultats montrent (i) in-vitro la superiorite de l’IFIS en termes de proprietes mecaniques et antimicrobiennes sur des systemes actuellement commercialises pour le meme usage et (ii) in-vivo, chez l’animal, un effet positif de l’IFIS sur la cicatrisation parodontale. Cette etude valide l’usage d’IFIS a base d’acide Poly(D,L-lactique-co-glycolique) (PLGA) comme support de liberation controlee de principes actifs dans la poche parodontale. Elle montre egalement que la combinaison d’un antiseptique et d’un anti-inflammatoire au sein du meme systeme de liberation locale pourrait ameliorer le traitement des parodontites tout en limitant le recours aux antibiotiques. / Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent oral conditions which strongly impact the oral quality of life and general health. Progress in the management of periodontal diseases depends, at least partly, on the development of novative and effective periodontal treatments. This work is concerned with the use of non-antibiotic antimicrobials and antiinflammatory drugs as adjunctive periodontal therapy. The aim was to develop a novel polymer-based, biocompatible and resorbable local drug delivery system (in-situ forming implants -ISFI-), which could be injected into periodontal pockets and control the delivery of both an antiseptic (chlorhexidine) and an anti-inflammatory agent (Ibuprofen). The physical key properties and antimicrobial activity of the proposed implants were very promising in vitro suggesting an improvement as compared to currently marketed drug delivery systems for periodontitis treatment. In vivo results are consistent with the latters, showing a positive effect of ISFI on periodontal wound healing in an experimental mice model of periodontitis. Data from this study support Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) as an attractive formulation for local drug-delivery into periodontal pockets. Our results further suggest that the local delivery of both an antiseptic and an anti-inflammatory drug is a promising adjunctive treatment of periodontitis. This should additionnaly reduce the use of systemic antibiotics in periodontal treatment and contribute to the combat against the development of bacterial resistances.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La presente tesis doctoral, titulada "Diseño y desarrollo de nuevos nanodispositivos con puertas biomoleculares para la liberación dirigida y controlada de fármacos", está centrada en el diseño, síntesis, caracterización y evaluación in vitro de nuevos nanosistemas híbridos orgánicos-inorgánicos como estrategias innovadoras para la administración dirigida y controlada de moléculas terapéuticas. El primer capítulo de este trabajo es una introducción general que define el contexto en el que se sitúan los proyectos llevados a cabo a lo largo de esta tesis. En particular, se describe el concepto de nanomedicina, así como las principales estrategias para el desarrollo de dispositivos nanofarmacéuticos eficientes y los desafíos que esto conlleva. Además, se presentan brevemente los materiales mesoporosos de sílice. Sucesivamente, se presentan los objetivos generales que se abordan en los siguientes capítulos experimentales. El tercer capítulo se centra en el desarrollo de un sistema de administración dirigida al Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), basado en nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice funcionalizadas con el RNA sintético de doble cadena ácido polinosínico-policitidílico (poly(I:C)). El poly(I:C) ha mostrado efectos citotóxicos en diferentes tipos de cáncer, y los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo demuestran su capacidad de desencadenar respuestas apoptóticas en células de cáncer de mama, gracias a su interacción con TLR3. Asimismo, la carga del antibiótico antraciclínico doxorubicina en los mesoporos, ha permitido conseguir un efecto terapéutico aún más intenso. De hecho, se ha observado una mayor disminución de la viabilidad en la línea celular SK-BR3. El capítulo cuatro muestra el diseño de una estrategia de cooperación entre nanopartículas. El objetivo de este trabajo es el de mejorar la eficacia de la aproximación terapéutica para cáncer de mama desarrollada precedentemente, a través de la combinación de dos tipos de nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice con puertas moleculares capaces de cooperar con el fin de conseguir un objetivo terapéutico. El primer tipo, de hecho, induce cambios que incrementan la interacción del segundo con la célula tumoral diana. Para ello, se han sintetizado nanopartículas cargadas con ácido 9-cis retinoico y funcionalizadas en su superficie con interferón-¿, y nanopartículas cargadas con el colorante sulforodamina B y con poly(I:C) anclado en superficie. Aprovechando la habilidad del interferón-¿ del ácido 9-cis retinoico de aumentar la expresión del TLR3, nuestra intención era la de mejorar la interacción de las nanopartículas funcionalizadas con poly(I:C) con las células diana. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la estrategia de combinación propuesta realmente ha producido un aumento de los niveles de internalización de los nanodispositivos funcionalizados con poly(I:C) en el modelo celular seleccionado. En el quinto capítulo se presenta un sistema basado en nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice dendriméricas. El volumen de poro más amplio de este tipo de materiales hace de ellos unos dispositivos adecuados para lograr el objetivo principal de este proyecto: la administración local y la liberación controlada de moléculas de RNA pequeño de interferencia (siRNA) anti-factor de crecimiento vascular endotelial (VEGF) en células del epitelio pigmentado retinal. Los nanodispositivos se han sintetizado, cargado con siRNA y finalmente funcionalizado con cadenas de polietilenimina, que actúan de puerta molecular para la liberación controlada de las moléculas de siRNA y como agentes de escape endosomal para su liberación en el citosol. Los resultados obtenidos en el silenciamiento de VEGF en las células ARPE-19 resaltan el considerable potencial del sistema diseñado como transportador de siRNA. Las conclusiones generales en relación con los trabajos recopilados en esta tesis se resumen en el capítulo sei / [CA] La present tesi doctoral, titulada "Disseny i desenvolupament de nous nanodispositius amb portes biomoleculars per a l'alliberament dirigit i controlat de fàrmacs", està centrada en el disseny, síntesi, caracterització i avaluació in vitro de nous nanosistemes híbrids orgànics-inorgànics com a estratègies innovadores per a l'administració dirigida i controlada de molècules terapèutiques. El primer capítol d'aquest treball és una introducció general que defineix el context en el qual es situen els projectes duts a terme al llarg d'aquesta tesi. En particular, es descriu el concepte de nanomedicina, així com les principals estratègies per al desenvolupament de dispositius nanofarmacèutics eficients i els desafiaments que això comporta. A més, es presenten breument els materials mesoporosos de sílice. Successivament, es presenten els objectius generals que s'aborden en els següents capítols experimentals. El tercer capítol es centra en el desenvolupament d'un sistema d'administració dirigida al Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), basat en nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice funcionalitzades amb l'RNA sintètic de doble cadena àcid polinosínic-policitidílic (poly(I:C)). El poly(I:C) ha mostrat efectes citotòxics en diferents tipus de càncer, i els resultats obtinguts en aquest treball demostren la seua capacitat de desencadenar respostes apoptòtiques en cèl·lules de càncer de mama, gràcies a la seua interacció amb TLR3. Així mateix, la càrrega de l'antibiòtic antraciclínic doxorubicina en els mesopors, ha permès aconseguir un efecte terapèutic encara més intens. De fet, s'ha observat una major disminució de la viabilitat en la línia cel·lular SK-BR3. El capítol quatre mostra el disseny d'una estratègia de cooperació entre nanopartícules. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és el de millorar l'eficàcia de l'aproximació terapèutica per a càncer de mama desenvolupada precedentment, mitjançant la combinació de dos tipus de nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice amb portes moleculars capaces de cooperar amb la fi d'aconseguir un objectiu terapèutic. El primer tipus, de fet, indueix canvis que incrementen la interacció del segon amb la cèl·lula tumoral diana. Per a això, s'han sintetitzat nanopartícules carregades amb àcid 9-cis retinoic i funcionalitzades en la seua superfície amb interferó-¿, i nanopartícules carregades amb el colorant sulforodamina B i amb poly(I:C) ancorat en superfície. Aprofitant l'habilitat de l'interferó-¿ de l'àcid 9-cis retinoic d'augmentar l'expressió del TLR3, la nostra intenció era la de millorar la interacció de les nanopartícules funcionalitzades amb poly(I:C) amb les cèl·lules diana. Els resultats obtinguts demostren que l'estratègia de combinació proposada realment ha produït un augment dels nivells d'internalització dels nanodispositius funcionalitzats amb poly(I:C) en el model cel·lular seleccionat. El cinquè capítol presenta un sistema basat en nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice dendrimèriques. El volum de porus més ampli d'aquest tipus de materials fa d'ells uns dispositius adequats per a aconseguir l'objectiu principal d'aquest projecte: l'administració local i l'alliberament controlat de molècules d'RNA xicotet d'interferència (siRNA) anti-factor de creixement vascular endotelial (VEGF) en cèl·lules de l'epiteli pigmentat retinal. Els nanodispositius s'han sintetitzat, carregats amb siRNA i finalment funcionalizats amb cadenes de polietilenimina, que actuen de porta molecular per a l'alliberament controlat de les molècules de siRNA i com a agents d'escap endosomal per al seu alliberament en el citosol. Els resultats obtinguts en el silenciament de VEGF en les cèl·lules ARPE-19 ressalten el considerable potencial del sistema dissenyat com a transportador de siRNA. Les conclusions generals en relació amb els treballs recopilats en aquesta tesi es resumeixen en el capítol sis. / [EN] The present PhD thesis, entitled "Design and development of new bio-gated nanodevices for targeted controlled drug release" is focused on the design, synthesis, characterization and in vitro evaluation of new hybrid organic-inorganic nanosystems as innovative strategies for the targeted and controlled delivery of therapeutic molecules. The first chapter of this work is a general introduction that defines the context in which the projects carried out during this thesis are placed. In particular, the concept of nanomedicine is described, as well as the main strategies for the development of efficient nanopharmaceutical devices and the related challenges. Furthermore, a brief presentation of mesoporous silica materials is given. Next, the general objectives that are addressed in the following experimental chapters are introduced. The third chapter is focused on the development of a targeting delivery system directed to Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles capped with the synthetic double stranded RNA (dsRNA) polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). Poly(I:C) has shown cytotoxic effects in different types of cancer, and the results obtained in this work demonstrate its ability to trigger apoptotic pathways in breast cancer cells, thanks to its interaction with TLR3. Furthermore, loading the mesopores with the anthracyclinic antibiotic doxorubicin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent, allowed to achieve an enhanced therapeutic effect. In fact, a higher decrease of the cellular viability in SK-BR-3 cell line was observed. Chapter four shows the design of a nanoparticles cooperation strategy. The aim of this work is to improve the efficacy of the previously developed therapeutic approach for breast cancer through the combination of two gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles sets able to cooperate to achieve a medical goal. The first type, in fact, induces changes that enhance the interaction of the second one with the target cancer cell. In order to do that, nanoparticles loaded with 9-cis-retinoic acid and capped with interferon-¿, and nanoparticles loaded with sulforhodamine B dye and gated with poly(I:C) were synthesized. Taking advantage of the ability of both interferon-¿ and 9-cis-retinoic to increase TLR3 expression, we intended to improve the interaction of poly(I:C) functionalized nanoparticles with target cells. The obtained results show that the proposed combination strategy actually increased the uptake levels of poly(I:C) gated nanodevices in the cellular model selected. In the fifth chapter a system based on dendrimer-like mesoporous silica nanoparticles is presented. The higher pore volume of such materials makes them suitable for the achievement of the main aim of this project: the topical administration and controlled delivery of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) small interfering-RNA (siRNA) molecules to retinal pigmented epithelial cells. The nanodevices were synthesized, loaded with siRNA and finally functionalized with polyethylenimine chains, that act as molecular gate for the controlled release of the siRNA molecules and endosomal escape agent for cytosolic delivery. The obtained results in VEGF silencing in ARPE-19 cells highlight the noteworthy potential of the designed system as siRNA carrier. General conclusions regarding the works collected in this thesis are summarized in chapter six. / We thank the Spanish Government (projects SAF2010-21195 and MAT2012-38429-C04-01) and the Generalitat Valenciana (project PROMETEOII/2014/047) for support. A.U. and C.G. are grateful to the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport for their doctoral fellowships. / Ultimo, A. (2019). Design and development of new bio-gated nanodevices for targeted controlled drug release [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/129875 / TESIS / Compendio

Des copolymères à blocs polylactide-poly(éthylène glycol) (PLA-PEG) ont été synthétisés par polymérisation par ouverture de cycle du L- ou D-lactide en présence de PEG mono- ou dihydroxylé. La masse molaire, la composition, la cristallisation et les propriétés thermiques des copolymères ont été caractérisées à l'aide de la DSC, NMR, GPC, etc. Des micelles biorésorbables ont été obtenues par la méthode dissolution directe sans utiliser de solvants organiques. Des mesures de tension de surface ont permis de déterminer la concentration micellaire critique des copolymères. Les résultats montrent que les micelles mélange L/D sont plus stables que les micelles seules en raison de l'effet stéréocomplexation entre les blocs L-PLA et D-PLA. Les comportements d'agrégation des micelles en milieu aqueux ont été étudiés en détail. Il apparaît que les micelles mélange présentent un nombre d'agrégation inférieur à celui des micelles seules. La dégradation hydrolytique des micelles a été étudiée dans les conditions in vitro. Le paclitaxel a été utilisé comme modèle de principes actifs pour évaluer les comportements in vitro et in vivo des micelles. Les méthodes dissolutio n directe et dialyse conduisent à des résultats comparables en ce qui concerne l'efficacité d'encapsulation et la teneur en principe actif. Les micelles mélange L/D présentent une meilleure capacité d'encapsulation que les micelles seules. Les expériences in vivo montrent que le paclitaxel est distribué dans tous les organes avec concentrations élevées après injection des micelles chargées. En comparaison avec la formulation clinique et les micelles par dialyse, les micelles chargées en paclitaxel par dissolution directe présentent un effet antitumeur plus important. / A series of polylactide-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG) block copolymers were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of L- or D-lactide in the presence of mono- or dihydroxyl PEG. The molar mass, composition, crystallization and thermal properties were characterized by using DSC, NMR, GPC, etc. Bioresorbable micelles were obtained by direct dissolution method without using any organic solvents. Surface tension measurements were used to determine the critical micellar concentration of the copolymers. The results show that L/D mixed micelles are more stable than single ones due to strong stereocomplexation effect between L-PLA and D-PLA blocks. The aggregation behavior of micelles in aqueous medium was investigated in detail. It appears that mixed micelles present lower aggregation number than single ones. The hydrolytic degradation of the micelles was investigated under in vitro conditions. Paclitaxel was used as a model drug to investigate the in vitro and in vivo behavior of micelles as drug delivery system. The direct dissolution method yields comparable drug encapsulation efficiency and loading content as the traditional dialysis method. The drug encapsulation ability is higher for L/D mixed copolymer micelles than single micelles due to stereocomplexation. In vivo experiments show that paclitaxel is widely distributed and kept at high concentration levels in various tissues after administration of drug-loaded micelles. Compared with the current clinical formulation and micelles by dialysis, paclitaxel-loaded micelles by direct dissolution exhibit the highest antitumor ability.

In this study, it is aimed to develop an injectable controlled release system of PCL and P(L,DL)LA microspheres loaded with TA and/or Ral for local treatment of rheumatoid arthritis which will avoid from systemic side effects of traditional administration and eliminate problems caused by direct local injections. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, autoimmune disorder that most commonly causes inflammation and tissue damage in joints and tendon sheaths. Current strategies for the disease are mainly towards relieving symptoms and increasing mobility. The microsphere form drug delivery systems were developed to enhance the treatment success of rheumatic diseases by providing these agents alone or together for long terms without causing systemic or local site effects upon injection to the RA joints. Microspheres were prepared with s/o/w solvent evaporation technique and optimized to achieve a suitable size for joint application, to sustain the delivery of the drug(s), to provide required amount of the agent with feasible amount of microsphere. In order to manage these, microspheres prepared with different combinations of polymers and drugs were examined for particle size analysis, surface and structural characterizations, time related drug release properties, and drug loading capacities. In vitro cytotoxicity tests using 3T3 fibroblast cells were done to evaluate the biocompatibility of drug loaded PCL microspheres. The degradation of polymers were conducted and evaluated by GPC analysis. In PCL:TA microspheres, as polymer:drug ratio decreased (from 10:1 towards 10:4), namely as the drug partition increased, it was seen that encapsulation efficiency and loading percentages increased. Meanwhile, percent release of the drug decreased, indicating more prolonged release. Among all microspheres, PCL:TA 10:4 and PCL:Ral 10:2 were found to be the most appropriate for dual release in terms of release values (ca 21% and 0.09%, respectively), loadings (ca 27% and ca 13%, respectively) and mean particle size values (ca 100 &mu / m and ca 95 &mu / m, respectively). After release studies, microspheres preserved their sphericity. These selected polymer:drug groups also represented no cytotoxic effect. The microspheres for dual drug study (PCL:TA:Ral 10:4:2) released app. 55% of its TA and 0.29% of Ral at the end of 4 weeks. Drug loading capacities of these microspheres were found to be ca 14% for TA and 8% for Ral. Furthermore, with dual loading case, smallest mean particle size (68 &mu / m) could be obtained among all studied groups. P(L,DL)LA microspheres caused high viscosity problems during microsphere preparation steps and resulted in the slowest release, which was unfavorable for the aim of the study. To our knowledge there is no microsphere study reported with P(L,DL)LA in literature. The TA and Ral delivery systems with PCL and P(L,DL)LA were developed and studied for the first time in literature and they were optimized for RA treatment purposes. The potential of these systems, should be further tested in experimental animal models of RA.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-06-06T14:13:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5719464 bytes, checksum: d95ea796f3e4195aab70df7f60654647 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T14:13:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5719464 bytes, checksum: d95ea796f3e4195aab70df7f60654647 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Magadiite (Na2Si14O29.xH2O, x = 5-10) is an alkaline layered silicate with unknown structure and reacts through intercalation with simple organic species and polymer resulting inorganic-organic hybrids, which can be applied as adsorbents for pollutants, catalytic support, cationic exchanger and others. In this work, sodium magadiite was obtained by hydrothermal synthesis and used as support to ion exchange to origin the acid, potassium, calcium and magnesium forms. The acid magadiite interacted with aliphatic diaminas, NH2(CH2)nNH2 where n = 8, 9, 10 e 12, in ethanolic medium, by using conventional and microwave heatings. The exchanged solids were evaluated for the ability to remove ranitidine in aqueous medium where contact time and initial drug concentration parameters were investigated. In vitro release tests were performed for sodium magadiite/ranitidine hybrid. The solids were characterized by X-Ray diffratometry (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FIRT), CHN elemental analysis, thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and UV-Vis molecular absorption spectroscopy in solid state before and after interaction with the diamines and drug. Hybrid materials formed between H-magadiite and diamines showed basal spacings between 0.200 to 0.286 nm resulting from the intercalation of both diamines and solvent molecules in the layered material, where the intercalated amount depended of size of organic chain, nature of solvent, temperature and type of heating. The Na-, H-, K-, Ca- and Mg exchanged magadiites removed ranitidine from aqueous solution, and the maximum capacities were 92.34 and 81.47 mg g-1 for sodium and potassium, respectively. The released tests of ranitidine was pH-dependent and presented the maximum released quantities of 76.4% in 48 h at SGF and 43.3% and 46.4% in 56 h in both SIF and SBF. Na- and K-magadiites showed potential adsorbents and drug vehicle for ranitidine while the H-magadiite/diamines intercalated hybrids had new organophilic properties, which result in new properties to interact with new organic species in solution. / A magadeíta (Na2Si14O29.xH2O, x = 5-10) é um silicato lamelar alcalino de estrutura ainda desconhecida que interage por intercalação com espécies orgânicas simples ou polímeros, originando híbridos inorgânico-orgânicos destinados a mais diversas aplicações como adsorventes, suporte para catalisadores, trocador catiônico, entre outras. Neste trabalho, a magadeíta sódica foi obtida por síntese hidrotérmica convencional e por troca iônica originou as suas formas ácida, potássica, cálcica e magnésica. A magadeíta ácida interagiu com diaminas alifáticas, NH2(CH2)nNH2 com n = 8, 9, 10 e 12, em meio etanólico, utilizando aquecimento convencional e por micro-ondas. Os sólidos trocados foram avaliados quanto à capacidade de remoção de ranitidina em meio aquoso, onde os parâmetros de tempo de contato e concentração inicial do fármaco foram investigados. Os ensaios de liberação in vitro foram realizados para o sistema magadeíta sódica/ranitidina. Os sólidos foram caracterizados por difratometria de raios X (DRX), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (IV), análise elementar de CHN, termogravimetria (TG/DTG) e espectroscopia de absorção molecular UV-Vis no estado sólido antes e após a interação com as diaminas e com o fármaco. Os materiais híbridos formados entre a H-magadeíta e as diaminas mostraram variações no espaçamento basal de 0,200 a 0,286 nm, resultantes da intercalação tanto das diaminas como das moléculas do solvente na matriz lamelar, onde a quantidade intercalada foi dependente do tamanho da cadeia orgânica, temperatura e fonte de aquecimento. A magadeíta em suas formas trocadas com Na-, H-, K-, Ca- e Mg adsorveram ranitidina em meio aquoso cujas capacidades máximas de sorção foram de 92,34 e 81,47 mg g-1 para as formas sódica e potássica, respectivamente. A interação da ranitidina com os sólidos por intercalação também foi confirmada por DRX, IV, CHN e UV-Vis do estado sólido. Os ensaios emissão da ranitidina mostraram que a quantidade liberada foi dependente do pH dos fluidos, apresentando máximos de liberação de 76,4% em 48 h no fluido SGF e de 43,3% e 46,4% em 56 h nos fluidos SIF e SBF, respectivamente. As Na- e K-magadeítas mostraram bons adsorventes e veículo para ranitidina, enquanto os híbridos de intercalação magadeíta ácida/diaminas tiveram novas propriedades organofílicas, o que permite aplicações futuras para interação com diferentes espécies orgânicas em solução.